Pharmaceutical Calculations

by Ansel, Howard C.; Stoklosa, Mitchell J.

• ISBN13: 9780781762656
• ISBN10: 0781762650
• Edition: 12th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-12-30
• Publisher: LWW

Summary

This essential text is your best resource for mastering the basic calculations used in contemporary pharmacy practice. Now in continuous publication for 60 years, this fully revised 12th Edition builds on its reputation as the gold standard text for pharmaceutical calculations. Every chapter in this new edition has been updated to reflect the latest information in the field. The sequence of chapters has been reorganized to improve the flow and organization of the text.

Table of Contents

Introduction	xv
Scope of Pharmaceutical Calculations	xv
Fundamentals of Pharmaceutical Calculations	1	(24)
Numbers and Numerals	1	(1)
Kinds of Numbers	1	(1)
Arabic Numerals	2	(1)
Roman Numerals	3	(1)
Common and Decimal Fractions	4	(4)
Percent	8	(2)
Exponential Notation	10	(2)
Ratio, Proportion, and Variation	12	(2)
Dimensional Analysis	14	(5)
Significant Figures	19	(2)
Estimation	21	(4)
International System of Units	25	(14)
Guidelines for the Correct Use of the SI	26	(1)
Special Considerations of the SI in Pharmacy	27	(1)
Measure of Length	28	(1)
Measure of Volume	29	(1)
Measure of Weight	30	(1)
Fundamental Computations	31	(3)
Relation of the SI to Other Systems of Measurement	34	(5)
Pharmaceutical Measurement	39	(12)
Measurement of Volume	39	(2)
Measurement of Weight	41	(1)
Aliquot Method of Weighing and Measuring	42	(4)
Least Weighable Quantity Method of Weighing	46	(1)
Percentage of Error	47	(4)
Interpretation of Prescriptions and Medication Orders	51	(16)
Range of Prescription and Medication Order Calculations	52	(3)
Prescription and Medication Order Accuracy	55	(2)
Use of Abbreviations and Symbols	57	(4)
Medication Scheduling and Patient Compliance	61	(6)
Density, Specific Gravity, and Specific Volume	67	(12)
Density	67	(1)
Specific Gravity	67	(2)
Density Versus Specific Gravity	69	(1)
Calculating the Specific Gravity of Liquids	69	(2)
Use of Specific Gravity in Calculations of Weight and Volume	71	(1)
Special Considerations of Specific Gravity	72	(1)
Calculating Specific Volume	73	(6)
Percentage, Ratio Strength, and Other Expressions of Concentration	79	(20)
Percentage	79	(1)
Percentage Preparations	79	(1)
Special Considerations in Percentage Calculations	80	(1)
Percentage Weight-in-Volume	80	(2)
Percentage Volume-in-Volume	82	(1)
Percentage Weight-in-Weight	83	(3)
Use of Percent in Compendial Standards	86	(1)
Ratio Strength	87	(2)
Simple Conversions of Concentration to ``mg/mL''	89	(2)
Milligrams Percent	91	(1)
Parts Per Million (PPM) and Parts Per Billion (PPB)	91	(8)
Calculation of Doses: General Considerations	99	(16)
Dose Definitions	99	(3)
Routes of Drug/Dose Administration and Dosage Forms	102	(1)
Dose Measurement	102	(3)
General Dose Calculations	105	(3)
Dosing Options	108	(7)
Calculation of Doses: Patient Parameters	115	(20)
Pediatric Patients	115	(1)
Geriatric Patients	116	(1)
Dosage Forms Applicable to Pediatric and Geriatric Patients	117	(1)
Drug Dosage Based on Age	118	(1)
Drug Dosage Based on Body Weight	119	(2)
Drug Dosage Based on Body Surface Area	121	(5)
Special Dosing Considerations in Cancer Chemotherapy	126	(9)
Some Calculations Involving ``Units,'' ``μg/mg,'' and Other Measures of Potency	135	(8)
Selected Clinical Calculations	143	(14)
Heparin-Dosing Calculations	143	(3)
Dosage Calculations Based on Creatinine Clearance	146	(4)
Clinical Laboratory Tests	150	(7)
Isotonic and Buffer Solutions	157	(20)
Special Clinical Considerations of Tonicity	157	(1)
Physical/Chemical Considerations in the Preparation of Isotonic Solutions	158	(9)
Buffers and Buffer Solutions	167	(10)
Electrolyte Solutions: Milliequivalents, Millimoles, and Milliosmoles	177	(18)
Milliequivalents	177	(5)
Millimoles	182	(1)
Osmolarity	182	(3)
Clinical Considerations of Water and Electrolyte Balance	185	(10)
Intravenous Infusions, Parenteral Admixtures, and Rate-of-Flow Calculations	195	(18)
Intravenous Infusions	195	(3)
Intravenous Push (IVP) Drug Administration	198	(1)
Special Considerations in Pediatric IV Infusion Delivery	199	(1)
Intravenous Admixtures	200	(2)
Rate of Flow of Intravenous Fluids	202	(11)
Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition, Body Mass Index, and the Food Nutrition Label	213	(22)
Enteral Nutrition	213	(2)
Parenteral Nutrition	215	(1)
Nutritional Requirements	216	(2)
Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Calculations	218	(5)
Body Mass Index (BMI)	223	(2)
The Nutrition Label	225	(10)
Dilution, Concentration, and Alligation	235	(28)
Special Considerations of Dilution and Concentration in Pharmaceutical Compounding	235	(1)
Relationship Between Strength and Total Quantity	236	(1)
Dilution and Concentration of Liquids	236	(2)
Stock Solutions	238	(5)
Dilution of Alcohol	243	(1)
Dilution of Acids	244	(1)
Dilution and Concentration of Solids and Semisolids	244	(2)
Triturations	246	(1)
Alligation	247	(5)
Specific Gravity of Mixtures	252	(11)
Reducing and Enlarging Formulas	263	(8)
Formulas That Specify Proportional Parts	265	(6)
Selected Calculations in Contemporary Compounding	271	(20)
General Considerations in Compounding Practice	271	(1)
Constitution of Dry Powders	271	(5)
Use of Prefabricated Dosage Forms in Compounding	276	(2)
Special Calculations: Capsule Filling and Suppository Molding	278	(3)
Compounding Specialized Formulas	281	(10)
Selected Calculations Involving Veterinary Pharmaceuticals	291	(6)
Special Considerations in Compounding Veterinary Pharmaceuticals	292	(5)
Selected Calculations Associated with Plant Extractives	297	(6)
Extracts, Fluidextracts, and Tinctures	298	(2)
Botanic Dietary Supplements	300	(3)
Calculation of Active Drug Moiety	303	(8)
Atomic and Molecular Weights	303	(1)
Chemically Equivalent Quantities	304	(1)
Active Drug Moiety Equivalence	305	(6)
Selected Calculations Involving Radiopharmaceuticals	311	(10)
Radioisotopes	311	(1)
Radioactivity	311	(3)
Units of Radioactivity	314	(7)
Selected Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetic Calculations	321	(12)
Drug Availability From Dosage Forms and Delivery Systems	321	(4)
Introductory Concepts and Calculations Involved in Pharmacokinetics	325	(8)
Selected Pharmacoeconomic Calculations	333	(16)
Pharmacoeconomic Methods of Analysis	333	(1)
Cost Considerations of Drug and Drug Product Selection	334	(3)
Drug Acquisition Costs	337	(1)
Markup	338	(1)
Prescription Pricing	339	(2)
Pharmacoeconomic Aspect of Proof Strength	341	(8)
Appendix A Common Systems of Measurement and Intersystem Conversion	349	(12)
Apothecaries' Fluid Measure	349	(1)
Apothecaries' Measure of Weight	349	(1)
Avoirdupois Measure of Weight	350	(1)
Fundamental Operations and Calculations	350	(2)
Relationship Between Avoirdupois and Apothecaries' Weights	352	(1)
Intersystem Conversion	353	(1)
Conversion of Linear Quantities	354	(1)
Conversion of Liquid Quantities	355	(1)
Conversion of Weights	355	(1)
Conversion of Temperatures	356	(5)
Appendix B Graphical Methods	361	(10)
Linear Relationships on Rectangular Graph Paper	361	(3)
Linear Relationships on Semilogarithmic Graph Paper	364	(1)
Other Methods of Data Presentation: Tables and Charts	364	(7)
Appendix C Basic Statistical Concepts	371	(12)
The Array	371	(1)
The Frequency Distribution	371	(1)
Averages	372	(1)
Measures of Variation	373	(1)
Aspects of Probability	374	(9)
Appendix D Glossary of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems	383	(6)
Review Problems	389	(18)
Answers to Review Problems	407	(8)
Index	415