Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys, Third Edition (Revised Reprint)

by Porter; David A.

• ISBN13: 9781420062106
• ISBN10: 1420062107
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2009-02-10
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys, Third Edition provides a comprehensive overview of specific types of phase transformations, supplemented by practical case studies of engineering alloys. This new edition now addresses computer-aided calculation of phase diagrams, which has undergone major changes in recent years. It also expands treatment of bainite transformation, nucleation, metallic glasses, steel, and Scheil's additivity rule for appreciating transformations during continuous cooling. Adding new case studies, detailed examples, and exercises drawn from current applications, this text features an easy-to-follow style that integrates basic and advanced material, making it ideal for newcomers to the field.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Third Edition	p. xiii
Preface to the Second Edition	p. xv
Preface to the First Edition	p. xvii
Authors	p. xix
Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams	p. 1
Equilibrium	p. 1
Single-Component Systems	p. 4
Gibbs Free Energy as a Function of Temperature	p. 4
Pressure Effects	p. 7
Driving Force for Solidification	p. 9
Binary Solutions	p. 11
Gibbs Free Energy of Binary Solutions	p. 11
Ideal Solutions	p. 13
Chemical Potential	p. 15
Regular Solutions	p. 17
Activity	p. 21
Real Solutions	p. 23
Ordered Phases	p. 24
Intermediate Phases	p. 26
Equilibrium in Heterogeneous Systems	p. 28
Binary Phase Diagrams	p. 31
Simple Phase Diagram	p. 31
Systems with a Miscibility Gap	p. 32
Ordered Alloys	p. 33
Simple Eutectic Systems	p. 34
Phase Diagrams Containing Intermediate Phases	p. 34
Gibbs Phase Rule	p. 34
Effect of Temperature on Solid Solubility	p. 39
Equilibrium Vacancy Concentration	p. 40
Influence of Interfaces on Equilibrium	p. 42
Ternary Equilibrium	p. 45
Additional Thermodynamic Relationships for Binary Solutions	p. 50
Computation of Phase Diagrams	p. 52
Pure Stoichiometric Substances	p. 52
Solution Phases	p. 56
Substitutional Solutions	p. 56
Kinetics of Phase Transformations	p. 57
Exercises	p. 58
References	p. 60
Further Reading	p. 61
Diffusion	p. 63
Atomic Mechanisms of Diffusion	p. 65
Interstitial Diffusion	p. 67
Interstitial Diffusion as a Random Jump Process	p. 67
Effect of Temperature-Thermal Activation	p. 69
Steady-State Diffusion	p. 72
Nonsteady-State Diffusion	p. 72
Solutions to the Diffusion Equation	p. 74
Homogenization	p. 74
Carburization of Steel	p. 76
Substitutional Diffusion	p. 78
Self-Diffusion	p. 78
Vacancy Diffusion	p. 83
Diffusion in Substitutional Alloys	p. 84
Diffusion in Dilute Substitutional Alloys	p. 92
Atomic Mobility	p. 93
Tracer Diffusion in Binary Alloys	p. 95
Diffusion in Ternary Alloys	p. 98
High-Diffusivity Paths	p. 100
Diffusion along Grain Boundaries and Free Surfaces	p. 100
Diffusion along Dislocations	p. 103
Diffusion in Multiphase Binary Systems	p. 104
Exercises	p. 106
References	p. 109
Further Reading	p. 110
Crystal Interfaces and Microstructure	p. 111
Interfacial Free Energy	p. 112
Solid/Vapor Interfaces	p. 113
Boundaries in Single-Phase Solids	p. 117
Low-Angle and High-Angle Boundaries	p. 118
Special High-Angle Grain Boundaries	p. 121
Equilibrium in Polycrystalline Materials	p. 124
Thermally Activated Migration of Grain Boundaries	p. 129
Kinetics of Grain Growth	p. 137
Interphase Interfaces in Solids	p. 140
Interface Coherence	p. 141
Fully Coherent Interfaces	p. 141
Semicoherent Interfaces	p. 143
Incoherent Interfaces	p. 144
Complex Semicoherent Interfaces	p. 145
Second-Phase Shape: Interfacial Energy Effects	p. 147
Fully Coherent Precipitates	p. 147
Partially Coherent Precipitates	p. 148
Incoherent Precipitates	p. 150
Precipitates on Grain Boundaries	p. 151
Second-Phase Shape: Misfit Strain Effects	p. 152
Fully Coherent Precipitates	p. 152
Incoherent Inclusions	p. 155
Platelike Precipitates	p. 156
Coherency Loss	p. 157
Glissile Interfaces	p. 160
Solid/Liquid Interfaces	p. 165
Interface Migration	p. 167
Diffusion-Controlled and Interface-Controlled Growth	p. 170
Exercises	p. 176
References	p. 178
Further Reading	p. 179
Solidification	p. 181
Nucleation in Pure Metals	p. 181
Homogeneous Nucleation	p. 182
Homogeneous Nucleation Rate	p. 186
Heterogeneous Nucleation	p. 188
Nucleation of Melting	p. 192
Growth of a Pure Solid	p. 193
Continuous Growth	p. 193
Lateral Growth	p. 194
Heat Flow and Interface Stability	p. 197
Alloy Solidification	p. 200
Solidification of Single-Phase Alloys	p. 200
Eutectic Solidification	p. 212
Off-Eutectic Alloys	p. 218
Peritectic Solidification	p. 220
Solidification of Ingots and Castings	p. 221
Ingot Structure	p. 222
Segregation in Ingots and Castings	p. 225
Continuous Casting	p. 226
Solidification of Fusion Welds	p. 230
Solidification during Quenching from the Melt	p. 235
Metallic Glasses	p. 236
Thermodynamics and Kinetics	p. 237
Case Studies of some Practical Castings and Welds	p. 239
Casting of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels	p. 239
Casting of High-Speed Steels	p. 241
Exercises	p. 247
References	p. 249
Further Reading	p. 249
Diffusional Transformations in Solids	p. 251
Homogeneous Nucleation in Solids	p. 253
Heterogeneous Nucleation	p. 259
Rate of Heterogeneous Nucleation	p. 263
Precipitate Growth	p. 265
Growth behind Planar Incoherent Interfaces	p. 266
Diffusion-Controlled Lengthening of Plates or Needles	p. 269
Thickening of Platelike Precipitates	p. 271
Overall Transformation Kinetics: TTT Diagrams	p. 273
Precipitation in Age-Hardening Alloys	p. 276
Precipitation in Aluminum-Copper Alloys	p. 277
Precipitation in Aluminum-Silver Alloys	p. 285
Quenched-In Vacancies	p. 286
Age Hardening	p. 288
Spinodal Decomposition	p. 290
Particle Coarsening	p. 295
Precipitation of Ferrite from Austenite	p. 299
Case Study: Ferrite Nucleation and Growth	p. 304
Cellular Precipitation	p. 310
Eutectoid Transformations	p. 314
Pearlite Reaction in Fe-C Alloys	p. 314
Bainite Transformation	p. 319
Effect of Alloying Elements on Hardenability	p. 327
Continuous Cooling Diagrams	p. 332
Fibrous and Interphase Precipitation in Alloy Steels	p. 334
Rule of Scheil	p. 336
Massive Transformations	p. 337
Ordering Transformations	p. 342
Case Studies	p. 349
Titanium Forging Alloys	p. 349
Weldability of Low-Carbon and Microalloyed Rolled Steels	p. 353
Very Low-Carbon Bainitic Steel with High Strength and Toughness	p. 356
Very Fine Bainite	p. 357
Exercises	p. 360
References	p. 362
Further Reading	p. 364
Diffusionless Transformations	p. 367
Characteristics of Diffusionless Transformations	p. 368
Solid Solution of Carbon in Iron	p. 371
Martensite Crystallography	p. 373
Bain Model of the fcc (???) bct Transformation	p. 375
Comparison of Crystallographic Theory with Experimental Results	p. 379
Theories of Martensite Nucleation	p. 380
Formation of Coherent Nuclei of Martensite	p. 381
Role of Dislocations in Martensite Nucleation	p. 384
Dislocation Strain Energy Assisted Transformation	p. 387
Martensite Growth	p. 391
Growth of Lath Martensite	p. 392
Plate Martensite	p. 394
Stabilization	p. 397
Effect of External Stresses	p. 397
Role of Grain Size	p. 397
Premartensite Phenomena	p. 398
Tempering of Ferrous Martensites	p. 399
Case Studies	p. 408
Carbon and Low-Alloy Quenched and Tempered Steels	p. 408
Controlled Transformation Steels	p. 409
TRIP-Assisted Steels	p. 411
"Shape-Memory" Metal: Nitinol	p. 415
Exercises	p. 417
References	p. 418
Further Reading	p. 420
Solutions to Exercises	p. 421
Index	p. 491
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