Pharmacology for Nursing Care

by Lehne, Richard A.

• ISBN13: 9780721689975
• ISBN10: 0721689973
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-01-01
• Publisher: Elsevier Science Health Science div

Summary

Highly engaging and readable, this text provides a solid understanding of pharmacology its implications for patient care and patient education. A focus on "need-to-know" information and a drug-prototype approach make this book extremely popular with students and instructors alike. The new edition's updates and enhancements make it better than ever! This edition brings comprehensive revisions throughout to reflect up-to-the-minute drug information including hundreds of new indications, side effects, dosage forms, pediatric dosages, and patient implications, plus the facts on over 100 drugs newly approved by the FDA. Also features a brand-new unit on women's health that covers estrogens and progestins, birth control, drugs for infertility, and uterine stimulants and relaxants. Includes new chapters on pain management, herbal preparations, and the management of obesity, new "Special Interest" boxes that present engaging, real-life examples of drug application and use, and a new, dedicated worldwide web site, SIMON, for continuous updates and new drug releases. Includes 6 months' FREE online access to Mosby's Drug Consult , a comprehensive drug database. (Includes a FREE SIMON website at:www.harcourthealth.com/SIMON/Lehne/)

Table of Contents

Unit I Introduction
Orientation to Pharmacology	1	(4)
Four Basic Terms	1	(1)
Properties of an Ideal Drug	2	(1)
The Therapeutic Objective	3	(1)
Factors That Determine the Intensity of Drug Responses	3	(2)
Application of Pharmacology in Nursing Practice	5	(6)
Evolution of Nursing Responsibilities Regarding Drugs	5	(1)
Application of Pharmacology in Patient Care	6	(2)
Application of Pharmacology in Patient Education	8	(3)
Pharmacology and the Nursing Process	11	(6)
Review of the Nursing Process	11	(1)
Application of the Nursing Process in Drug Therapy	12	(3)
Use of a Modified Nursing Process Format to Summarize Nursing Implications in This Text	15	(2)
Drug Regulation Legislation, Development, Names, and Information	17	(10)
Landmark Drug Legislation	17	(1)
New Drug Development	18	(2)
Drug Names	20	(3)
Over-the-Counter Drugs	23	(1)
Sources of Drug Information	24	(3)
Unit II Basic Principles of Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics	27	(20)
Application of Pharmacokinetics in Therapeutics	27	(1)
A Note to Chemophobes	28	(1)
Passage of Drugs Across Membranes	28	(3)
Absorption	31	(5)
Distribution	36	(3)
Metabolism	39	(1)
Excretion	40	(2)
Time Course of Drug Responses	42	(5)
Pharmacodynamics	47	(12)
Dose-Response Relationships	47	(2)
Drug-Receptor Interactions	49	(6)
Drug Responses That Do Not Involve Receptors	55	(1)
Interpatient Variability in Drug Responses	55	(1)
The Therapeutic Index	56	(3)
Drug-Drug and Drug-Food Interactions	59	(8)
Drug-Drug Interactions	59	(4)
Drug-Food Interactions	63	(4)
Adverse Drug Reactions	67	(6)
Scope of the Problem	67	(1)
Definitions	67	(3)
Identifying Adverse Drug Reactions	70	(1)
Adverse Reactions to New Drugs	70	(1)
Ways to Minimize Adverse Drug Reactions	70	(3)
Individual Variation in Drug Responses	73	(6)
Body Weight and Composition	73	(1)
Age	73	(1)
Gender	73	(1)
Pathophysiology	74	(1)
Tolerance	75	(1)
Placebo Effect	76	(1)
Genetics	76	(1)
Variability in Absorption	76	(1)
Failure to Take Medicine as Prescribed	77	(1)
Drug Interactions	78	(1)
Diet	78	(1)
Unit III Drug Therapy Across the Life Span
Drug Therapy During Pregnancy and Breast-Feeding	79	(6)
Drug Therapy During Pregnancy: Basic Considerations	79	(1)
Drug Therapy During Pregnancy: Teratogenesis	80	(3)
Drug Therapy During Breast-Feeding	83	(2)
Drug Therapy in Pediatric Patients	85	(4)
Pharmacokinetics: Neonates and Infants	85	(2)
Pharmacokinetics: Children 1 Year and Older	87	(1)
Adverse Drug Reactions	87	(1)
Dosage Determination	87	(1)
Promoting Compliance	88	(1)
Drug Therapy in Geriatric Patients	89	(4)
Pharmacokinetic Changes in the Elderly	89	(1)
Pharmacodynamic Changes in the Elderly	90	(1)
Adverse Drug Reactions and Drug Interactions	90	(1)
Promoting Compliance	91	(2)
Unit IV Peripheral Nervous System Drugs
Introduction
Basic Principles of Neuropharmacology	93	(6)
How Neurons Regulate Physiologic Processes	93	(1)
Basic Mechanisms by Which Neuropharmacologic Agents Act	94	(2)
Multiple Receptor Types and Selectivity of Drug Action	96	(1)
An Approach to Learning about Peripheral Nervous System Drugs	97	(2)
Physiology of the Peripheral Nervous System	99	(16)
Divisions of the Nervous System	99	(1)
Overview of Autonomic Nervous System Functions	99	(1)
Basic Mechanisms by Which the Autonomic Nervous System Regulates Physiologic Processes	100	(1)
Anatomic Considerations	101	(1)
Introduction to Transmitters of the Peripheral Nervous System	102	(1)
Introduction to Receptors of the Peripheral Nervous System	103	(1)
Exploring the Concept of Receptor Subtypes	104	(2)
Locations of Receptor Subtypes	106	(1)
Functions of Cholinergic and Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes	106	(3)
Receptor Specificity of the Adrenergic Transmitters	109	(1)
Transmitter Life Cycles	110	(5)
Cholinergic Drugs
Muscarinic Agonists and Antagonists	115	(8)
Muscarinic Agonists	115	(2)
Muscarinic Antagonists	117	(6)
Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Their Use in Myasthenia Gravis	123	(8)
Reversible Cholinesterase Inhibitors	123	(3)
``Irreversible'' Cholinesterase Inhibitors	126	(2)
Myasthenia Gravis	128	(3)
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents and Ganglionic Blocking Agents	131	(12)
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents	131	(5)
Depolarizing Neuromuscular Blockers: Succinylcholine	136	(2)
Ganglionic Blocking Agents	138	(5)
Adrenergic Drugs
Adrenergic Agonists	143	(14)
Mechanisms of Adrenergic Receptor Activation	143	(1)
Overview of the Adrenergic Agonists	144	(2)
Therapeutic Applications and Adverse Effects of Adrenergic Receptor Activation	146	(3)
Properties of Representative Adrenergic Agonists	149	(4)
Discussion of Adrenergic Agonists in Other Chapters	153	(4)
Adrenergic Antagonists	157	(12)
Alpha-Adrenergic Antagonists I: Therapeutic and Adverse Responses to Alpha Blockade	157	(2)
Alpha-Adrenergic Antagonists II: Properties of Individual Alpha Blockers	159	(1)
Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists I: Therapeutic and Adverse Responses to Beta Blockade	160	(2)
Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists II: Properties of Individual Beta Blockers	162	(7)
Indirect-Acting Antiadrenergic Agents	169	(8)
Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents	169	(2)
Centrally Acting Alpha2 Agonists	171	(6)
Unit V Central Nervous System Drugs
Introduction
Introduction to Central Nervous System Pharmacology	177	(4)
Transmitters of the CNS	177	(1)
The Blood-Brain Barrier	177	(1)
How Do CNS Drugs Produce Therapeutic Effects?	178	(1)
Adaptation of the CNS to Prolonged Drug Exposure	178	(1)
Development of New Psychotherapeutic Drugs	178	(1)
Approaching the Study of CNS Drugs	179	(2)
Neurologic Drugs
Drugs for Parkinson's Disease	181	(14)
Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease	181	(1)
Overview of Drug Therapy	181	(1)
Basic Pharmacology of the Drugs Used to Treat Parkinson's Disease	182	(10)
Drug Selection	192	(3)
Drugs for Epilepsy	195	(20)
Seizure Generation	195	(1)
Types of Seizures	196	(1)
How Antiepileptic Drugs Work	196	(1)
General Therapeutic Considerations	197	(2)
Basic Pharmacology of the Major Antiepileptic Drugs	199	(9)
Antiseizure Therapy During Pregnancy	208	(1)
Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus	208	(7)
Drugs for Muscle Spasm and Spasticity	215	(6)
Drug Therapy of Muscle Spasm: Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants	215	(1)
Drugs for Spasticity	216	(5)
Drugs for Headache	221	(10)
Migraine Headache I: Characteristics and Overview of Treatment	221	(1)
Migraine Headache II: Abortive Therapy	222	(4)
Migraine Headache III: Prophylactic Therapy	226	(1)
Cluster Headaches	227	(1)
Tension-Type Headache	227	(4)
Anesthetics and Analgesics
Local Anesthetics	231	(8)
Basic Pharmacology of the Local Anesthetics	231	(3)
Properties of Individual Local Anesthetics	234	(1)
Clinical Use of Local Anesthetics	235	(4)
General Anesthetics	239	(10)
Basic Pharmacology of the Inhalation Anesthetics	239	(4)
Properties of Individual Inhalation Anesthetics	243	(2)
Intravenous Anesthetics	245	(4)
Opioid (Narcotic) Analgesics, Opioid Antagonists, and Nonopioid Centrally Acting Analgesics	249	(24)
Introduction to the Opioids	249	(1)
Basic Pharmacology of the Opioids	250	(12)
Clinical Use of Opioids	262	(4)
Opioid Antagonists	266	(2)
Nonopioid Centrally Acting Analgesics	268	(5)
Pain Management in Patients With Cancer	273	(20)
Pathophysiology of Pain	273	(1)
Overall Treatment Strategy	274	(2)
Assessment and Ongoing Evaluation	276	(2)
Drug Therapy	278	(8)
Nondrug Therapy	286	(1)
Pain Management in Special Populations	287	(2)
Patient Education	289	(4)
Psychotherapeutic Drugs
Antipsychotic Agents and Their Use in Schizophrenia	293	(18)
Schizophrenia: Clinical Features and Etiology	293	(2)
Conventional Antipsychotic Agents I: Group Properties	295	(5)
Conventional Antipsychotic Agents II: Properties of Individual Agents	300	(2)
Atypical Antipsychotic Agents	302	(2)
Management of Schizophrenia	304	(7)
Antidepressants	311	(20)
Major Depression: Clinical Features, Pathogenesis, and Treatment Modalities	311	(1)
Tricyclic Antidepressants	312	(5)
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors	317	(4)
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors	321	(2)
Atypical Antidepressants	323	(3)
Electroconvulsive Therapy	326	(5)
Drugs for Bipolar Disorder	331	(8)
Bipolar Disorder (Manic-Depressive Illness)	331	(1)
Lithium	332	(3)
Anticonvulsants	335	(4)
Benzodiazepines and Other Drugs for Anxiety and Insomnia	339	(20)
Benzodiazepines	339	(5)
Barbiturates	344	(3)
Nonbenzodiazepine-Nonbarbiturates	347	(2)
Management of Anxiety	349	(1)
Management of Insomnia	350	(9)
Central Nervous System Stimulants and Their Use in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	359	(10)
Amphetamines	359	(2)
Methylphenidate	361	(1)
Methylxanthines	361	(2)
Miscellaneous CNS Stimulants	363	(1)
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	364	(5)
Other Psychologic Disorders: Panic Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Alzheimer's Disease	369	(8)
Panic Disorder	369	(1)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder	370	(2)
Alzheimer's Disease	372	(5)
Drug Abuse
Drug Abuse: Basic Considerations	377	(6)
Definitions	377	(1)
Diagnostic Criteria for Substance Abuse and Substance Dependence	378	(1)
Factors Contributing to Drug Abuse	378	(2)
Approaches to Modifying Drug-Using Behavior	380	(1)
The Controlled Substances Act	380	(3)
Drug Abuse: Alcohol	383	(10)
Basic Pharmacology of Alcohol	383	(5)
Alcohol Abuse	388	(1)
Drugs Used in the Treatment of Alcohol Abuse	389	(4)
Drug Abuse: Opioids, Depressants, Psychostimulants, Marijuana, Psychedelics, Inhalants, and Nicotine	393	(20)
Opioids	393	(4)
General CNS Depressants	397	(1)
Psychostimulants	398	(3)
Marijuana and Related Preparations	401	(1)
Psychedelics	402	(2)
Phencyclidine	404	(1)
Inhalants	405	(1)
Nicotine and Smoking	406	(4)
Anabolic Steroids	410	(3)
Unit VI Drugs That Affect Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Diuretics	413	(14)
Review of Renal Anatomy and Physiology	413	(3)
Introduction to Diuretics	416	(1)
High-Ceiling (Loop) Diuretics	416	(2)
Thiazides and Related Diuretics	418	(2)
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics	420	(2)
Osmotic Diuretics	422	(5)
Agents Affecting the Volume and Ion Content of Body Fluids	427	(6)
Disorders of Fluid Volume and Osmolality	427	(1)
Acid-Base Disturbances	428	(1)
Potassium Imbalances	429	(1)
Magnesium Imbalances	430	(3)
Unit VII Drugs That Affect the Heart, Blood Vessels, and Blood
Review of Hemodynamics	433	(8)
Overview of the Circulatory System	433	(2)
Regulation of Cardiac Output	435	(1)
Regulation of Arterial Pressure	436	(5)
Drugs Acting on the Renin-Angiotensin System	441	(10)
Physiology of the Renin-Angiotensin System	441	(3)
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors	444	(3)
Angiotenisn II Receptor Blockers	447	(4)
Calcium Channel Blockers	451	(10)
Calcium Channels: Physiologic Functions and Consequences of Blockade	451	(1)
Calcium Channel Blockers: Classification and Sites of Action	452	(1)
Verapamil and Diltiazem: Agents That Act on Vascular Smooth Muscle and the Heart	453	(2)
Dihydropyridines: Agents That Act Mainly on Vascular Smooth Muscle	455	(6)
Vasodilators	461	(8)
Basic Concepts in Vasodilator Pharmacology	461	(2)
Pharmacology of Individual Vasodilators	463	(6)
Drugs for Hypertension	469	(22)
Hypertension: Definition, Types, and Consequences	469	(2)
Objectives of Antihypertensive Therapy	471	(1)
Risk Stratification and Selection of Treatment Modality	471	(1)
Management of Essential Hypertension I: Lifestyle Modifications	471	(2)
Management of Essential Hypertension II: Pharmacologic Therapy	473	(12)
Drugs for Hypertensive Emergencies	485	(1)
Drugs for Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy	486	(5)
Drugs for Angina Pectoris	491	(14)
Determinants of Cardiac Oxygen Demand and Oxygen Supply	491	(1)
Angina Pectoris: Pathophysiology and Treatment Strategy	491	(3)
Organic Nitrates	494	(4)
Beta Blockers	498	(1)
Calcium Channel Blockers	499	(1)
Revascularization Therapy: CABG and PTCA	499	(1)
Summary of Treatment Measures	500	(5)
Drugs for Heart Failure	505	(16)
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure	505	(2)
Treatment Goals and Strategies	507	(1)
Nondrug Therapy of Heart Failure	507	(1)
Evaluating Treatment of Heart Failure	508	(1)
Overview of Drugs Used to Treat Heart Failure	508	(3)
Drug Selection in Chronic Heart Failure	511	(1)
Pharmacology of the Cardiac (Digitalis) Glycosides	512	(9)
Antidysrhythmic Drugs	521	(20)
Electrical Properties of the Heart	521	(3)
Generation of Dysrhythmias	524	(2)
Classification of Antidysrhythmic Drugs	526	(1)
Prodysrhythmic Effects of Antidysrhythmic Drugs	526	(1)
Overview of Common Dysrhythmias and Their Treatment	527	(2)
Class I: Sodium Channel Blockers	529	(4)
Class II: Beta Blockers	533	(1)
Class III: Potassim Channel Blockers (Drugs That Delay Repolarization)	534	(1)
Class IV: Calcium Channel Blockers	535	(1)
Principles of Antidysrhythmic Drug Therapy	536	(1)
Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Sysrhythmias	537	(4)
Prophylaxis of Coronary Artery Disease: Drugs That Lower LDL Cholesterol Levels	541	(18)
Cholesterol	541	(1)
Plasma Lipoproteins	542	(1)
Role of LDL Cholesterol in Atherosclerosis	543	(1)
Cholesterol Testing and Follow-up	544	(1)
Management of High LDL Cholesterol	545	(2)
Drugs and Other Lipid-Lowering Products	547	(12)
Anticoagulant, Antiplatelet, and Thrombolytic Drugs	559	(24)
Physiology and Pathophysiology of Coagulation	559	(2)
Overview of Drugs Used to Treat Thromboembolic Disorders	561	(5)
Parenteral Anticoagulants	566	(1)
Oral Anticoagulants	566	(5)
Antiplatelet Drugs	571	(3)
Thrombolytic Drugs	574	(9)
Management of Myocardial Infarction	583	(6)
Pathophysiology of Myocardial Infarction	583	(1)
Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction	583	(1)
Management of Myocardial Infarction	584	(2)
Complications of Myocardial Infarction	586	(1)
Risk Reduction	587	(2)
Drugs for Deficiency Anemias	589	(14)
Red Blood Cell Development	589	(1)
Iron Deficiency	589	(6)
Vitamin B12 Deficiency	595	(3)
Folic Acid Deficiency	598	(5)
Hematopoietic and Thrombopoietic Growth Factors	603	(8)
Hematopoietic Growth Factors	603	(4)
Thrombopoietic Growth Factors	607	(4)
Unit VIII Drugs for Endocrine Disorders
Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus	611	(24)
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview of the Disease and Its Treatment	611	(5)
Insulin	616	(7)
Oral Hypoglycemics	623	(5)
Diabetic Ketoacidosis	628	(1)
Glucagon for Insulin Overdose	629	(6)
Drugs for Thyroid Disorders	635	(14)
Thyroid Physiology	635	(2)
Thyroid Pathophysiology	637	(2)
Thyroid Function Tests	639	(1)
Thyroid Hormone Preparations for Hypothyroidism	640	(2)
Drugs for Hyperthyroidism	642	(7)
Drugs Related to Hypothalamic and Pituitary Function	649	(10)
Overview of Hypothalamic and Pituitary Endocrinology	649	(1)
Growth Hormone	650	(3)
Prolactin	653	(1)
Thyrotropin	653	(1)
Corticotropin	653	(1)
Gonadotropins	654	(1)
Antidiuretic Hormone	654	(1)
Oxytocin	655	(1)
Drugs Related to Hypothalamic Function	655	(4)
Drugs for Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex	659	(8)
Physiology of the Adrenocortical Hormones	659	(2)
Pathophysiology of the Adrenocortical Hormones	661	(2)
Agents for Replacement Therapy in Adrenocortical Insufficiency	663	(1)
Agents for Diagnostic Testing of Adrenocortical Function	664	(1)
Inhibitors of Corticosteroid Synthesis	665	(2)
Androgens	667	(10)
Testosterone	667	(1)
Clinical Pharmacology of the Androgens	668	(3)
Androgen (Anabolic Steroid) Abuse by Athletes	671	(6)
Unit IX Women's Health
Estrogens and Progestins	677	(14)
The Menstrual Cycle	677	(1)
Estrogens	678	(2)
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)	680	(1)
Progestins	681	(1)
Hormone Replacement Therapy After Menopause	682	(9)
Birth Control	691	(14)
Effectiveness and Safety of Birth Control Methods	691	(1)
Selecting a Birth Control Method	692	(1)
Oral Contraceptives	693	(5)
Long-Acting Contraceptives	698	(1)
Spermicides	699	(1)
Barrier Devices	699	(1)
Drugs for Medical Abortion	700	(5)
Drug Therapy of Infertility	705	(10)
Infertility: Causes and Treatment Strategies	705	(2)
Drugs Used to Treat Female Infertility	707	(8)
Uterine Stimulants and Relaxants	715	(8)
Uterine Stimulants (Oxytocics)	715	(3)
Uterine Relaxants (Tocolytics) and Their Use in Preterm Labor	718	(5)
Unit X Anti-inflammatory, Antiallergic, and Immunologic Drugs
Review of the Immune System	723	(12)
Introduction to the Immune System	723	(5)
Antibody-Mediated (Humoral) Immunity	728	(3)
Cell-Mediated Immunity	731	(4)
Pediatric Immunization	735	(14)
General Considerations	735	(2)
Target Diseases	737	(3)
Specific Vaccines and Toxoids	740	(9)
Immunosuppressants	749	(8)
Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus	749	(2)
Glucocorticoids	751	(1)
Cytotoxic Drugs	752	(1)
Antibodies	752	(5)
Anthistamines	757	(8)
Histamine	757	(2)
The Two Types of Antihistamines: H1 Antagonists and H2 Antagonists	759	(1)
H1 Antagonists I: Basic Pharmacology	759	(2)
H1 Antagonists II: Preparations	761	(4)
Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors: Nonsteroidal Anti-inflamatory Drugs and Acetaminophen	765	(16)
Mechanism of Action	765	(1)
Classification of Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors	766	(1)
First-Generation NSAIDs	766	(9)
Second-Generation NSAIDs (COX-2 Inhibitors)	775	(1)
Acetaminophen	776	(5)
Glucocorticoids in Nonendocrine Diseases	781	(12)
Review of Glucocorticoid Physiology	781	(1)
Pharmacology of the Glucocorticoids	782	(11)
Unit XI Drugs for Bone and Joint Disorders
Drug Therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Gout	793	(10)
Drug Therapy of Rheumatoid Arthiritis	793	(2)
Pharmacology of the Drugs Used for Rheumatoid Arthritis	795	(4)
Drug Therapy of Gout	799	(4)
Drugs Affecting Calcium Levels and Bone Mineralization	803	(20)
Calcium Physiology	803	(2)
Calcium-Related Pathophysiology	805	(1)
Drugs for Disorders Involving Calcium	806	(8)
Osteoporosis	814	(9)
Unit XII Respiratory Tract Drugs
Drugs for Asthma	823	(16)
Pathophysiology of Asthma	823	(1)
Overview of Drugs for Asthma	823	(1)
Administration of Drugs by Inhalation	824	(1)
Beta2-Adrenergic Agonists	825	(1)
Glucocorticoids	826	(2)
Cromolyn	828	(1)
Nedocromil	829	(1)
Methylxanthines	829	(1)
Ipratropium	830	(1)
Leukotriene Modifiers	831	(1)
Management of Asthma	831	(8)
Drugs for Allergic Rhinitis, Cough, and Colds	839	(8)
Drugs for Allergic Rhinitis	839	(4)
Drugs for Cough	843	(1)
Cold Remedies: Combination Preparations	844	(3)
Unit XIII Gastrointestinal Drugs
Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease	847	(14)
Pathogenesis of Peptic Ulcers	847	(1)
Overview of Treatment	848	(2)
Antibacterial Drugs	850	(1)
Histamine2-Recepto Antagonists	851	(2)
Proton Pump Inhibitors	853	(1)
Other Antiulcer Drugs	854	(7)
Laxatives	861	(8)
General Considerations	861	(1)
Basic Pharmacology of Laxatives	862	(4)
Laxative Abuse	866	(3)
Other Gastrointestinal Drugs	869	(12)
Prokinetic Agents	869	(1)
Antiemetics	870	(4)
Drugs for Motion Sickness	874	(1)
Antidiarheal Agents	875	(1)
Drugs for Inflammatory Bowel Disease	876	(2)
Pancreatic Enzymes	878	(1)
Drugs Used to Dissolve Gallstones	879	(1)
Anorectal Preparations	879	(2)
Unit XIV Nutrition
Vitamins	881	(10)
General Considerations	881	(1)
Fat-Soluble Vitamins	882	(5)
Water-Soluble Vitamins	887	(4)
Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition	891	(4)
Enteral Nutritional Therapy	891	(1)
Parenteral Nutritional Therapy	892	(3)
Drugs for Obesity	895	(10)
Assessment of Obesity-Related Health Risk	895	(2)
Overview of Treatment	897	(1)
Appetite Suppressants	898	(3)
Orlistat, A Lipase Inhibitor	901	(1)
Leptin	902	(1)
Calorie-Saving Foods	902	(3)
Unit XV Chemotherapy of Infectious Diseases
Basic Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy	905	(14)
Selective Toxicity	905	(1)
Classification of Antimicrobial Drugs	906	(1)
Acquired Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs	907	(2)
Selection of Antibiotics	909	(4)
Host Factors That Modify Drug Choice, Route of Administration, or Dosage	913	(1)
Dosage Size and Duration of Treatment	914	(1)
Therapy with Antibiotic Combinations	915	(1)
Prophylactic Use of Antimicrobial Drugs	915	(1)
Misuses of Antimicrobial Drugs	916	(1)
Monitoring Antimicrobial Therapy	916	(3)
Drugs That Weaken the Bacterial Cell Wall I: Penicillins	919	(12)
Introduction to the Penicillins	919	(2)
Properties of Individual Penicillins	921	(10)
Drugs That Weaken the Bacterial Cell Wall II: Cephalosporins, Imipenem, Aztreonam, Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, and Fosfomycin	931	(10)
Cephalosporins	931	(4)
Other Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis	935	(6)
Bacteriostatic Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis: Tetracyclines, Macrolides, Clindamycin, Chloramphenicol, Spectinomycin, and Dalflopristin/Quinupristin	941	(14)
Tetracyclines	941	(4)
Macrolides	945	(2)
Clindamycin	947	(1)
Chloramphenicol	948	(1)
Spectinomycin	949	(1)
Dalflopristin/Quinupristin	950	(5)
Aminoglycosides: Bactericidal Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis	955	(8)
Basic Pharmacology of the Aminoglycosides	955	(4)
Properties of Individual Aminoglycosides	959	(4)
Sulfonamids and Trimethoprim	963	(8)
Sulfonamides	963	(3)
Trimethoprim	966	(1)
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole	967	(4)
Drug Therapy of Urinary Tract Infections	971	(8)
Organisms That Cause Urinary Tract Infections	971	(1)
Overview of the Drugs Used to Treat Urinary Tract Infections	971	(1)
Specific Urinary Tract Infections and Their Treatment	972	(3)
Urinary Tract Antispetics	975	(4)
Antimycobacterial Agents: Drugs for Tuberculosis, Leprosy, and Mycobacterium avium Complex Infection	979	(16)
Tuberculosis I: Clinical Considerations	979	(4)
Tuberculosis II: Pharmacology of Individual Antituberculosis Drugs	983	(6)
Drugs for Leprosy (Hansen's Disease)	989	(1)
Drugs for Mycobacterium avium Complex Infection	990	(5)
Miscellaneous Antibacterial Drugs: Fluroquinolones, Rifampin, Metronidazole, Polymyxins, and Bacitracin	995	(6)
Fluroquinolones	995	(2)
Additional Antibacterial Drugs	997	(4)
Antifungal Agents	1001	(12)
Drugs for Systemic Mycoses	1001	(5)
Drugs for Superficial Mycoses	1006	(7)
Antiviral Agents I: Drugs for Non-HIV Viral Infections	1013	(14)
Purine Nucleoside Analogs (DNA Polymerase Inhibitors)	1013	(4)
Drugs for Hepatitis B and C	1017	(2)
Drugs for Influenza	1019	(2)
Ophthalmic Antiviral Drugs	1021	(1)
Other Antiviral Drugs	1022	(5)
Antiviral Agents II: Drugs for HIV Infection and Related Opportunistic Infections	1027	(36)
Pathophysiology	1028	(3)
Classification of Antiretroviral Drugs	1031	(1)
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors	1031	(5)
Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors	1036	(2)
Protease Inhibitors	1038	(6)
Management of HIV Infection	1044	(9)
Prophylaxis and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections	1053	(3)
HIV Vaccines	1056	(1)
Keeping Current	1057	(6)
Drug Therapy of Sexually Transmitted Diseases	1063	(8)
Chalmydia Trachomatis Infections	1063	(3)
Gonococcal Infections	1066	(1)
NOngonococcal Urethritis	1067	(1)
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease	1067	(1)
Acute Epididymitis	1068	(1)
Syphilis	1068	(1)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome	1068	(1)
Chancroid	1068	(1)
Trichomoniasis	1069	(1)
Bacterial Vaginosis	1069	(1)
Hepes Simplex Infections	1069	(1)
Genital and Anal Warts (Condyloma Acuminatum)	1069	(1)
Proctitis	1070	(1)
Pediculosis Pubis and Scabies	1070	(1)
Antiseptics and Disinfectants	1071	(6)
General Considerations	1071	(1)
Properties of Individual Antiseptics and Disinfectants	1072	(5)
Unit XVI Chemotherapy of Parasitic Diseases
Anthelmintics	1077	(6)
Classification of Parasitic Worms	1077	(1)
Helminthic Infestations	1078	(1)
Drugs of Choice for Helminthiasis	1079	(4)
Antiprotozoal Drugs I: Antimalarial Agents	1083	(8)
Life Cycle of the Malaria Parasite	1083	(1)
Types of Malaria	1084	(1)
Principles of Antimalarial Therapy	1085	(1)
Pharmacology of the Major Antimalarial Drugs	1086	(5)
Antiprotozoal Drugs II: Miscellaneous Agents	1091	(6)
Protozoal Infections	1091	(1)
Drugs of Choice for Protozoal Infections	1092	(5)
Ectoparasiticides	1097	(4)
Ectoparasitic Infestations	1097	(1)
Pharmacology of Ectoparasiticides	1098	(3)
Unit XVII Cancer Chemotherapy
Basic Principles of Cancer Chemotherapy	1101	(14)
What Is Cancer?	1102	(1)
The Growth Fraction and Its Relationship to Chemotherapy	1103	(1)
Obstacles to Successful Chemotherapy	1104	(3)
Strategies for Achieving Maximum Benefits from Chemotherapy	1107	(2)
Major Toxicities of the Anticancer Drugs and Their Management	1109	(3)
Making the Decision to Treat	1112	(1)
Looking Ahead	1113	(2)
Anticancer Drugs	1115	(26)
Introduction to the Cytotoxic Drugs	1115	(3)
Alkylanting Agents	1118	(3)
Antimetabolities	1121	(3)
Antitumor Antibiotics	1124	(2)
Mitotic Inhibitors	1126	(2)
Miscellaneous Cytotoxic Drugs	1128	(1)
Hormones and Hormone Antagonists	1129	(5)
Biologic Response Modifiers: Immunostimulants	1134	(7)
Unit XVIII Additional Important Drugs
Drugs for the Eye	1141	(10)
Glaucoma and Its Treatment	1141	(6)
Cycloplegics and Mydriatics	1147	(1)
Additional Ophthalmic Drugs	1148	(3)
Drugs for the Skin	1151	(12)
Anatomy of the Skin	1151	(1)
Topical Glucocorticoids	1151	(2)
Keratolytic Agents	1153	(1)
Acne and Its Treatment	1153	(3)
Psoriasis and Its Treatment	1156	(2)
Miscellaneous Dermatologic Drugs	1158	(5)
Miscellaneous Noteworthy Drugs	1163	(8)
Drugs for Erectile Dysfunction	1163	(2)
Drugs for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia	1165	(2)
Drugs for Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome	1167	(1)
Drugs for Cystic Fibrosis	1168	(1)
Riluzole for Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis	1169	(2)
Unit XIX Alternative Therapy
Herbal Supplements	1171	(12)
Limited Regulation: The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act	1172	(1)
Adverse Interactions with Conventional Drugs	1173	(1)
Oral Formulations	1174	(1)
Standardization of Herbal Products	1174	(1)
Dosage	1174	(1)
Commonly Used Medicinal Herbs	1174	(9)
Unit XX Toxicology
Management of Poisoning	1183	(48)
Fundamentals of Treatment	1183	(1)
Drugs and Procedures Used to Minimize Poison Absorption	1184	(1)
Drugs and Procedures Used for Poison Removal	1185	(1)
Specific Antidotes	1185	(3)
Poison Control Centers	1188	(1)
Appendices
A Guide to Gender-Related Drugs	1189	(1)
B Weights and Measures	1190	(1)
C Laboratory Reference Values	1191	(5)
D Commonly Used Abbreviations	1196	(2)
E Techniques of Drug Administration	1198	(6)
F Poison Control Centers in the United States	1204	(8)
G Canadian Drug Information	1212	(14)
H Major Drug Classes and Their Prototypes	1226	(5)
Index	1231