Photography The Concise Guide

by Warren, Bruce

• ISBN13: 9781401887452
• ISBN10: 1401887457
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-08-06
• Publisher: CENGAGE Delmar Learning

Summary

Turn your enthusiasm into striking photographs! From composing the shot to applying special techniques and developing the film, this information-packed manual covers everything readers need to become successful black-and-white and/or color photographers. Ideal for first-year students, as well as anyone who wishes to explore the ins and outs of contemporary photography processes and state-of-the-art techniques, Photography: The Concise Guide is a fast-paced, all-around introduction to the technical aspects of making photographs. Lavishly illustrated, this full-color manual outlines essential information on film exposure and development, printing black-and-white photographs, plus methods for troubleshooting contrast, printing, sharpness, and other common problems. Clear, easy-to-follow instructions to help aspiring photographers "see" and compose better shots, and make creative use of light meters, shutter speeds, filters, and other special darkroom and digital photography processes. Assistance in choosing a camera, lenses, and accessories is also offered.

Author Biography

Bruce Warren taught Photography at the college level for more than 25 years. His participation in the Fulbright Teacher Exchange program took him to the London College of Printing in England. Warren earned a Master of Fine Arts in Photography from Ohio University and his work has been exhibited at galleries throughout the U.S.

Table of Contents

Preface	viii
Getting Started	2	(8)
Equipment and Materials	3	(1)
Film	3	(1)
Camera	3	(1)
Camera Exposure Controls	4	(1)
Light Meter	4	(1)
A Procedure for Taking Photographs	4	(6)
Locating Camera Parts	5	(1)
Loading the Film into the Camera	6	(1)
Setting the Film ISO	6	(1)
Ideas for Photographs	6	(1)
Framing and Composing Your Photograph	6	(1)
Evaluating the Light on Your Subject	7	(1)
Metering and Setting Camera Controls	7	(1)
Focusing the Camera	8	(1)
Exposing the Photograph	9	(1)
Rewinding the Film	9	(1)
Removing the Film from the Camera	9	(1)
Processing and Printing the Exposed Film	9	(1)
Evaluating your First Results	9	(1)
Film and Exposure	10	(28)
Light-Sensitive Materials	11	(1)
Black-and-White films	12	(2)
Structure of Black-and-White Films	12	(1)
Characteristics of Black-and-White Films	12	(2)
Special Films	14	(1)
Color Films	15	(1)
Positive and Negative Color Film	15	(1)
Color Balance	15	(1)
Characteristic of Color Film	15	(1)
Film Formats and Packaging	16	(1)
Film Selection	17	(1)
Color versus Black-and-White	17	(1)
Color Negative versus Color Positive	17	(1)
Film Speed	17	(1)
Film Care and Handling	18	(2)
Film Storage	18	(1)
Film Handling	19	(1)
Film Exposure	20	(4)
Camera Settings and Exposure	20	(2)
Effects of Film Exposure Changes	22	(1)
Film Sensitivity and Exposure	23	(1)
Light Meters	24	(6)
In-Camera and Hand-Held Light Meters	24	(1)
Incident- and Reflected-Light Meters	24	(1)
Angle of View	25	(1)
Light Meter Design	26	(2)
Choosing a Light Meter	28	(1)
Care and Handling of Meters	29	(1)
Operation of Reflected-Light Meters	30	(8)
Meter Response to Subject Tone	30	(2)
Metering Methods	32	(3)
Creative Use of Exposure	35	(1)
Determining Exposure Without a Meter	35	(1)
Exposure in Low Light	36	(2)
Camera and Lens	38	(22)
The Camera	39	(9)
Format Size	39	(1)
Camera Types	40	(2)
Specialized Cameras	42	(1)
Focusing Methods	42	(1)
Shutter	43	(1)
Motion Blur	44	(4)
The Lens	48	(8)
Image Formation	48	(1)
Focus	49	(1)
Lens Focal Length	50	(3)
Perspective	53	(1)
Aperture	54	(1)
Depth of Field	54	(2)
Equipment Purchase and Care	56	(4)
Camera Selection	56	(1)
Lens Selection	57	(1)
Camera Equipment Purchase	58	(1)
Camera and Lens Care and Maintenance	58	(2)
Developing Film	60	(18)
Developing Black-and-White Film	61	(11)
Equipment, Facilities, and Materials	61	(2)
Suggestions for Success	63	(1)
Health and Environmental Concerns	63	(1)
Photographic Chemicals	64	(2)
Loading Film into the Developing Tank	66	(1)
Film Processing	67	(5)
Commercial Labs for Film Processing	72	(1)
Effect of Development on the Negative	72	(6)
Amount of Development	72	(1)
Negative Contrast	73	(1)
Summary of Film Exposure and Development Effects	74	(3)
Control of Negative Quality through Exposure and Development	77	(1)
Printing Photographs	78	(28)
Black-and-White Printing papers	79	(3)
Characteristics	79	(3)
Storing and Handling Photographic Paper	82	(1)
Printing Paper Selection	82	(1)
Printing Equipment and Facilities	82	(3)
Darkroom	82	(1)
Enlarger	82	(1)
Other Darkroom Equipment	83	(2)
Black-and-White Chemistry	85	(13)
Developers	85	(1)
Stop Bath	85	(1)
Fixer	85	(1)
Washing Aids	85	(1)
Handling and Storage of Photographic Chemicals	85	(1)
Black-and-White Negative Printing	86	(1)
Enlarger Preparation	86	(1)
Contact Printing	87	(3)
Projection Printing	90	(8)
Black-and-White Print Processing	98	(3)
Print Processing Steps	98	(3)
Commercial Print Processing Labs	101	(1)
Print Finishing	102	(1)
Spotting Equipment and Supplies	102	(1)
Black-and-White Print Spotting Procedures	102	(1)
Print Presentation	103	(3)
Presentation Styles	103	(1)
Mounting Methods	104	(2)
Troubleshooting	106	(16)
Troubleshooting Charts	107	(13)
Film Exposure Problems	107	(4)
Film Handling Problems	111	(1)
Contrast Problems	112	(1)
Other Film Developing Problems	113	(2)
Printing Problems	115	(3)
Sharpness Problems	118	(1)
Grain Structure Problems	119	(1)
Testing Procedures	120	(2)
Visual Shutter and Aperture Check	120	(1)
Shutter Speed and Aperture Test	120	(1)
Camera Focus and Lens Sharpness Test	120	(1)
Enlarger Sharpness Test	121	(1)
Light Meter Testing	121	(1)
Professional Testing	121	(1)
Standard Negative	121	(1)
Light and Subject	122	(26)
Qualities of Light	124	(6)
Direction of Light	124	(2)
Lighting Contrast	126	(1)
Color of Light	127	(1)
Intensity of a Light Source	127	(1)
Specularity	128	(2)
Working with Light	130	(6)
Daylight Photography	131	(3)
Available-Light Photography	134	(2)
Controlled Artificial Lighting Techniques	136	(8)
Lighting Equipment	136	(1)
Portrait Lighting	137	(5)
Still Life Lighting	142	(2)
Lighting with Small On-Camera Electronic Flash Units	144	(4)
Connecting the lash to the Camera	144	(1)
Synchronizing the Flash with the Shutter	144	(1)
Determining the lash Exposure	145	(1)
Positioning and Modifying Flash	146	(1)
Stopping Motion with ElectronicFlash	147	(1)
Seeing Better Photographs	148	(24)
Nature of the Photographic Medium	150	(4)
Feeling of Reality	150	(1)
Time	151	(1)
Two-Dimensionality	151	(1)
Continuous Tonality	151	(1)
Reproducibility	151	(1)
Framing	151	(3)
Composition and Visual Selection	154	(16)
Visual Elements	154	(2)
Associations	156	(1)
Symbolism and Metaphor	156	(1)
Visual Attraction	157	(1)
Visual and Psychological Contrasts	158	(1)
Subjected Emphasis	159	(1)
Visual Structure	160	(4)
Perception of Depth	164	(1)
Photographs in Groups	165	(1)
Style	166	(1)
Purpose of a Photograph	167	(1)
Craft and Idea	168	(2)
Better Photographic Seeing	170	(2)
Practicing Photographic Seeing	170	(1)
Learning by Example	171	(1)
Presenting Your Work to Others	171	(1)
History of Photography	172	(24)
Technical History of Photography	173	(8)
The First Photograph	173	(1)
The Daguerreotype	174	(1)
The Calotype	175	(1)
Credit for the Invention of Photography	176	(1)
The Collodion Wet-Plate Process	177	(1)
Nonsilver Processes	178	(1)
The Evolution of Modern Film Processes	179	(2)
Electronic Imaging	181	(1)
Functional History of Photography	181	(8)
Portraiture and Social Photography	182	(1)
Travel, Exploration, and Nature Photography	183	(1)
Architectural Photography	184	(1)
Photojournalism and Documentary Photography	184	(2)
Snapshot Photography	186	(1)
Advertising and Fashion Photography	186	(1)
Industrial and Scientific Photography	187	(1)
Photography as Art	188	(1)
Aesthetic History of Photography	189	(7)
Pictorialism	190	(1)
Straight Photography	191	(2)
Bauhaus Movement	193	(1)
Social Landscape Photography	194	(1)
Conceptual Photography	194	(1)
Current Directions	194	(2)
Special Techniques	196	(16)
Special Shooting Techniques	197	(11)
Filters	197	(7)
Close-Up Photography	204	(2)
Special Films	206	(2)
Special Darkroom Techniques	208	(4)
Reticulation	208	(1)
Sabattier Effect	208	(1)
Photomontage	209	(1)
Continuous Tone Negative Printing	210	(1)
Photograms	210	(1)
Toning	210	(1)
Hand Coloring Black-and-White Prints	210	(2)
Digital Photography	212	(18)
What You Need to Get Started	213	(1)
Digital Image Production	214	(12)
Creating Digital Images	214	(1)
Storing Digital Images	215	(1)
Viewing Digital Images	216	(1)
Editing Digital Images	216	(8)
Outputting Digital Images	224	(2)
Electronic Distribution of Digital Images	226	(2)
Image Disks	226	(1)
Using the World Wide Web	226	(2)
Ethics and the Law in Digital Imaging	228	(2)
Truth and Photography	228	(1)
Copyright Law and Digital Imaging	229	(1)
Glossary	230	(7)
Bibliography	237	(2)
Index	239