Cengage Advantage Books: Philosophy in Context A Historical Introduction,9780495004707

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Cengage Advantage Books: Philosophy in Context A Historical Introduction

by Soccio, Douglas J.

Edition:

1st

ISBN13:

9780495004707

ISBN10:

0495004707

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

6/9/2005

Publisher(s):

Cengage Learning

Other versions by this Author

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Summary

In this CENGAGE ADVANTAGE BOOKS version of PHILOSOPHY IN CONTEXT: A HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION makes this often-times daunting subject approachable and engaging through it's easy-to-understand examination of paradigmatic philosophies and philosophers.

PREFACE

Chapter 1 PHILOSOPHY AND THE SEARCH FOR WISDOM

(14)

What to Expect from This Book

(1)

Areas of Philosophy

(1)

Philosophical Archetypes

(2)

Are Philosophers Always Men?

(1)

Philosophy and the Search for Truth

(1)

"Isn't All This Just a Matter of Opinion?"

(2)

Wisdom, Knowledge, and Belief

(2)

Knowledge

(1)

Belief

(1)

Ignorance Is Not An Option

(1)

OVERVIEW OF CLASSICAL THEMES

(4)

Nature and Convention

(1)

Contemporary Lessons from the Past

(1)

The Search for Excellence

(1)

The Search for Happiness

(2)

Chapter 2 THE PRESOCRATIC SOPHOS

(12)

From Sophos to Philosopher

(1)

The Search for a Common Principle

(1)

Rational Discourse

(2)

The Problem of Change

(1)

The Logos

(2)

Appearance and Reality

(1)

The One

(2)

Being and Change

(1)

The Many

(1)

Mind

(1)

Atoms and the Void

(2)

Reason and Necessity

(1)

Nature and Convention

(1)

Commentary

(2)

Chapter 3 THE SOPHIST: PROTAGORAS

(10)

The Advent of Professional Educators

(1)

The Sophists

(2)

Power and Education

(1)

Relativism

(1)

Protagoras the Pragmatist

(2)

Moral Realism: Might Makes Right

(1)

The Doctrine of the Superior Individual

(1)

Commentary

(2)

Chapter 4 THE WISE MAN: SOCRATES

(23)

The General Character of Socrates

(5)

Barefoot in Athens

(1)

A Most Unusual Father and Husband

(1)

The Archetypal Individual

(2)

The Teacher and His Teachings

(1)

The Dialectic

(2)

Socratic Irony

(1)

Socrates at Work

(4)

Sophos versus Sophist

(3)

The Unexamined Life

(3)

Socratic Ignorance

(1)

The Power of Human Wisdom

(1)

The Physician of the Soul

(3)

No One Knowingly Does Evil

(1)

Virtue Is Wisdom

(2)

The Trial and Death of Socrates

(3)

The Death of Socrates

(1)

Commentary

(2)

Chapter 5 THE PHILOSOPHER-KING: PLATO

(24)

Plato's Life and Work

(2)

The Decline of the Aristocracy

(1)

Plato's Disillusionment

(1)

The Academy

(1)

Plato's Epistemology

(2)

Plato's Dualistic Solution

(1)

Knowledge and Being

(1)

The Theory of Forms

(5)

What Are Forms?

(1)

Why Plato Needed the Forms

(1)

Knowledge and Opinion

(1)

What Happens When We Disagree?

(2)

The Divided Line

(2)

Levels of Awareness

(1)

The Simile of the Sun

(1)

The Allegory of the Cave

(2)

The Rule of the Wise

(1)

The Republic

(4)

The Search for Justice

(1)

Function and Happiness

(1)

The Ideal State

(1)

The Parts of the Soul

(1)

The Cardinal Virtues

(1)

Societies and Individuals

(3)

The Origin of Democracy

(1)

The Pendulum of Imbalance

(1)

The Tyranny of Excess

(1)

Commentary

(1)

Chapter 6 THE NATURALIST: ARISTOTLE

(22)

Works

(1)

Aristotle's Life

(1)

The Lyceum

(1)

The Naturalist

(1)

Natural Changes

(3)

Form

(2)

Matter

(1)

Change

(1)

Aristotle's Hierarchy of Explanations

(1)

The Four Causes

(2)

Material Cause

(1)

Formal Cause

(1)

Efficient Cause

(1)

Final Cause

(1)

Entelechy

(1)

Psyche as Entelechy

(1)

The Hierarchy of Souls

(1)

Natural Happiness

(4)

The Good

(1)

Teleological Thinking

(1)

The Science of the Good

(1)

Eudaimonia

(1)

The Good Life Is a Process

100

(1)

Hitting the Mark

100

(4)

The Principle of the Mean

101

(1)

Character and Habit

102

(1)

Application of the Mean

103

(1)

Commentary

104

(2)

Chapter 7 THE STOIC: EPICTETUS AND MARCUS AURELIUS

106

(22)

Hedonism

107

(2)

The Meaning of Life Is Pleasure

107

(2)

Epicureanism

109

(1)

Quality of Life

109

(1)

The Cynical Origins of Stoicism

110

(2)

Stoic Admiration

112

(1)

The Slave and the Emperor

113

(1)

Epictetus: From Slave to Sage

113

(1)

Marcus Aurelius: Philosopher-King

114

(1)

The Fated Life

115

(3)

The Stoic Logos

116

(1)

The Disinterested Rational Will

117

(1)

Stoic Wisdom

118

(5)

Control versus Influence

118

(1)

Some Things Are Not in Our Control

119

(1)

Some Things Are in Our Control

120

(1)

Relationships

121

(1)

Everything Has a Price

122

(1)

Suffering and Courage

122

(1)

Stoicism Today: Logotherapy

123

(1)

The World of Epictetus

124

(1)

Commentary

125

(3)

Chapter 8 THE SCHOLAR: THOMAS AQUINAS

128

(25)

The God-Centered Universe

129

(1)

The Seeds of Change

129

(1)

Augustine: Between Two Worlds

130

(3)

Pride and Philosophy

132

(1)

The Life of Thomas Aquinas

133

(3)

The Dominican

134

(1)

The University of Paris

134

(1)

Albertus Magnus: The Universal Teacher

135

(1)

The Task of the Scholar

136

(1)

The Wisdom of the Scholar

136

(2)

Why Do People Argue About Spiritual Matters?

138

(1)

God and Natural Reason

138

(1)

Proving the Existence of God

139

(4)

The First Way: Motion

139

(1)

The Second Way: Cause

140

(1)

The Third Way: Necessity

141

(1)

The Fourth Way: Degree

142

(1)

The Fifth Way: Design

143

(1)

Commentary on the Five Ways

143

(2)

Complications for Natural Theology

145

(2)

The Problem of Evil

145

(2)

Commentary

147

(2)

OVERVIEW OF MODERN THEMES

149

(4)

Reason, Reformation, and Revolution

149

(1)

The Reformation

150

(1)

The Copernican Revolution

150

(2)

Where Are We, Then?

152

(1)

Chapter 9 THE RATIONALIST: RENÉ DESCARTES

153

(20)

The Problem of Authority

153

(1)

René Descartes: The Solitary Intellect

154

(2)

Rationalism

156

(1)

Against Disorganized Thinking

156

(1)

The Method of Doubt

157

(3)

The Cartesian "I" and Methodic Doubt

158

(1)

Standard of Truth

159

(1)

Innate Ideas

159

(1)

The Cartesian Genesis

160

(3)

The Doubting Self

160

(1)

Maybe It's All a Dream?

161

(1)

The Evil Genius

162

(1)

Cogito, ergo sum

162

(1)

The Innate Idea of God

163

(4)

The Perfect Idea of Perfection

164

(2)

Descartes' Ontological Argument

166

(1)

Reconstructing the World

167

(1)

The Cartesian Bridge

167

(3)

Cartesian Dualism

168

(1)

The Mind-Body Problem

169

(1)

From Cosmos To Machine

170

(1)

Commentary

171

(2)

Chapter 10 THE SKEPTIC: DAVID HUME

173

(26)

John Locke

174

(6)

Experience Is the Origin of All Ideas

175

(1)

Locke's Rejection of Innate Ideas

176

(1)

Locke's Dualism

177

(1)

Primary and Secondary Qualities

178

(1)

Locke's Egocentric Predicament

178

(2)

George Berkeley

180

(2)

David Hume: The Scottish Skeptic

182

(4)

The Skeptical Masterpiece

183

(1)

An Honest Man

183

(3)

Hume's Skeptical Empiricism

186

(3)

Impressions and Ideas

186

(1)

The Empirical Criterion of Meaning

187

(1)

The Self

187

(1)

Personal Immortality

188

(1)

The Limits of Reason

189

(1)

The Limits of Science

190

(1)

The Limits of Theology

191

(2)

The Limits of Ethics

193

(4)

The Facts, Just the Facts

194

(1)

Moral Sentiments

195

(1)

Rejection of Egoism

196

(1)

Commentary

197

(2)

Chapter 11 THE UNIVERSALIST: IMMANUEL KANT

199

(22)

The Professor

200

(1)

The Solitary Writer

200

(2)

A Scandal in Philosophy

202

(1)

Kant's Copernican Revolution

203

(5)

Critical Philosophy

205

(1)

Phenomena and Noumena

206

(1)

Transcendental Ideas

206

(1)

The Objectivity of Experience

207

(1)

The Metaphysics of Morals

208

(4)

The Moral Law Within

209

(1)

The Good Will

210

(1)

Inclinations, Wishes, Acts of Will

211

(1)

Moral Duty

212

(3)

Hypothetical Imperatives

213

(1)

The Categorical Imperative

213

(1)

The Kingdom of Ends

214

(1)

A Kantian Theory of Justice

215

(3)

What About Family Justice?

217

(1)

Commentary

218

(3)

Chapter 12 THE UTILITARIAN: JOHN STUART MILL

221

(18)

Social Hedonism

222

(1)

Philosophy and Social Reform

223

(1)

The Principle of Utility

224

(4)

The Hedonic Calculus

225

(1)

The Egoistic Foundation of Social Concern

225

(2)

The Question Is, Can They Suffer?

227

(1)

John Stuart Mill

228

(3)

Mill's Crisis

229

(1)

Redemption and Balance

230

(1)

Refined Utilitarianism

231

(2)

Higher Pleasures

232

(1)

Lower Pleasures

232

(1)

Altruism and Happiness

233

(3)

Utilitarian Social Logic

234

(1)

Happiness and Mere Contentment

235

(1)

Mill's Persistent Optimism

236

(1)

Commentary

237

(2)

Chapter 13 THE MATERIALIST: KARL MARX

239

(18)

The Prophet

239

(5)

Marx's Hegelian Roots

240

(1)

Other Influences

241

(1)

The Wanderer

242

(1)

Friedrich Engels

243

(1)

Vindication

243

(1)

Dialectical Materialism

244

(4)

Mystification and Materialism

245

(2)

Economic Determinism

247

(1)

Critique of Capitalism

248

(5)

The Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat

249

(1)

Co-Option

250

(1)

Class Struggle

251

(1)

Seeds of Destruction

252

(1)

Alienation

253

(2)

Psychic Alienation

254

(1)

Species-Life

255

(1)

Commentary

255

(2)

Chapter 14 THE PRAGMATIST: WILLIAM JAMES

257

(21)

An American Original

257

(4)

The Education of a Philosopher

258

(1)

The Philosopher as Hero

259

(1)

The Philosopher as Advocate

260

(1)

Charles Sanders Peirce

261

(1)

Peirce's "Pragmaticism"

261

(1)

Pragmatic Theory of Meaning

262

(1)

Pragmatism

262

(9)

Pragmatic Method and Philosophy

263

(1)

The Temper of Belief

264

(2)

The Will to Believe

266

(1)

Truth Happens to an Idea

266

(1)

The Dilemma of Determinism

267

(1)

The Inner Sense of Freedom

268

(2)

Morality and the Good

270

(1)

The Heroic Life

270

(1)

Pragmatic Religion

271

(2)

A Religious Dilemma

272

(1)

Ultramarginal Life

273

(1)

Truth Is Always Personal

273

(2)

Danger Signs

274

(1)

Commentary

275

(3)

Chapter 15 THE EXISTENTIALISTS: SØREN KIERKEGAARD AND JEAN-PAUL SARTRE

278

(22)

Søren Kierkegaard

279

(4)

The Family Curse

279

(1)

The Universal Formula

280

(1)

The Christian

281

(1)

That Individual

282

(1)

Truth as Subjectivity

283

(4)

Objectivity as Untruth

284

(1)

The Present Age

285

(1)

An Age of Virtual Equality

285

(2)

Sartre and the Age of Forlornness

287

(1)

Jean-Paul Sartre

287

(3)

Nausea

288

(1)

Existence Is Absurd

288

(1)

The Celebrity Philosopher

289

(1)

Freedom and Anguish

290

(7)

Forlornness

291

(1)

Condemned to Be Free

292

(1)

Anguish

293

(2)

Despair

295

(1)

Optimistic Toughness

296

(1)

Commentary

297

(3)

Chapter 16 THE ANTI-PHILOSOPHER: FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE

300

(20)

The Outsider

301

(4)

Beyond the Academy

302

(1)

Tragic Optimism

303

(1)

Zarathustra Speaks

303

(1)

The Last Philosopher

304

(1)

Truth Is a Matter of Perspective

305

(1)

Attack on Objectivity

306

(1)

The Will to Power

307

(1)

The Diseases of Modernity

308

(4)

The Problem of Morality

308

(1)

The Problem of Being Moralistic

309

(1)

The Problem of Utilitarianism

310

(1)

The Problem of Altruism

310

(1)

The Problem of Generalized Accounts

311

(1)

God Is Dead

312

(1)

Nihilism

313

(1)

Overman

313

(1)

Slave Morality

314

(2)

Ressentiment

315

(1)

Master Morality

316

(1)

Amor Fati

317

(1)

Commentary

318

(2)

Chapter 17 PHILOSOPHY AS A WAY OF LIFE

320

(16)

The Reemergence of Other Voices

322

(1)

Martin Luther King, Jr.: Public Philosophic Activist

323

(3)

Character Is Destiny

324

(1)

The Value of Moral Tension

325

(1)

Peter Singer: "The Dangerous Philosopher"

326

(3)

The Singer Solution to World Poverty

327

(2)

Martha C. Nussbaum: "Lawyer for Humanity"

329

(2)

Philosophy for the Sake of Humanity

330

(1)

Philosophy as a Way of Life

331

(3)

To Live Like a Philosopher

333

(1)

A Vision for You

334

(1)

Commentary

335

(1)

NOTES

336

(14)

GLOSSARY

350

(10)

CREDITS

360

(1)

INDEX

361

Cengage Advantage Books: Philosophy in Context A Historical Introduction

9780495004707

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Summary

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