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Origins and Development of the English Language,9780155001688

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Origins and Development of the English Language

by Pyles, Thomas

Edition:

4th

ISBN13:

9780155001688

ISBN10:

015500168X

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

1/1/1993

Publisher(s):

Wadsworth Publishing

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Table of Contents

Preface

v

Language and Languages: An Introduction

1

(24)

Why Study the History of English?

2

(1)

A Definition of Language

3

(1)

Language as System

3

(4)

Language Signs

7

(1)

Language as Speech

8

(3)

Language as Convention

11

(6)

Language as Human

17

(4)

Language as Communication

21

(4)

The Sounds of Current English

25

(17)

The Organs of Speech

25

(1)

The Consonants of English

26

(4)

The Vowels of English

30

(4)

Stress

34

(1)

Kinds of Sound Change

35

(4)

The Phoneme

39

(3)

Letters and Sounds: A Brief History of Writing

42

(19)

Ideographic and Syllabic Writing

42

(1)

From Semitic Writing to Greek Alphabet

43

(1)

The Greek Vowel and Consonant Symbols

44

(1)

The Romans Adopt the Greek Alphabet

45

(1)

Later Developments of the Roman and Greek Alphabets

46

(1)

The Use of Digraphs

47

(1)

Additional Symbols

48

(1)

The Germanic Runes

48

(1)

The History of English Writing

49

(1)

The Spelling of English Consonant Sounds

50

(3)

The Spelling of English Vowel Sounds

53

(4)

Spelling Pronunciations and Pronunciation Spellings

57

(2)

Writing and History

59

(2)

The Backgrounds of English

61

(34)

Language Typology and Language Families

61

(2)

The Non-Indo-European Languages

63

(3)

The Main Divisions of the Indo-European Group

66

(10)

Cognate Words in the Indo-European Languages

76

(1)

Inflection in the Indo-European Languages

77

(4)

Word Order in the Indo-European Languages

81

(2)

Indo-European Culture

83

(1)

The Indo-European Homeland

83

(1)

The Major Changes from Indo-European to Germanic

84

(3)

Grimm's Law

87

(3)

Verner's Law

90

(1)

West Germanic Languages

91

(4)

The Old English Period (449--1100)

95

(39)

The History of the Anglo-Saxons

95

(6)

The Old English Dialects

101

(1)

The Pronunciation and Spelling of Old English

102

(5)

The Vocabulary of Old English

107

(1)

Inflection in Old English

108

(1)

Nouns

109

(5)

Demonstratives

114

(1)

Adjectives

114

(2)

Adverbs

116

(1)

Personal Pronouns

117

(1)

Interrogative and Relative Pronouns

118

(1)

Verbs

119

(9)

Syntax

128

(2)

Old English Illustrated

130

(2)

The English Golden Age

132

(2)

The Middle English Period (1100--1500)

134

(31)

The Background of the Norman Conquest

134

(1)

The Decline of French in England

135

(1)

The Linguistic Influence of the Conquest

136

(1)

Middle English Spelling

137

(3)

The Rise of a London Standard

140

(3)

Changes in Pronunciation

143

(8)

Changes in Grammar

151

(2)

The Inflection of Nouns

153

(2)

Pronouns

155

(3)

Adjectives: Comparative and Superlative Forms

158

(1)

Verbs

158

(4)

Word Order

162

(1)

Middle English Further Illustrated

163

(2)

The Modern English Period to 1800: Sounds and Spellings

165

(17)

A Specimen of English in 1525

165

(2)

The Orthography of Early Modern English

167

(3)

The Great Vowel Shift

170

(3)

Other Vowels

173

(2)

The Early Modern English Consonants

175

(3)

Quantitative Changes

178

(1)

Stress

178

(1)

Evidence for Early Modern Pronunciation

179

(1)

A Sample of Early Modern Pronunciation

180

(2)

The Modern English Period to 1800: Forms and Syntax

182

(30)

Nouns

182

(4)

Adjectives and Adverbs

186

(1)

Pronouns

187

(7)

Verbs

194

(11)

Prepositions

205

(1)

The Study of Language

206

(4)

Early Modern English Illustrated

210

(2)

Recent British and American English

212

(25)

Conservatism and Innovation in American English

213

(2)

National Differences in Word Choice

215

(2)

American Infiltration of the British Word Stock

217

(2)

Syntactical and Morphological Differences

219

(2)

British and American Purism

221

(1)

National Differences in Pronunciation

222

(4)

British and American Spelling

226

(2)

Variation within American English

228

(5)

World English

233

(3)

The Essential Oneness of All English

236

(1)

Words and Meanings

237

(21)

Semantics

238

(1)

Variable and Vague Meanings

238

(1)

Etymology and Meaning

239

(1)

How Meaning Changes

240

(1)

Generalization and Specialization

241

(1)

Transfer of Meaning

242

(3)

Pejoration and Amelioration

245

(1)

Taboo and Euphemism

246

(3)

The Fate of Intensifying Words

249

(2)

Some Circumstances of Semantic Change

251

(5)

Semantic Change Is Inevitable

256

(2)

New Words from Old

258

(28)

Creating Words

258

(3)

Combining Words: Compounding

261

(5)

Combining Words: Affixing

266

(6)

Shortening Words

272

(5)

Blending Words

277

(4)

Shifting Words to New Uses

281

(3)

Sources of New Words

284

(2)

Foreign Elements in the English Word Stock

286

(27)

Latin Loanwords

286

(5)

Greek Loanwords

291

(1)

Celtic Loanwords

292

(1)

Scandinavian Loanwords

293

(2)

French Loanwords

295

(4)

Spanish and Portuguese Loanwords

299

(2)

Italian Loanwords

301

(1)

German Loanwords

302

(3)

Loanwords from the East

305

(3)

Other Sources

308

(2)

The Sources of Recent Loanwords

310

(1)

English Remains English

311

(2)

Selected Bibliography

313

(25)

Glossary--Index of Terms

338

(23)

Index of Modern English Words and Affixes

361

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