Personality and Personal Growth

by Frager, Robert Ph.D.; Fadiman, James Ph.D.

• ISBN13: 9780131444515
• ISBN10: 0131444514
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-01-20
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

With a newly revised and streamlined organization, the Sixth Edition maintains its cross-cultural, global, and gender-balanced perspectives while emphasizing humanistic and transpersonal psychologists in its exploration of the positive aspects of major personality theorists, stressing each one's relevance for personal understanding.Highly praised for its exceptionally well-written style and accessibility, this book encourages and supports readers in using themselves as the primary touchstone for each theory. Each chapter gives readers opportunities to validate their insights through direct experience, and, by observing their own reactions, come to their own conclusions about the utility and value of each theory.a newly revised, and a Companion WebsiteFor professionals with a career in psychology, sociology, and/or social work.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
About the Authors	xxi
Introduction	1	(1)
What Is Personality?	2	(1)
The History of Personality Study	2	(1)
Modern Theories of Personality	3	(1)
Two Contemporary Approaches to Personality Study: Nomothetic and Idiographic	3	(1)
Characteristics of a Good Theory of Personality	4	(2)
Verifiability	4	(1)
Comprehensiveness	5	(1)
Applications	5	(1)
No Single Truth	6	(1)
A Constructive Approach to Personality Theory	6	(1)
Expanding the Scope of Personality Theory	7	(2)
The Psychology of Women	7	(1)
Eastern Theories of Personality	7	(1)
Contemporary Concern with Eastern Systems	8	(1)
Chapter Structure	9	(5)
Personal History	10	(1)
Intellectual Antecedents	10	(1)
Major Concepts	10	(1)
Dynamics	11	(1)
Structure	11	(2)
Evaluation	13	(1)
The Theory Firsthand	13	(1)
Chapter Highlights	13	(1)
Key Concepts	13	(1)
Annotated Bibliography	13	(1)
Our Web Site	13	(1)
References	14	(1)
Personal Reflections	14	(1)
Questions to Pose to Each Theory	14	(1)
Key Concepts	15	(1)
Web Sites	15	(1)
References	15	(1)
Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis	16	(39)
Personal History	17	(2)
Intellectual Antecedents	19	(1)
Philosophy	20	(1)
Biology	20	(1)
The Unconscious	20	(1)
Major Concepts	20	(3)
Psychic Determinism	21	(1)
Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious	21	(1)
Impulses	21	(1)
Libido and Aggressive Energy	22	(1)
Cathexis	23	(1)
Structure of the Personality	23	(2)
The Id	23	(1)
The Ego	24	(1)
The Superego	24	(1)
Relationship Between the Three Subsystems	25	(1)
Psychosexual Stages of Development	25	(3)
The Oral Stage	25	(1)
The Anal Stage	26	(1)
The Phallic Stage	26	(1)
The Genital Stage	27	(1)
Freud's Views About Women	28	(2)
Dynamics: Anxiety, Anna Freud and the Defense Mechanisms, Psychoanalysis, and Dreamwork	30	(8)
Anxiety	30	(1)
Anna Freud and the Defense Mechanisms	30	(6)
Psychoanalysis: The Theory	36	(1)
Dreams and Dreamwork	36	(2)
Structure	38	(3)
Energy	38	(1)
Body	39	(1)
Social Relationships	39	(1)
Emotions	40	(1)
Intellect	40	(1)
Self	41	(1)
Therapist/Therapy	41	(1)
The Role of the Psychoanalyst	41	(1)
Evaluation and Current Influence	42	(3)
Influence	44	(1)
The Theory Firsthand: Excerpt from Studies in Hysteria	45	(4)
Chapter Highlights	49	(1)
Key Concepts	50	(1)
Annotated Bibliography	51	(1)
Web Sites	52	(1)
References	52	(3)
Web Materials
Limitations of Psychoanalysis
Anna Freud: A More Extensive Biography
Three Excerpts from Anna Freud
On Adolescence
On the Defenses
The Effects of Changes in Psychoanalytic Thinking
References
Carl Gustav Jung and Analytic Psychology	55	(35)
Personal History	56	(3)
Intellectual Antecedents	59	(2)
Freud	59	(1)
Goethe and Nietzsche	60	(1)
Alchemy and Gnosticism	60	(1)
Eastern Thought	60	(1)
Major Concepts	61	(14)
The Attitudes: Introversion and Extraversion	61	(1)
The Functions: Thinking, Feeling, Sensation, Intuition	62	(2)
The Unconscious	64	(1)
Archetype	65	(2)
The Ego	67	(1)
The Persona	68	(1)
The Shadow	69	(2)
Anima and Animus	71	(1)
The Self	72	(1)
Symbols	73	(2)
Dynamics	75	(4)
Psychological Growth: Individuation	75	(2)
Obstacles to Growth	77	(2)
Structure	79	(3)
Body	79	(1)
Social Relationships	79	(1)
Will	80	(1)
Emotions	80	(1)
Intellect	80	(1)
Therapist	81	(1)
Evaluation	82	(1)
Religion and Mysticism	82	(1)
The Analysis of Symbols	83	(1)
Recent Developments: Jung's Influence	83	(1)
The Theory Firsthand: Excerpts from Analytical Psychology	84	(1)
Word Association	84	(1)
Dream Analysis	85	(1)
Chapter Highlights	85	(1)
Key Concepts	86	(1)
Annotated Bibliography	86	(1)
Web Sites	87	(1)
References	87	(3)
Web Materials
Major Jungian Archetypes
Tabula Rasa or Inherited Mental Structures
Alfred Adler and Individual Psychology	90	(24)
Personal History	91	(2)
Intellectual Antecedents	93	(2)
Evolution	93	(1)
Psychoanalysis	93	(1)
Friedrich Nietzsche	94	(1)
Fictional Goals	94	(1)
Holism	94	(1)
Major Concepts	95	(6)
Inferiority and Compensation	95	(1)
Aggression and Striving for Superiority	96	(1)
Life Goals	97	(1)
Style of Life	97	(2)
The Creative Power of the Individual	99	(1)
Social Interest	99	(1)
Cooperation	100	(1)
Basic Principles of Adlerian Theory	101	(1)
Dynamics	101	(3)
Psychological Growth	101	(1)
Obstacles to Growth	102	(2)
Structure	104	(4)
Body	104	(1)
Social Relationships	104	(1)
Will	104	(1)
Emotions	104	(1)
Intellect	105	(1)
Self	106	(1)
Therapist	106	(2)
Evaluation	108	(1)
Recent Developments: Adler's Influence	109	(1)
The Theory Firsthand: Excerpt from Social Interest	110	(1)
Chapter Highlights	110	(1)
Key Concepts	111	(1)
Annotated Bibliography	112	(1)
Web Sites	112	(1)
References	112	(2)
Web Materials
The Schema of Apperception
Adler on Women
Karen Horney and Humanistic Psychoanalysis	114	(27)
Bernard J. Paris
Personal History	115	(3)
Intellectual Antecedents	118	(2)
Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis	118	(1)
Alfred Adler	119	(1)
Other Intellectual Influences	120	(1)
Major Concepts	120	(4)
Feminine Psychology	121	(3)
Horney's New Paradigm	124	(7)
Horney's Mature Theory	126	(5)
Dynamics	131	(2)
The Relation Between Interpersonal and Intrapsychic Defenses	132	(1)
The Central Inner Conflict	132	(1)
Nonclinical Applications of Horney	133	(1)
Gender Study	133	(1)
Evaluation	134	(1)
Conclusion	135	(1)
The Theory Firsthand: Excerpt from Self-Analysis	135	(1)
Chapter Highlights	136	(1)
Key Concepts	137	(1)
Annotated Bibliography	138	(1)
Web Sites	139	(1)
References	139	(2)
Web Materials
The Process of Psychotherapy
Nonclinical Applications of Horney
Literary Study
Psychobiography
Cultural Study
References
Feminist Approaches to Personality Theory	141	(31)
Feminist Psychology	142	(7)
Christine Brooks
The Pioneers	142	(1)
A Brief History of Feminism	143	(1)
The Second Wave and Psychology	144	(1)
Feminism Now	144	(2)
Feminist Contributions to Personality Theory	146	(2)
Relational-Cultural Theory	148	(1)
A Relational Approach	149	(11)
Jean Baker Miller
Irene Pierce Stiver
Judith V. Jordan
Janet L. Surrey
Major Concepts	149	(4)
Dynamics	153	(5)
Evaluation	158	(1)
Issues of Diversity	158	(1)
Feminist Contributions to Epistemology and Methodology	159	(1)
Social Constructionism	160	(1)
Organic Inquiry: A Transpersonal/Feminist Research Methodology	160	(3)
Jennifer Clements
Intellectual Antecedents	160	(1)
A Fundamental Metaphor	161	(1)
The Process	161	(1)
The Methodology in Action	162	(1)
Chapter Highlights	163	(2)
Key Concepts	165	(1)
Annotated Bibliography	166	(2)
Web Sites	168	(1)
References	168	(4)
Web Materials
Relational Therapy
The Theory Firsthand: Excerpt from Women's Growth in Connection
Healing the Relational Crisis
Rebecca Caldwell
My Process: Eating the Fat Girl
Comment by Rebecca
References
Erik Erikson and the Life Cycle	172	(28)
Personal History	173	(2)
Intellectual Antecedents	175	(1)
Psychoanalysis	175	(1)
Other Cultures	176	(1)
Major Concepts	176	(15)
An Epigenetic Model of Human Development	177	(9)
Identity	186	(4)
Psychohistory	190	(1)
Dynamics	191	(1)
Positive Growth	191	(1)
Obstacles to Growth	191	(1)
Structure	192	(2)
Body	192	(1)
Social Relationships	192	(1)
Will	192	(1)
Emotions	193	(1)
Intellect	193	(1)
Self	193	(1)
Therapist	194	(1)
Evaluation	194	(1)
Recent Developments: Erikson's Influence	195	(1)
The Theory Firsthand: Excerpt from Childhood and Society	195	(1)
Chapter Highlights	196	(1)
Key Concepts	197	(1)
Annotated Bibliography	198	(1)
Web Sites	198	(1)
References	198	(2)
Web Materials
Case Study Research
A Study of Gandhi
William James and the Psychology of Consciousness	200	(43)
Personal History	202	(2)
Intellectual Antecedents	204	(1)
Major Concepts	205	(9)
The Self	205	(2)
Characteristics of Thought	207	(7)
Dynamics: Forces Supporting and Limiting Personal Growth	214	(4)
Psychological Growth: Emotion and Pragmatism	214	(3)
Obstacles to Growth	217	(1)
Structure	218	(1)
The Mind Is in the Body	218	(1)
The Role of the Teacher	219	(1)
Current Importance and Influence	220	(3)
Eugene Taylor
James's Continuing Influence in the Field of Psychology	222	(1)
Scientific Study of the Emotions	222	(1)
The Psychology of Consciousness	223	(9)
Psychedelic Research	224	(1)
Biofeedback Research	225	(2)
Meditation	227	(2)
Hypnosis	229	(2)
Multiple Personality	231	(1)
Evaluation	232	(1)
The Theory Firsthand: Excerpts from Talks to Teachers and The Varieties of Religious Experience	233	(2)
Chapter Highlights	235	(1)
Key Concepts	236	(1)
Annotated Bibliography	237	(1)
Web Sites	238	(1)
References	238	(5)
Web Materials
Intellectual Antecedents
Evaluation
Current Research on Emotions
Time and Space Perception
References
B. F. Skinner and Radical Behaviorism	243	(28)
Personal History	244	(2)
Intellectual Antecedents	246	(2)
Darwinism and the Canon of of Parsimony	246	(1)
Watson	247	(1)
Pavlov	247	(1)
Philosophy of Science	248	(1)
Major Concepts	248	(10)
Scientific Analysis of Behavior	248	(1)
Personality	249	(1)
Explanatory Fictions	249	(3)
Conditioning and Reinforcement	252	(4)
What Supports or Impedes Personal Growth?	256	(2)
Structure	258	(6)
Body	258	(1)
Relationships and the Psychology of Women	258	(2)
Emotions	260	(1)
Thinking and Knowing	260	(1)
Self-knowledge	261	(1)
Therapy	261	(2)
Beyond Behaviorism	263	(1)
Evaluation	264	(1)
The Theory Firsthand: Excerpt from ``Humanism and Behaviorism''	265	(1)
Chapter Highlights	266	(1)
Key Concepts	267	(1)
Annotated Bibliography	268	(1)
Web Sites	268	(1)
References	268	(3)
Web Materials
Applied Behavioral Analysis
From Programmed Learning to Computer Games
Augmented Learning
References
Cognitive Psychology and Its Applications	271	(20)
Researching Human Cognition	272	(1)
Computer Models and Human Information Processing	273	(3)
Albert Bandura and Social Cognitive Theory	276	(6)
Major Concepts	276	(6)
Aaron Beck and Cognitive Therapy	282	(4)
Evaluation	286	(1)
The Theory Firsthand: Excerpts from Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders	286	(1)
Excerpt from The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience	287	(1)
Chapter Highlights	287	(1)
Key Concepts	288	(1)
Annotated Bibliography	288	(1)
Web Sites	288	(1)
References	289	(2)
George Kelly and Personal Construct Psychology	291	(20)
Franz R. Epting
Larry M. Leitner
Jonathan D. Raskin
Introduction	292	(1)
Personal History	293	(1)
Intellectual Antecedents	294	(1)
Pragmatism and John Dewey	294	(1)
Existential-Phenomenological Psychology	294	(1)
Korzybski and Moreno	295	(1)
Major Concepts	295	(12)
Constructive Alternativism: A Philosophical Position	295	(1)
Personal Construct Systems: Basic Characteristics	296	(2)
Process and Function of Construct Systems	298	(3)
Individual Differences and Interpersonal Relations	301	(2)
Transitional Constructions	303	(2)
Cycles of Experience	305	(2)
Evaluation	307	(1)
Chapter Highlights	307	(1)
Key Concepts	308	(1)
Annotated Bibliography	308	(1)
Web Sites	309	(1)
References	309	(2)
Web Materials
The Theory's Assumptive Structure
Ordination, Fragmentation, Range, and Modulation Dynamics
Assessment of Personal Meanings
Diagnosis
Therapy
References
Carl Rogers and the Person-Centered Perspective	311	(30)
Personal History	312	(4)
Intellectual Antecedents	316	(1)
Protestant Thought	316	(1)
Dewey and Kilpatrick	316	(1)
Major Concepts	317	(5)
The Field of Experience	317	(1)
The Self as a Process	317	(1)
The Ideal Self	318	(1)
Self-Actualizing Tendency	319	(1)
Personal Power	319	(1)
Congruence and Incongruence	320	(2)
Dynamics	322	(3)
Psychological Growth	322	(1)
Obstacles to Growth	323	(2)
Structure	325	(3)
Body	325	(1)
Social Relationships	325	(1)
Emotions	326	(1)
Intellect	327	(1)
Knowing	327	(1)
The Fully Functioning Person	328	(1)
Person-Centered Therapy	329	(1)
The Client-Centered, or Person-Centered, Therapist	329	(1)
Group Work	330	(1)
History	330	(1)
Conflict Resolution: The International Workshops	331	(1)
Evaluation	331	(3)
The Theory Firsthand: Excerpt from ``Rogers's Ideas''	334	(2)
Chapter Highlights	336	(1)
Key Concepts	337	(1)
Annotated Bibliography	337	(1)
Web Sites	338	(1)
References	338	(3)
Web Materials
The Client-Centered, or Person-Centered, Therapist
Genuine Understanding
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
More on Encounter Groups
References
Abraham Maslow and Transpersonal Psychology	341	(33)
Personal History	342	(1)
Intellectual Antecedents	343	(2)
Psychoanalysis	344	(1)
Social Anthropology	344	(1)
Gestalt Psychology	344	(1)
Kurt Goldstein	344	(1)
Major Concepts	345	(10)
Hierarchy of Needs	345	(2)
Self-actualization	347	(5)
Peak Experiences	352	(2)
Eupsychia	354	(1)
Synergy	354	(1)
Dynamics	355	(2)
Psychological Growth	355	(1)
Obstacles to Growth	355	(2)
Structure	357	(3)
Body	357	(1)
Social Relationships	357	(1)
Will	357	(1)
Emotions	357	(1)
Intellect	358	(1)
Self	358	(1)
Therapist	358	(2)
Recent Developments: Maslow's Influence	360	(1)
Evaluation	360	(1)
Transpersonal Psychology	361	(7)
Approaches to Transpersonal Psychology	362	(1)
The Perennial Model	363	(1)
A New Paradigm	364	(1)
The Work of Ken Wilber	365	(1)
The Work of Stanislav Grof	366	(1)
The Work of Michael Washburn	367	(1)
Psychosynthesis	368	(1)
Evaluation of Transpersonal Psychology	368	(1)
The Theory Firsthand: Excerpt from ``The Plateau Experience''	368	(1)
Chapter Highlights	369	(1)
Key Concepts	370	(1)
Annotated Bibliography	371	(1)
Web Sites	371	(1)
References	371	(3)
Web Materials
Deficiency Psychology and Being Psychology
Yoga and the Hindu Tradition	374	(28)
History	375	(1)
The Bhagavad-Gita	375	(1)
Major Concepts	375	(14)
Three Principles of Creation	375	(1)
Consciousness	376	(1)
Karma	377	(1)
Subconscious Tendencies	377	(1)
Schools of Yoga	378	(11)
Dynamics	389	(4)
Psychological Growth	389	(3)
Obstacles to Growth	392	(1)
Structure	393	(3)
Body	393	(1)
Social Relationships	393	(1)
Intellect	394	(1)
Self	395	(1)
Teacher	395	(1)
Evaluation	396	(1)
The Theory Firsthand: Excerpt from Radha: Diary of a Woman's Search	397	(1)
Chapter Highlights	398	(1)
Key Concepts	398	(2)
Annotated Bibliography	400	(1)
Web Sites	400	(1)
References	400	(2)
Web Materials
History
The Vedic Period
The Classical Period
Spirit and Nature
Zen and the Buddhist Tradition	402	(35)
History	404	(2)
Major Concepts	406	(9)
The Three Characteristics of Existence	406	(1)
The Four Noble Truths	407	(3)
Meditation	410	(3)
Enlightenment	413	(1)
Arhat and Bodhisattva	414	(1)
Dynamics	415	(7)
Psychological Growth	415	(2)
Obstacles to Growth	417	(5)
Structure	422	(8)
Body	422	(3)
Social Relationships	425	(1)
Will	426	(1)
Emotions	427	(1)
Intellect	427	(1)
Self	428	(1)
Teacher	428	(1)
Evaluation	428	(2)
Recent Developments: The Influence of Buddhism	430	(2)
The Theory Firsthand: Excerpt from The Wild, White Goose	432	(1)
Chapter Highlights	433	(1)
Key Concepts	434	(1)
Annotated Bibliography	434	(1)
Web Sites	435	(1)
References	435	(2)
Web Materials
History
Sufism and the Islamic Tradition	437	(24)
History	439	(1)
Islam	439	(1)
Major Concepts	439	(8)
Four Stages of Sufi Practice	439	(2)
Paths of Sufism	441	(3)
The Self (Nafs)	444	(2)
Annihilation and Return	446	(1)
Dynamics	447	(4)
Psychological Growth---Stages of Personal Development	447	(3)
Obstacles to Growth	450	(1)
Structure	451	(4)
Body	451	(1)
Social Relationships	452	(1)
Will	452	(1)
Emotions	453	(1)
Intellect	453	(1)
Self	454	(1)
Teacher	454	(1)
The Theory Firsthand: Excerpt from Forty Days: The Diary of a Traditional Solitary Sufi Retreat	455	(1)
Chapter Highlights	456	(1)
Key Concepts	457	(1)
Annotated Bibliography	458	(1)
Web Sites	458	(1)
References	459	(2)
Web Materials
Sufi Poetry
Remembrance of God
Opening Your Heart
Credits	461	(2)
Name Index	463	(8)
Subject Index	471