Pharmacology for Nursing Care

by Lehne

Edition:

5th

ISBN13:

9780721698434

ISBN10:

0721698433

Format:

Hardcover

Pub. Date:

10/15/2003

Publisher(s):

Saunders

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Summary

With its engaging writing style, clinical precision and currency, and clear focus on understanding drug prototypes, this popular book presents pharmacology in the context of nursing care. The new 5th Edition features a full-color design and full-color illustrations throughout, making it the only full-color comprehensive nursing pharmacology text. It is also the only nursing pharmacology resource at this level that uses large and small print to distinguish need-to-know from nice-to-know content. Emphasizes understanding over memorization by focusing on understanding principles and prototypes. Engaging Special Interest Topics boxes, with such titles as St. John's Wort: Mother Nature's Prozac?, Thalidomide Redeemed - and Strictly Controlled, and Antibiotics in Animal Feed: Hastening Antibiotic Armageddon, help the reader to apply an understanding pharmacology to everyday life. Nursing implications are integrated throughout, and summarized at the end of each chapter in Summary of Major Nursing Implications sections, with patient teaching information highlighted. Introductory units lay the essential foundation for pharmacologic principles. Anatomy and physiology reviews for each major drug family provide essential background for understanding drug prototypes and how they work. Drug content is updated throughout, featuring the very latest FDA approvals and withdrawals, and - equally important - the very latest clinical applications. Includes new chapters on Drugs for the Ear (Chapter 102) and Potential Weapons of Biologic, Radiologic, and Chemical Terrorism (Chapter 106). Incorporates the very latest JNC 7 guidelines on the prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of hypertension. Updated and expanded coverage of drugs for Alzheimer's disease and anticancer drugs (hormones, hormone antagonists, biologic response modifiers, and other anticancer drugs) - topics now covered in separate chapters - ensures that the reader has the most up-to-date information in these areas. New and updated Special Interest Topics boxes address current events in pharmacology that have gained attention in the media. Audio clips for the generic names of the 200 most commonly prescribed drugs are included on the EVOLVE site for the book as an Audio Drug Glossary, and pronunciations of these drugs are also included in Appendix B: Pronunciation of Generic Names of the Top 200 Prescribed Drugs in 2002. Herbal Interactions headings highlight the select herbal interactions that have been thoroughly documented by sound clinical research. A new section entitled Drugs for Neurodegenerative Disorders includes the newest information on drugs for Alzheimer's disease.

I INTRODUCTION

1 Orientation to Pharmacology,

(4)

Four Basic Terms,

(1)

Properties of an Ideal Drug,

(2)

The Therapeutic Objective,

(1)

Factors That Determine the Intensity of Drug Responses,

(2)

2 Application of Pharmacology in Nursing Practice,

(10)

Evolution of Nursing Responsibilities Regarding Drugs,

(1)

Application of Pharmacology in Patient Care,

(2)

Application of Pharmacology in Patient Education,

(1)

Application of the Nursing Process in Drug Therapy,

(6)

3 Drug Regulation, Development, Names, and Information,

(9)

Landmark Drug Legislation,

(1)

New Drug Development,

(2)

Drug Names,

(3)

Over-the-Counter Drugs,

(1)

Sources of Drug Information,

(2)

II BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY

4 Pharmacokinetics,

(20)

Application of Pharmacokinetics in Therapeutics,

(1)

A Note to Chemophobes,

(1)

Passage of Drugs Across Membranes,

(3)

Absorption,

(5)

Distribution,

(2)

Metabolism,

(2)

Excretion,

(1)

Time Course of Drug Responses,

(6)

5 Pharmacodynamics,

(11)

Dose-Response Relationships,

(2)

Drug-Receptor Interactions,

(5)

Drug Responses That Do Not Involve Receptors,

(1)

Interpatient Variability in Drug Responses,

(2)

The Therapeutic Index,

(2)

6 Drug Interactions,

(7)

Drug-Drug Interactions,

(3)

Drug-Food Interactions,

(2)

Drug-Herb Interactions,

(2)

7 Adverse Drug Reactions and Medication Errors,

(10)

Adverse Drug Reactions,

(5)

Medication Errors,

(5)

8 Individual Variation in Drug Responses,

(6)

Body Weight and Composition,

(1)

Age,

(1)

Gender,

(1)

Pathophysiology,

(1)

Tolerance,

(1)

Placebo Effect,

(2)

Genetics,

(1)

Variability in Absorption,

(1)

Failure to Take Medicine as Prescribed,

(1)

Drug Interactions,

(1)

Diet,

(1)

III DRUG THERAPY ACROSS THE LIFESPAN

9 Drug Therapy During Pregnancy and Breast-Feeding,

(7)

Drug Therapy During Pregnancy: Basic Considerations,

(1)

Drug Therapy During Pregnancy: Teratogenesis,

(3)

Drug Therapy During Breast-Feeding,

(3)

10 Drug Therapy in Pediatric Patients,

(4)

Pharmacokinetics: Neonates and Infants,

(2)

Pharmacokinetics: Children 1 Year and Older,

(1)

Adverse Drug Reactions,

(1)

Dosage Determination,

(1)

Promoting Compliance,

(1)

11 Drug Therapy in Geriatric Patients,

(3)

Pharmacokinetic Changes in the Elderly,

(1)

Pharmacodynamic Changes in the Elderly,

(1)

Adverse Drug Reactions and Drug Interactions,

(1)

Promoting Compliance,

(2)

IV PERIPHERAL SERIOUS SYSTEM DRUGS

INTRODUCTION

12 Basic Principles of Neuropharmacology,

(6)

How Neurons Regulate Physiologic Processes,

(1)

Basic Mechanisms by Which Neuropharmacologic Agents Act,

(2)

Multiple Receptor Types and Selectivity of Drug Action,

(1)

An Approach to Learning About Peripheral Nervous System Drugs,

(2)

13 Physiology of the Peripheral Nervous System,

(15)

Divisions of the Nervous System,

(1)

Overview of Autonomic Nervous System Functions,

(1)

Basic Mechanisms by Which the Autonomic Nervous System Regulates Physiologic Processes,

(1)

Anatomic Considerations,

100

(1)

Introduction to Transmitters of the Peripheral Nervous System,

101

(1)

Introduction to Receptors of the Peripheral Nervous System,

101

(1)

Exploring the Concept of Receptor Subtypes,

102

(2)

Locations of Receptor Subtypes,

104

(1)

Functions of Cholinergic and Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes,

104

(3)

Receptor Specificity of the Adrenergic Transmitters,

107

(1)

Transmitter Life Cycles,

108

(5)

CHOLINERGIC DRUGS

14 Muscarinic Agonists and Antagonists,

113

(8)

Muscarinic Agonists,

113

(2)

Muscarinic Antagonists,

115

(6)

15 Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Their Use in Myasthenia Gravis,

121

(8)

Reversible Cholinesterase Inhibitors,

121

(3)

"Irreversible" Cholinesterase Inhibitors,

124

(2)

Myasthenia Gravis,

126

(3)

16 Neuromuscular Blocking Agents and Ganglionic Blocking Agents,

129

(10)

Neuromuscular Blocking Agents,

129

(7)

Ganglionic Blocking Agents,

136

(3)

ADRENERGIC DRUGS

17 Adrenergic Agonists,

139

(12)

Mechanisms of Adrenergic Receptor Activation,

139

(1)

Overview of the Adrenergic Agonists,

140

(2)

Therapeutic Applications and Adverse Effects of Adrenergic Receptor Activation,

142

(2)

Properties of Representative Adrenergic Agonists,

144

(4)

Discussion of Adrenergic Agonists in Other Chapters,

148

(3)

18 Adrenergic Antagonists,

151

(11)

Alpha-Adrenergic Antagonists I: Therapeutic and Adverse Responses to Alpha Blockade,

151

(2)

Alpha-Adrenergic Antagonists II: Properties of Individual Alpha Blockers,

153

(1)

Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists I: Therapeutic and Adverse Responses to Beta Blockade,

154

(1)

Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists II: Properties of Individual Beta Blockers,

155

(7)

19 Indirect-Acting Antiadrenergic Agents,

162

(6)

Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents,

162

(2)

Centrally Acting Alpha2 Agonists,

164

(4)

V CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS

INTRODUCTION

20 Introduction to Central Nervous System Pharmacology,

168

(3)

Transmitters of the CNS,

168

(1)

The Blood-Brain Barrier,

168

(1)

How Do CNS Drugs Produce Therapeutic Effects?,

169

(1)

Adaptation of the CNS to Prolonged Drug Exposure,

169

(1)

Development of New, Psychotherapeutic Drugs,

169

(1)

Approaching the Study of CNS Drugs,

169

(2)

DRUGS FOR NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS

21 Drugs for Parkinson's Disease,

171

(14)

Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease,

171

(1)

Overview of Drug Therapy,

172

(1)

Pharmacology of the Drugs Used for Parkinson's Disease,

173

(12)

22 Alzheimer's Disease,

185

(5)

Pathophysiology,

185

(1)

Risk Factors, Symptoms, and Diagnosis,

186

(1)

Drug Therapy,

187

(3)

NEUROLOGIC DRUGS

23 Drugs for Epilepsy,

190

(19)

Seizure Generation,

190

(1)

Types of Seizures,

190

(2)

How Antiepileptic Drugs Work,

192

(1)

General Therapeutic Considerations,

192

(2)

Basic Pharmacology of the Antiepileptic Drugs,

194

(10)

Management of Epilepsy During Pregnancy,

204

(1)

Management of Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus,

204

(5)

24 Drugs for Muscle Spasm and Spasticity,

209

(5)

Drug Therapy of Muscle Spasm: Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants,

209

(1)

Drugs for Spasticity,

210

(4)

DRUGS FOR PAIN

25 Local Anesthetics,

214

(7)

Basic Pharmacology of the Local Anesthetics,

214

(2)

Properties of Individual Local Anesthetics,

216

(1)

Clinical Use of Local Anesthetics,

217

(4)

26 General Anesthetics,

221

(9)

Basic Pharmacology of the Inhalation Anesthetics,

221

(4)

Properties of individual inhalation Anesthetics,

225

(1)

Intravenous Anesthetics,

226

(4)

27 Opioid (Narcotic) Analgesics, Opioid Antagonists, and Nonopioid Centrally Acting Analgesics,

230

(23)

Introduction to the Opioids,

230

(1)

Basic Pharmacology of the Opioids,

231

(11)

Clinical Use of Opioids,

242

(4)

Opioid Antagonists,

246

(1)

Nonopioid Centrally Acting Analgesics,

247

(6)

28 Pain Management in Patients with Cancer,

253

(19)

Pathophysiology of Pain,

253

(1)

Management Strategy,

254

(2)

Assessment and Ongoing Evaluation,

256

(2)

Drug Therapy,

258

(7)

Nondrug Therapy,

265

(2)

Pain Management in Special Populations,

267

(1)

Patient Education,

268

(1)

JCAHO Pain Management Standards,

269

(3)

29 Drugs for Headache,

272

(10)

Migraine Headache I: Characteristics and Overview of Treatment,

273

(1)

Migraine Headache II: Abortive Therapy,

274

(4)

Migraine Headache III: Preventive Therapy,

278

(1)

Cluster Headaches,

279

(1)

Tension-Type Headache,

279

(3)

PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS

30 Antipsychotic Agents and Their Use in Schizophrenia,

282

(18)

Schizophrenia: Clinical Features and Etiology,

282

(2)

Conventional Antipsychotic Agents I: Group Properties,

284

(5)

Conventional Antipsychotic Agents II: Properties of individual Agents,

289

(2)

Atypical Antipsychotic Agents,

291

(3)

Management of Schizophrenia,

294

(6)

31 Antidepressants,

300

(21)

Major Depression: Clinical Features, Pathogenesis, and Treatment Modalities,

300

(2)

Tricyclic Antidepressants,

302

(5)

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors,

307

(2)

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors,

309

(4)

Atypical Antidepressants,

313

(3)

Electroconvulsive Therapy,

316

(5)

32 Drugs for Bipolar Disorder,

321

(9)

Characteristics of Bipolar Disorder,

321

(1)

Management of Bipolar Disorder,

322

(2)

Pharmacology of the Mood-Stabilizing Drugs,

324

(6)

33 Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs,

330

(15)

Benzodiazepines,

330

(4)

Benzodiazepine-Like Drugs,

334

(1)

Barbiturates,

335

(2)

Miscellaneous Sedative-Hypnotics,

337

(1)

Management of Transient Insomnia,

338

(7)

34 Management of Anxiety Disorders,

345

(8)

Generalized Anxiety Disorder,

345

(3)

Panic Disorder,

348

(1)

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder,

349

(1)

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia),

350

(1)

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,

351

(2)

35 Central Nervous System Stimulants and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,

353

(10)

Amphetamines,

353

(2)

Methylphenidate and Dexmethylphenidate,

355

(1)

Methylxanthines,

356

(1)

Miscellaneous CNS Stimulants,

357

(1)

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,

358

(5)

DRUG ABUSE

36 Drug Abuse I: Basic Considerations,

363

(7)

Definitions,

363

(1)

Diagnostic Criteria for Substance Abuse and Substance Dependence,

364

(1)

Factors That Contribute to Drug Abuse,

364

(2)

Neurobiology of Addiction,

366

(1)

Principles of Addiction Treatment,

366

(1)

The Controlled Substances Act,

366

(4)

37 Drug Abuse II: Alcohol,

370

(9)

Basic Pharmacology of Alcohol,

370

(4)

Alcohol Abuse,

374

(1)

Drugs Employed in Alcohol Abuse Treatment,

375

(4)

38 Drug Abuse III: Major Drugs of Abuse (Other Than Alcohol),

379

(20)

Opioids,

379

(4)

General CNS Depressants,

383

(1)

Psychostimulants,

384

(3)

Marijuana and Related Preparations,

387

(1)

Psychedelics,

388

(2)

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy),

390

(1)

Phencyclidine,

390

(1)

Inhalants,

391

(1)

Nicotine and Smoking,

392

(4)

Anabolic Steroids,

396

VI DRUGS THAT AFFECT FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE

39 Diuretics,

399

(12)

Review of Renal Anatomy and Physiology,

399

(2)

Introduction to Diuretics,

401

(1)

High-Ceiling (Loop) Diuretics,

402

(2)

Thiazides and Related Diuretics,

404

(1)

Potassium-Sparing Diuretics,

405

(2)

Osmotic Diuretics,

407

(4)

40 Agents Affecting the Volume and Ion Content of Body Fluids,

411

(5)

Disorders of Fluid Volume and Osmolality,

411

(1)

Acid-Base Disturbances,

412

(1)

Potassium Imbalances,

413

(1)

Magnesium Imbalances,

414

(2)

VII DRUGS THAT AFFECT THE HEART BLOOD VESSELS AND BLOOD

41 Review of Hemodynamica,

416

(7)

Overview of the Circulatory System,

416

(1)

Regulation of Cardiac Output,

417

(2)

Regulation of Arterial Pressure,

419

(4)

42 Drugs Acting on the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System,

423

(11)

Physiology of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System,

423

(2)

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors,

425

(4)

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers,

429

(1)

Selective Aldosterone Receptor Blocker: Eplerenone,

430

(4)

43 Calcium Channel Blockers,

434

(9)

Calcium Channels: Physiologic Functions and Consequences of Blockade,

434

(1)

Calcium Channel Blockers: Classification and Sites of Action,

434

(1)

Verapamil and Diltiazem: Agents That Act on Vascular Smooth Muscle and the Heart,

435

(2)

Dihydropyridines: Agents That Act Mainly on Vascular Smooth Muscle,

437

(6)

44 Vasodilators,

443

(6)

Basic Concepts in Vasodilator Pharmacology,

443

(1)

Pharmacology of Individual Vasodilators,

444

(5)

45 Drugs for Hypertension,

449

(21)

Classification of Blood Pressure,

449

(1)

Types of Hypertension,

450

(1)

Consequences of Hypertension,

450

(1)

Management of Chronic Hypertension I: Basic Considerations,

451

(2)

Management of Chronic Hypertension II: Lifestyle Modifications,

453

(1)

Management of Chronic Hypertension III: Pharmacologic Therapy,

453

(13)

Drugs for Hypertensive Emergencies,

466

(1)

Drugs for Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy,

466

(4)

46 Drugs for Heart Failure,

470

(16)

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure,

470

(2)

Overview of Drugs Used to Treat Heart Failure,

472

(4)

Cardiac (Digitalis) Glycosides,

476

(5)

Management of Heart Failure,

481

(5)

47 Antidysrhythmic Drugs,

486

(20)

Electrical Properties of the Heart,

486

(3)

Generation of Dysrhythmias,

489

(2)

Classification of Antidysrhythmic Drugs,

491

(1)

Prodysrhythmic Effects of Antidysrhythmic Drugs,

491

(1)

Overview of Common Dysrhythmias and Their Treatment,

492

(2)

Class I: Sodium Channel Blockers,

494

(4)

Class II: Beta Blockers,

498

(1)

Class III: Potassium Channel Blockers (Drugs That Delay Repolarization),

498

(2)

Class IV: Calcium Channel Blockers,

500

(1)

Other Antidysrhythmic Drugs,

501

(1)

Principles of Antidysrhythmic Drug Therapy,

501

(1)

Nondrug Treatment of Dysrhythmias,

502

(4)

48 Prophylaxis of Coronary Heart Disease: Drugs That Lower LDL Cholesterol Levels,

506

(23)

Cholesterol,

506

(1)

Plasma Lipoproteins,

507

(1)

Role of LDL Cholesterol in Atherosclerosis,

508

(1)

Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Cholesterol:

Recommendations from ATP III,

509

(7)

Drugs and Other Products Used to Alter Plasma Lipids,

516

(13)

49 Drugs for Angina Pectoris,

529

(14)

Determinants of Cardiac Oxygen Demand and Oxygen Supply,

529

(1)

Angina Pectoris: Pathophysiology and Treatment Strategy,

529

(3)

Organic Nitrates,

532

(4)

Beta Blockers,

536

(1)

Calcium-Channel Blockers,

536

(1)

Revascularization Therapy: CABG and PTCA,

537

(1)

Summary of Treatment Measures,

537

(6)

50 Anticoagulant, Antiplatelet, and Thrombolytic Drugs,

543

(24)

Physiology and Pathophysiology of Coagulation,

543

(2)

Overview of Drugs Used to Treat Thromboembolic Disorders,

545

(1)

Parenteral Anticoagulants I: Heparin and Related Drugs,

545

(6)

Parenteral Anticoagulants II: Direct Thrombin Inhibitors,

551

(1)

Oral Anticoagulants,

552

(4)

Antiplatelet Drugs,

556

(3)

Thrombolytic Drugs,

559

(8)

51 Management of Myocardial Infarction,

567

(6)

Pathophysiology of Myocardial Infarction,

567

(1)

Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction,

567

(1)

Management of Myocardial Infarction,

568

(2)

Complications of Myocardial Infarction,

570

(1)

Secondary Prevention,

571

(2)

52 Drugs for Deficiency Anemias,

573

(14)

Red Blood Cell Development,

573

(1)

Iron Deficiency,

573

(5)

Vitamin B12 Deficiency,

578

(3)

Folic Acid Deficiency,

581

(6)

53 Hematopoietic and Thrombopoietic Growth Factors,

587

(8)

Hematopoietic Growth Factors,

587

(4)

Thrombopoietic Growth Factors,

591

(4)

VIII DRUGS FOR ENDOCRINE DISORDERS

54 Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus,

595

(23)

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview of the Disease and Its Treatment,

595

(4)

Insulin,

599

(8)

Oral Hypoglycemics for Type 2 Diabetes,

607

(5)

Diabetic Ketoacidosis,

612

(2)

Glucagon for Insulin Overdose,

614

(4)

55 Drugs for Thyroid Disorders,

618

(12)

Thyroid Physiology,

618

(2)

Thyroid Pathophysiology,

620

(2)

Thyroid Function Tests,

622

(1)

Thyroid Hormone Preparations for Hypothyroidism,

622

(2)

Drugs for Hyperthyroidism,

624

(6)

56 Drugs Related to Hypothalamic and Pituitary Function,

630

(8)

Overview of Hypothalamic and Pituitary Endocrinology,

630

(1)

Growth Hormone,

631

(3)

Prolactin,

634

(1)

Thyrotropin,

634

(1)

Corticotropin,

634

(1)

Gonadotropins,

634

(1)

Antidiuretic Hormone,

635

(1)

Oxytocin,

636

(1)

Drugs Related to Hypothalamic Function,

636

(2)

57 Drugs for Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex,

638

(8)

Physiology of the Adrenocortical Hormones,

638

(2)

Pathophysiology of the Adrenocortical Hormones,

640

(2)

Agents for Replacement Therapy in Adrenocortical Insufficiency,

642

(1)

Agents for Diagnostic Testing of Adrenocortical Function,

643

(1)

Inhibitors of Corticosteroid Synthesis,

644

(2)

58 Androgens,

646

(9)

Testosterone,

646

(1)

Clinical Pharmacology of the Androgens,

647

(4)

Androgen (Anabolic Steroid) Abuse by Athletes,

651

(4)

IX WOMEN'S HEALTH

59 Estrogens and Progestins and Their Use in Hormone Replacement Therapy,

655

(16)

The Menstrual Cycle,

655

(1)

Estrogens,

656

(2)

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs),

658

(1)

Progestins,

658

(4)

Hormone Replacement Therapy,

662

(9)

60 Birth Control,

671

(16)

Effectiveness and Safety of Birth Control Methods,

671

(1)

Selecting a Birth Control Method,

672

(1)

Oral Contraceptives,

673

(5)

Combination Contraceptives with Novel Delivery Systems,

678

(1)

Long-Acting Contraceptives,

679

(1)

Spermicides,

680

(1)

Barrier Devices,

680

(1)

Drugs for Medical Abortion,

681

(6)

61 Drug Therapy of Infertility,

687

(8)

Infertility: Causes and Treatment Strategies,

687

(1)

Drugs Used to Treat Female Infertility,

688

(7)

62 Drugs That Affect Uterine Function,

695

(8)

Uterine Relaxants (Tocolytics) and Their Use in Preterm Labor,

695

(1)

Uterine Stimulants (Oxytocics),

696

(3)

Drugs Used to Promote Cervical Ripening,

699

(4)

X ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, ANTILLERGIC, AND IMMUNOLOGIC DRUGS

63 Review of the Immune System,

703

(11)

Introduction to the Immune System,

703

(5)

Antibody-Mediated (Humoral) Immunity,

708

(2)

Cell-Mediated Immunity,

710

(4)

64 Childhood Immunization,

714

(13)

General Considerations,

714

(2)

Target Diseases,

716

(4)

Specific Vaccines and Toxoids,

720

(7)

65 Immunosuppressants,

727

(7)

Calcineurin Inhibitors,

727

(2)

Sirolimus,

729

(1)

Glucocorticoids,

730

(1)

Cytotoxic Drugs,

730

(1)

Antibodies,

731

(3)

66 Antihistamines,

734

(7)

Histamine,

734

(1)

The Two Types of Antihistamines: H1 Antagonists and HZ Antagonists,

735

(1)

H1 Antagonists I: Basic Pharmacology,

735

(3)

H1 Antagonists Il: Preparations,

738

(3)

67 Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors: Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Acetaminophen,

741

(17)

Mechanism of Action,

741

(1)

Classification of Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors,

742

(1)

First-Generation NSAIDs,

742

(8)

Second-Generation NSAIDs (Cox-2 Inhibitors, Coxibs),

750

(2)

Acetaminophen,

752

(6)

68 Glucocorticoids in Nonendocrine Diseases,

758

(10)

Review of Glucocorticoid Physiology,

758

(2)

Pharmacology of the Glucocorticoids,

760

(8)

XI DRUGS FOR BONE AND JOINT DISORDERS

69 Drug Therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Gout,

768

(10)

Drug Therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis,

768

(6)

Drug Therapy of Gout,

774

(4)

70 Drugs Affecting Calcium levels and Bone Mineralization,

778

(18)

Calcium Physiology,

778

(2)

Calcium-Related Pathophysiology,

780

(1)

Drugs for Disorders Involving Calcium,

780

(9)

Osteoporosis,

789

(7)

XII RESPIRATORY TRACT DRUGS

71 Drugs for Asthma,

796

(16)

Pathophysiology of Asthma,

796

(1)

Overview of Drugs for Asthma,

796

(1)

Administration of Drugs by Inhalation,

796

(2)

Beta2-Adrenergic Agonists,

798

(2)

Glucocorticoids,

800

(2)

Glucocorticoid/Beta2-Agonist Combination,

802

(1)

Cromolyn,

802

(1)

Nedocromil,

802

(1)

Methylxanthines,

802

(2)

Ipratropium,

804

(1)

Leukotriene Modifiers,

804

(1)

Management of Asthma,

805

(7)

72 Drugs for Allergic Rhinitis, Cough, and Colds,

812

(8)

Drugs for Allergic Rhinitis,

812

(3)

Drugs for Cough,

815

(2)

Cold Remedies: Combination Preparations,

817

(3)

XIII GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS

73 Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease,

820

(13)

Pathogenesis of Peptic Ulcers,

820

(1)

Overview of Treatment,

821

(2)

Antibacterial Drugs,

823

(1)

Histamine2-Receptor Antagonists,

824

(2)

Proton Pump Inhibitors,

826

(1)

Other Antiulcer Drugs,

827

(6)

74 Laxatives,

833

(6)

General Considerations,

833

(1)

Basic Pharmacology of Laxatives,

834

(3)

Laxative Abuse,

837

(2)

75 Other Gastrointestinal Drugs,

839

(12)

Antiemetics,

839

(3)

Drugs for Motion Sickness,

842

(1)

Antidiarrheal Agents,

843

(2)

Drugs for Irritable Bowel Syndrome,

845

(2)

Drugs for Inflammatory Bowel Disease,

847

(2)

Prokinetic Agents,

849

(1)

Pancreatic Enzymes,

849

(1)

Drugs Used to Dissolve Gallstones,

849

(1)

Anorectal Preparations,

850

(1)

XIV NUTRITION

76 Vitamins,

851

(10)

General Considerations,

851

(1)

Fat-Soluble Vitamins,

852

(5)

Water-Soluble Vitamins,

857

(4)

77 Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition,

861

(4)

Enteral Nutritional Therapy,

861

(1)

Parenteral Nutritional Therapy,

862

(3)

78 Drugs for Obesity,

865

(8)

Assessment of Obesity-Related Health Risk,

865

(1)

Overview of Obesity Treatment,

866

(2)

Weight-Loss Drugs I: Drugs Approved for Long-Term Therapy,

868

(1)

Weight-Loss Drugs II: Miscellaneous Agents,

869

(2)

Calorie-Saving Foods,

871

(2)

XV CHEMOTHERAPY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

79 Basic Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy,

873

(14)

Selective Toxicity,

873

(1)

Classification of Antimicrobial Drugs,

874

(1)

Acquired Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs,

875

Selection of Antibiotics,

819

(63)

Host Factors That Modify Drug Choice, Route of Administration, or Dosage,

882

(1)

Dosage Size and Duration of Treatment,

883

(1)

Therapy with Antibiotic Combinations,

883

(1)

Prophylactic Use of Antimicrobial Drugs,

884

(1)

Misuses of Antimicrobial Drugs,

884

(1)

Monitoring Antimicrobial Therapy,

885

(2)

80 Drugs That Weaken the Bacterial Cell Wall I: Penicillins,

887

(10)

Introduction to the Penicillins,

887

(2)

Properties of Individual Penicillins,

889

(8)

81 Drugs That Weaken the Bacterial Cell Wall Il: Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Aztreonam, Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, and Fosfomycin,

897

(9)

Cephalosporins,

891

(11)

Carbapenems,

902

(1)

Other Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis,

903

(3)

82 Bacteriostatic Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis: Tetracyclines, Macrolides, Clindamycin, Chloramphenicol, Linezolid, Dalfopristin/Quinupristin, and Spectinomycin,

906

(12)

Tetracyclines,

906

(3)

Macrolides,

909

(3)

Other Bacteriostatic Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis,

912

(6)

83 Aminoglycos1des: Bactericidal Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis,

918

(8)

Basic Pharmacology of the Aminoglycosides,

918

(4)

Properties of Individual Aminoglycosides,

922

(4)

84 Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim,

926

(7)

Sulfonamides,

926

(4)

Trimethoprim, 929 Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole,

930

(3)

85 Drug Therapy of Urinary Tract Infections,

933

(5)

Organisms That Cause Urinary Tract Infections,

933

(1)

Specific Urinary Tract Infections and Their Treatment,

933

(3)

Urinary Tract Antiseptics,

936

(2)

86 Antimycobacterial Agents: Drugs for Tuberculosis, Leprosy, and Mycobacterium avium Complex Infection,

938

(14)

Tuberculosis I: Clinical Considerations,

938

(5)

Tuberculosis II: Pharmacology of Individual Antituberculosis Drugs,

943

(5)

Drugs for Leprosy (Hansen's Disease),

948

(1)

Drugs for Mycobacterium avium Complex Infection,

949

(3)

87 Miscellaneous Antibacterial Drugs: Fluoroquinolones, Metronidazole, Rifampin, Bacitracin, and Polymyxins,

952

(5)

Fluoroquinolones,

952

(3)

Additional Antibacterial Drugs,

955

(2)

88 Antifungal Agents,

957

(12)

Drugs for Systemic Mycoses,

957

(5)

Drugs for Superficial Mycoses,

962

(7)

89 Antiviral Agents I: Drugs for Non-HIV Viral Infections,

969

(14)

Purine Nucleoside Analogs (DNA Polymerase Inhibitors),

969

(4)

Drugs for Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C,

973

(3)

Drugs for Influenza,

976

(3)

Ophthalmic Antiviral Drugs,

979

(1)

Other Antiviral Drugs,

979

(4)

90 Antiviral Agents II: Drugs for HIV Infection and Related Opportunistic Infections,

983

(40)

Pathophysiology,

984

(3)

Classification of Antiretroviral Drugs,

987

(1)

Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors,

988

(4)

Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors,

992

(2)

Protease Inhibitors,

994

(7)

Enfuvirtide, an HIV Fusion Inhibitor,

1001

(1)

Management of HIV Infection,

1002

(10)

Prophylaxis and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections,

1012

(3)

HIV Vaccines,

1015

(1)

Keeping Current,

1016

(7)

91 Drug Therapy of Sexually Transmitted Diseases,

1023

(8)

Chlamydia trachomatis Infections,

1023

(4)

Gonococcal Infections,

1027

(1)

Nongonococcal Urethritis,

1028

(1)

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease,

1028

(1)

Acute Epididymitis,

1028

(1)

Syphilis,

1028

(1)

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome,

1029

(1)

Chancroid,

1029

(1)

Trichomoniasis,

1029

(1)

Bacterial Vaginosis,

1029

(1)

Herpes Simplex Infections,

1029

(1)

Genital and Anal Warts (Condylomata acuminata),

1030

(1)

Proctitis,

1030

(1)

Pediculosis Pubis and Scabies,

1030

(1)

92 Antiseptics and Disinfectants,

1031

(6)

General Considerations,

1031

(1)

Properties of Individual Antiseptics and Disinfectants,

1032

(2)

Hand Hygiene for Healthcare Workers,

1034

(3)

XVI CHEMOTHERAPY OF PARASITIC DISEASES

93 Anthelmintics,

1037

(5)

Classification of Parasitic Worms,

1037

(1)

Helminthic Infestations,

1037

(2)

Drugs of Choice for Helminthiasis,

1039

(3)

94 Antiprotozoal Drugs I: Antimalarial Agents,

1042

(7)

Life Cycle of the Malaria Parasite,

1042

(1)

Types of Malaria,

1042

(2)

Principles of Antimalarial Therapy,

1044

(1)

Pharmacology of the Major Antimalarial Drugs,

1045

(4)

95 Antiprotozoal Drugs II: Miscellaneous Agents,

1049

(5)

Protozoal Infections,

1049

(1)

Drugs of Choice for Protozoal Infections,

1050

(4)

96 Ectoparasiticides,

1054

(3)

Ectoparasitic Infestations,

1054

(1)

Pharmacology of Ectoparasiticides,

1055

(2)

XVII ANTICANCER DRUGS

97 Basic Principles of Cancer Chemotherapy,

1057

(14)

What Is Cancer?,

1057

(2)

The Growth Fraction and Its Relationship to Chemotherapy,

1059

(1)

Obstacles to Successful Chemotherapy,

1060

(3)

Strategies for Achieving Maximum Benefits from Chemotherapy,

1063

(2)

Major Toxicities of Chemotherapeutic Drugs,

1065

(2)

Making the Decision to Treat,

1067

(1)

Looking Ahead,

1068

(3)

98 Anticancer Drugs I: Cytotoxic Agents,

1071

(15)

Introduction to the Cytotoxic Anticancer Drugs,

1071

(3)

Alkylating Agents,

1074

(2)

Platinum Compounds,

1076

(1)

Antimetabolites,

1077

(3)

Antitumor Antibiotics,

1080

(2)

Mitotic Inhibitors,

1082

(1)

Topoisomerase Inhibitors,

1083

(1)

Miscellaneous Cytotoxic Drugs,

1084

(2)

99 Anticancer Drugs II: Hormones, Hormone Antagonists, Biologic Response Modifiers, and Other Anticancer Drugs,

1086

(12)

Hormones and Hormone Antagonists,

1086

(5)

Biologic Response Modifiers: Immunostimulants,

1091

(1)

Other Anticancer Drugs,

1092

(6)

XVII ADDITIONAL IMPORTANT DRUGS

100 Drugs for the Eye,

1098

(9)

Drugs for Glaucoma,

1098

(5)

Cycloplegics and Mydriatics,

1103

(1)

Drugs for Allergic Conjunctivitis,

1104

(1)

Additional Ophthalmic Drugs,

1105

(2)

101 Drugs for the Skin,

1107

(14)

Anatomy of the Skin,

1107

(1)

Topical Glucocorticoids,

1107

(1)

Keratolytic Agents,

1108

(1)

Acne and Its Treatment,

1109

(5)

Sunscreens,

1114

(1)

Psoriasis and Its Treatment,

1115

(3)

Other Dermatologic Drugs,

1118

(3)

102 Drugs for the Ear,

1121

(6)

Anatomy of the Ear,

1121

(1)

Otitis Media and Its Management,

1121

(3)

Otitis Externa and Its Management,

1124

(3)

103 Miscellaneous Noteworthy Drugs,

1127

(10)

Drugs for Erectile Dysfunction,

1127

(3)

Drugs for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia,

1130

(1)

Drugs for Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome,

1131

(1)

Drugs for Cystic Fibrosis,

1132

(1)

Drugs for Sickle Cell Anemia,

1133

(1)

Drugs for Hyperuricemie Caused by Cancer Chemotherapy,

1134

(1)

Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate for Cataplexy in Patients

with Narcolepsy,

1134

(1)

Riluzole for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis,

1135

(2)

XIX ALTERNATIVE THERAPY

104 Herbal Supplements,

1137

(11)

Limited Regulation: The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act,

1138

(1)

Adverse Interactions with Conventional Drugs,

1139

(1)

Oral Formulations,

1139

(1)

Standardization of Herbal Products,

1140

(1)

Dosage,

1140

(1)

Some Commonly Used Medicinal Herbs,

1140

(8)

XX TOXICOLOGY

105 Management of Poisoning,

1148

(6)

Fundamentals of Treatment,

1148

(1)

Drugs and Procedures Used to Minimize Poison Absorption,

1149

(1)

Drugs and Procedures Used for Poison Removal,

1150

(1)

Specific Antidotes,

1150

(2)

Poison Control Centers,

1152

(2)

106 Potential Weapons of Biologic, Radiologic, and Chemical Terrorism,

1154

(9)

Bacteria and Viruses,

1154

(4)

Biotoxins,

1158

(1)

Chemical Weapons,

1159

(1)

Radiologic Weapons,

1160

APPENDIXES

A Guide to Gender-Related Drugs,

1163

(1)

B Pronunciation of Generic Names of the Top 200 Prescribed Drugs in 2002,

1164

(2)

C Weights and Measures,

1166

(1)

D Laboratory Reference Values,

1167

(5)

E Commonly Used Abbreviations,

1172

(2)

F Techniques of Drug Administration,

1174

(6)

G Poison Control Centers in the United States,

1180

(6)

H Canadian Drug Information,

1186

(3)

I Major Drug Classes and Their Prototypes,

1189

(6)

Index,

1195

Pharmacology for Nursing Care

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