Personality: Classic Theories And Modern Research

by Friedman, Howard S.; Schustack, Miriam W.

• ISBN13: 9780205439652
• ISBN10: 0205439659
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

This successful text puts "personality" back into the personality course. Integrating the classic insights of personality theorists with the modern research of investigators in the field, Personality will fascinate students and encourage deeper thought.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxiii
About the Authors	xxvii
Part I Introduction
What Is Personality?	1	(26)
Personality and Science	3	(4)
Where Do Personality Theories Come From?	5	(2)
Preview of the Perspectives	7	(4)
Overview of the Eight Perspectives	7	(2)
Are Personality Aspects Really Separable?	9	(2)
A Brief History of Personality Psychology	11	(8)
Theater and Self-Presentation	12	(1)
Religion	12	(1)
Evolutionary Biology	13	(1)
Testing	14	(3)
Modern Theory	17	(2)
Some Basic Issues: The Unconscious, the Self, Uniqueness, Gender, Situations, Culture	19	(3)
What Is the Unconscious?	19	(1)
What Is the Self?	19	(1)
Does Each Individual Require a Unique Approach?	20	(1)
Are There Differences between Men and Women?	20	(1)
The Person versus the Situation	20	(1)
To What Extent Is Personality Culturally Determined?	21	(1)
Is Personality a Useful Concept?	21	(1)
Personality in Context	22	(2)
Summary and Conclusion	24	(3)
How Is Personality Studied and Assessed?	27	(42)
Measuring Personality	29	(6)
Reliability	31	(2)
Construct Validity	33	(2)
Bias	35	(3)
Response Sets	35	(1)
Ethnic Bias	36	(1)
Gender Bias	37	(1)
Varieties of Personality Measures	38	(20)
Self-Report Tests	40	(1)
Q-Sort Tests	41	(1)
Ratings and Judgments by Others	42	(2)
Biological Measures	44	(2)
Behavioral Observations	46	(2)
Interviews	48	(2)
Expressive Behavior	50	(1)
Document Analysis and Life Stories	51	(2)
Projective Tests	53	(2)
Demographics and Lifestyle	55	(3)
Is There One Best Method of Assessment?	58	(1)
How Not to Test Personality	58	(2)
The Design of Research	60	(3)
Case Studies	61	(1)
Correlational Studies	61	(1)
Experimental Studies	61	(2)
The Ethics of Personality Testing	63	(2)
Summary and Conclusion	65	(4)
Part II Eight Basic Aspects of Personality
Psychoanalytic Aspects of Personality	69	(48)
Basic Psychoanalytic Concepts	71	(6)
The Unconscious and Therapeutic Techniques	72	(2)
The Structure of the Mind	74	(3)
Psychosexual Development	77	(6)
Oral Stage	77	(1)
Anal Stage	78	(2)
Phallic Stage	80	(2)
Latency Period	82	(1)
Genital Stage	82	(1)
Male versus Female	83	(2)
Defense Mechanisms	85	(10)
Repression	85	(4)
Reaction Formation	89	(1)
Denial	90	(1)
Projection	91	(1)
Displacement	92	(1)
Sublimation	93	(1)
Regression	94	(1)
Rationalization	94	(1)
Cross-Cultural Issues	95	(1)
Major Contributions and Limitations of Freudian Psychoanalysis	96	(4)
Modern Developments from Experimental Psychology	100	(14)
Unconscious Emotion and Motivation	101	(1)
Illusion of Free Will	102	(1)
Hypermnesia	103	(3)
Infantile Amnesia	106	(2)
Subliminal Perception	108	(1)
Memory	109	(2)
Amnesia	111	(3)
Summary and Conclusion	114	(3)
Neo-Analytic and Ego Aspects of Personality: Identity	117	(44)
Carl G. Jung and Selfhood	119	(7)
Background to Jung's Approach	119	(2)
Jung's Analytic Psychology	121	(5)
Alfred Adler---The Inferiority Complex and the Importance of Society	126	(7)
Adler's Differences with Freudian Theory	127	(1)
Adler's Individual Psychology	127	(6)
Karen Horney---Culture and Feminism	133	(6)
Rejection of Penis Envy	135	(1)
Basic Anxiety	136	(1)
The Self	136	(1)
Neurotic Coping Strategies	137	(1)
Horney's Impact on Psychoanalytic Thinking	138	(1)
Bridges from Freud to More Modern Conceptions	139	(1)
Anna Freud	139	(1)
Heinz Hartmann	139	(1)
Object Relations Theories: A Conceptual Link between Self-Identity and Social Identity	140	(5)
Margaret Mahler and Symbiosis	140	(2)
Melanie Klein and the Relational Perspective	142	(2)
Heinz Kohut	144	(1)
The Contributions of Object Relations Approaches	144	(1)
Erik Erikson---Life-Span Identity and Identity Crises	145	(6)
Erikson's Life Path	145	(1)
Identity Formation and Ego Crises	146	(5)
Some Modern Approaches to Identity	151	(7)
Personal and Social Identity	152	(1)
Self-Monitoring	152	(2)
The Role of Goals and Life Tasks	154	(1)
Possible Selves and the Search for a Meaningful Life	155	(3)
Summary and Conclusion	158	(3)
Biological Aspects of Personality	161	(42)
Direct Genetic Effects	162	(2)
Natural Selection and Functionalism	163	(1)
Angelman Syndrome: Genes and Personality	163	(1)
Behavioral Genomics	164	(1)
Genetic Effects through Temperament	164	(9)
Activity, Emotionality, Sociability, Impulsivity	165	(2)
Eysenck's Model of Nervous System Temperament	167	(1)
Approach, Inhibition, and Regulation	168	(1)
Sensation Seeking and Addiction-Proneness	169	(2)
Brain Hemispheres and Personality	171	(2)
Twins as a Source of Data	173	(7)
Sir Francis Galton	174	(1)
Minnesota Twin Study	175	(1)
Nurture and Nonshared Environmental Variance	176	(2)
The Case of Schizophrenia	178	(1)
Inferences from Schizophrenic Twins	179	(1)
Sexual Identity and Homosexuality	180	(3)
Exotic Becomes Erotic	181	(1)
Kin Selection	182	(1)
Sex Hormones and Experience	182	(1)
Mediated Effects of Biology	183	(5)
Effects through Environmental Toxins: Poisoning	183	(1)
Effects through Physical Illness	184	(3)
Effects from Legal and Illegal Drugs	187	(1)
Effects from Creation of Environments	188	(4)
Tropisms	188	(2)
Do Looks Reveal Personality?: Somatotypes	190	(2)
Effects from Reactions of Others	192	(2)
Physical Attractiveness Stereotype	193	(1)
Sociobiology and Evolutionary Personality	194	(2)
Sociobiology	194	(1)
Cinderella Effect	194	(1)
Evolution and Culture	195	(1)
Personality and Public Policy	196	(4)
Social Darwinism and Eugenics: Psuedoscience	196	(1)
Culture, Nazis, and ``Superior Races''	197	(1)
The Human Genome: Racist Eugenics of the Future?	198	(2)
Summary and Conclusion	200	(3)
Behaviorist and Learning Aspects of Personality	203	(32)
The Classical Conditioning of Personality	204	(3)
Conditioning a Response to a Stimulus	205	(1)
Behavioral Patterns as a Result of Conditioning	205	(1)
Extinction Processes	206	(1)
Conditioning of Neurotic Behavior	206	(1)
Complexities in Application of Conditioning Principles	207	(1)
The Origins of Behaviorist Approaches: Watson's Behaviorism	207	(4)
The Rejection of Introspection	207	(1)
Applying Conditioning Principles to Little Albert: Conditioned Fear and Systematic Desensitization	208	(3)
The Radical Behaviorism of B. F. Skinner	211	(5)
Operant Conditioning	212	(1)
Operant Theory as an Alternative Description of Personality	212	(2)
Controlling the Reinforcement	214	(1)
Skinner's Behaviorist Utopia: Walden Two	214	(2)
Applying Behaviorism: Personality Change and Individual Differences	216	(5)
Internal Processes and Behaviorist Theory	219	(1)
External Causation versus Free Will or Free Choice	220	(1)
Other Learning Approaches to Personality	221	(7)
The Role of Internal Drives: Clark Hull	221	(1)
Social Learning Theory: Dollard and Miller	221	(1)
Habit Hierarchies	222	(3)
Drive Conflict	225	(1)
Patterns of Child-Rearing and Personality: Robert Sears	226	(1)
Modern Behaviorist Personality Approaches	226	(2)
Key Behaviorist Terms and Concepts	228	(2)
Evaluation	230	(2)
Summary and Conclusion	232	(3)
Cognitive and Social-Cognitive Aspects of Personality	235	(40)
Roots of Cognitive Approaches	236	(5)
Roots in Gestalt Psychology	237	(1)
Kurt Lewin's Field Theory	238	(1)
Field Dependence as a Personality Variable	238	(3)
Cognitive and Perceptual Mechanisms	241	(6)
Schema Theory	241	(1)
Categorization	242	(2)
Control of Attention	244	(1)
Individual Differences in Attention: ADHD	244	(3)
Humans as Scientists: George Kelly's Personal Construct Theory	247	(3)
Individuals as Amateur Personality Theorists	247	(1)
The Role Construct Repertory Test	248	(2)
Social Intelligence	250	(1)
Explanatory Style as a Personality Variable	251	(2)
Optimism and Pessimism	251	(1)
Attributional Model of Learned Helplessness	252	(1)
Julian Rotter's Locus of Control Approach	253	(4)
Generalized versus Specific Expectancies	254	(2)
The Role of Reinforcements	256	(1)
The Psychological Situation	256	(1)
Locus of Control	256	(1)
Albert Bandura's Social-Cognitive Learning Theory	257	(11)
The Self-System	258	(1)
Observational Learning	258	(7)
Self-Efficacy	265	(1)
Self-Regulation Processes	266	(2)
Humans as Computers	268	(3)
Summary and Conclusion	271	(4)
Trait and Skill Aspects of Personality	275	(40)
The History of Trait Approaches	277	(4)
Ancient Conceptions	277	(1)
Jung's Extroversion and Introversion	278	(1)
The Use of Statistics: R. B. Cattell	279	(1)
Q-data, T-data, L-data, and the 16PF	280	(1)
Gordon Allport's Trait Psychology	281	(6)
Variability and Consistency	281	(2)
The Importance of Culture	283	(1)
Functional Equivalence	284	(1)
Common Traits	284	(1)
Personal Dispositions	285	(2)
A Contemporary Trait Approach: The Big Five	287	(10)
How Was the Big Five Model Developed?	287	(5)
Career Pathways	292	(1)
More Than Five? Fewer Than Five?	292	(2)
Eysenck's Big Three and Related Alternatives	294	(1)
Evidence for Eysenck's Approach	295	(2)
Personality Judgments	297	(4)
Consensus in Personality Judgments	297	(1)
Zero Acquaintance	297	(2)
Limits of Trait Conceptions	299	(2)
Types	301	(1)
Motives	301	(3)
Need for Achievement: n Ach	302	(1)
Need for Affiliation: n Aff	303	(1)
Need for Power: n Power	303	(1)
Measuring Motivation	304	(1)
Need for Exhibition	304	(1)
Expressive Style	304	(6)
Emotional Expressiveness	305	(2)
Dominance, Leadership, Influence	307	(1)
Expressiveness and Health	307	(3)
Skills	310	(2)
Intelligence	310	(2)
Summary and Conclusion	312	(3)
Humanistic and Existential Aspects of Personality	315	(36)
Existentialism	317	(2)
Alternatives to Positivism	317	(1)
The Phenomenological View	318	(1)
Humanism	319	(3)
Giving a Role to the Human Spirit	319	(1)
Relations with Other People Define Our Humanness	320	(1)
The Human Potential Movement	321	(1)
Love as a Central Focus of Life: Erich Fromm	322	(3)
Loving as an Art	322	(1)
Dialectical Humanism: Transcending Conflict	323	(1)
Evidence Supporting Fromm's Approach? The Age of Anxiety?	324	(1)
Responsibility: Carl Rogers	325	(3)
Rogers's Background	325	(1)
Growth, Inner Control, and the Experiencing Person	325	(1)
Rogerian Therapy	326	(1)
Becoming One's Self	327	(1)
Implications of Humanism for World Peace	328	(1)
Anxiety and Dread	328	(4)
Anxiety, Threat, and Powerlessness: Rollo May	329	(1)
Personal Choice: Victor Frankl	330	(1)
Is There Free Will?	331	(1)
Self-Actualization: Abraham Maslow	332	(8)
Early Ideas about Self-Actualization in Jung's Work	332	(1)
Peak Experiences	332	(3)
The Internal Push for Self-Actualization	335	(1)
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs	335	(2)
Measuring Self-Actualization	337	(3)
Happiness and Positive Psychology	340	(4)
Positive Psychology	341	(2)
The American Paradox	343	(1)
Further Evaluation of Existential-Humanistic Approaches	344	(4)
Summary and Conclusion	348	(3)
Person--Situation Interactionist Aspects of Personality	351	(34)
Harry Stack Sullivan: Interpersonal Psychiatry	352	(3)
Interpersonal Psychiatry Contrasted with Psychoanalytic Theory	353	(1)
Personality as a Pattern of Interpersonal Interactions	354	(1)
Motivation and Goals: Henry A. Murray	355	(4)
The Personological System	356	(1)
Thema	357	(1)
The Narrative Approach: Murray's Influence	358	(1)
Other Influences on Murray's Approach	359	(1)
Modern Interactionist Approaches Begin: Walter Mischel	359	(5)
Mischel's Critique	360	(2)
Mischel's Theory	362	(1)
Attributions	363	(1)
Validity	364	(1)
The Power of Situations	364	(7)
Trait Relevance	365	(1)
The ``Personality'' of Situations	366	(1)
Consistency Averaged across Situations	367	(1)
Personal versus Social Situations	368	(2)
Seeking and Creating Situations	370	(1)
Time: The Importance of Longitudinal Study	371	(6)
The Life Course Approach	372	(3)
Readiness	375	(2)
Interactions, Emotions, and Development	377	(5)
Circumplex Model	377	(2)
Ego Development	379	(3)
Summary and Conclusion	382	(3)
Part III Applications to Individual Differences
Male--Female Differences	385	(34)
Do Males and Females Differ?	386	(4)
A Brief History of Gender Difference in Personality	390	(1)
Evidence from Ancient Civilizations	390	(1)
Nineteenth-Century Views	390	(1)
Biological Influences on Gender Differences	391	(5)
Sex Hormones in Normal Prenatal Development	391	(1)
The Effects of Prenatal Sex Hormones on Gender Behavior	391	(3)
The Influence of Hormones during and after Puberty	394	(2)
Gender Differences in Personality from the Eight Perspectives	396	(19)
The Psychoanalytic Approach	396	(1)
The Neo-Analytic Approaches	397	(2)
Biological/Evolutionary Approaches	399	(3)
The Behaviorist Approach: Social Learning	402	(1)
The Cognitive Approach: Gender Schema Theory	402	(2)
Trait Approaches to Masculinity and Femininity	404	(6)
Humanistic Approaches	410	(1)
Interactionist Approaches: Social and Interpersonal Characteristics	410	(5)
Cross-Cultural Studies of Gender Differences	415	(1)
Love and Sexual Behavior	415	(2)
Summary and Conclusion	417	(2)
Stress, Adjustment, and Health Differences	419	(32)
Disease-Prone Personalities	421	(9)
Health Behaviors	421	(3)
The Sick Role	424	(1)
Disease-Caused Personality Changes	425	(1)
Personality Disorders	425	(1)
Diathesis-Stress	426	(4)
Personality and Coronary-Proneness	430	(4)
The Type A Behavior Pattern	431	(1)
Choleric Struggle	431	(1)
Giving Up	432	(1)
Other Diseases	433	(1)
The Human Termites	434	(6)
Conscientiousness	435	(1)
Sociability	436	(1)
Cheerfulness	437	(1)
Stressed Termites	437	(2)
Mental Health	439	(1)
Blaming the Victim	440	(1)
The Self-Healing Personality	441	(3)
Control, Commitment, and Challenge	442	(1)
Trust and Devotion	442	(2)
The Influence of Humanistic and Existential Aspects on Understanding Self-Healing	444	(4)
Growth Orientation	445	(1)
Identity and Purpose	445	(2)
Sense of Coherence	447	(1)
Summary and Conclusion	448	(3)
Culture and Ethnicity: Processes and Differences	451	(36)
Group Influence	452	(1)
Cultural Effects	453	(1)
History of Research on Personality and Culture	453	(5)
Contributions from Cultural Anthropology	454	(2)
Lewin's Laboratory Experiments on Political Culture	456	(1)
Emic versus Etic Approaches	457	(1)
Collectivist versus Individualistic	458	(1)
Errors of Scientific Inference: The Case of Race	459	(4)
Race as a Flawed Approach to Grouping People	460	(1)
The American Dilemma	461	(2)
Socioeconomic Influences on Personality	463	(2)
Karl Marx and Alienation	464	(1)
Language as a Cultural Influence	465	(6)
Language and Identity: Idiolects and Dialects	465	(1)
Creating a Culture through Shared Language: The Deaf Community	466	(1)
Language as Politics: The ``English Only'' Movement	467	(1)
Language and Thought	467	(1)
Bilingualism: Two Personalities?	468	(1)
Language and Social Interaction	469	(1)
Gender and Language	470	(1)
Culture and Testing	471	(5)
Culture-Free and Culture-Fair Tests	472	(2)
Stereotype Threat	474	(2)
A More General Model of Personality and Culture	476	(5)
Incorporating Culture into Personality Theory	477	(1)
Culture and Humanity	477	(2)
Culture and Theory	479	(2)
Some Current Research Developments	481	(3)
The Situation May Elicit Cultural Differences	482	(1)
Ethnic Socialization	483	(1)
Summary and Conclusion	484	(3)
Love and Hate	487	(32)
The Personality of Hate	489	(15)
Biological Explanations of Hate	491	(2)
Psychoanalytic Approaches to Hate	493	(1)
Neo-Analytic Views of Hate	494	(3)
Hate and Authoritarianism: Erich Fromm	497	(1)
The Humanistic Perspective on Hate	498	(1)
Hatred as a Trait	499	(1)
Cognitive Approaches to Hate	500	(1)
Learning Theory: Hate as Learned Behavior	501	(1)
Cultural Differences in Hatred	502	(2)
Evaluation: Hate	504	(1)
The Personality of Love	505	(9)
Evolutionary/Ethological Explanations of Love	506	(2)
Psychoanalytic Explanations for Love	508	(1)
Neo-Analytic Explanations for Love	508	(1)
Cognitive Approaches to Love	509	(1)
Humanistic/Existential Perspectives on Love	510	(2)
Cultural Differences in Love	512	(1)
The Trait and Interactionist Approaches: Loneliness	513	(1)
Love Gone Wrong: Violent or Risky Sexual Behavior	514	(2)
Summary and Conclusion	516	(3)
Part IV Conclusion and Outlook for the Future
Where Will We Find Personality?	519	(12)
The Brave New World of Personality	520	(5)
Designer Personalities	520	(2)
A Utopian World versus Abuse of Reward and Punishment	522	(1)
Genetic Superhumans	523	(1)
Can I Change My Personality?	524	(1)
The Eight Perspectives Revisited	525	(5)
Is There One Correct Perspective?	525	(3)
Are There Exactly Eight Perspectives?	528	(1)
Can the Perspectives Be Merged?	528	(2)
Summary and Conclusion	530	(1)
Glossary	531	(18)
References	549	(42)
Name Index	591	(10)
Subject Index	601