Preface | p. xii |
The Scientific Method | p. 1 |
How Scientists Study Nature | p. 2 |
The Scientific Method | p. 2 |
Why Science Is Successful | p. 5 |
The Solar System | p. 8 |
A Survey of the Sky | p. 8 |
The Ptolemaic System | p. 10 |
The Copernican System | p. 12 |
Kepler's Laws | p. 14 |
Why Copernicus Was Right | p. 16 |
Universal Gravitation | p. 18 |
What Is Gravity? | p. 18 |
Why the Earth Is Round | p. 20 |
The Tides | p. 21 |
The Discovery of Neptune | p. 23 |
How Many of What | p. 24 |
The SI System | p. 24 |
Important Terms and Ideas | p. 27 |
Multiple Choice | p. 28 |
Exercises | p. 29 |
Motion | p. 31 |
Describing Motion | p. 32 |
Speed | p. 32 |
Vectors | p. 35 |
Acceleration | p. 36 |
Distance, Time, and Acceleration | p. 38 |
Acceleration of Gravity | p. 40 |
Free Fall | p. 40 |
Air Resistance | p. 44 |
Force and Motion | p. 46 |
First Law of Motion | p. 46 |
Mass | p. 47 |
Second Law of Motion | p. 48 |
Mass and Weight | p. 51 |
Third Law of Motion | p. 52 |
Gravitation | p. 54 |
Circular Motion | p. 54 |
Newton's Law of Gravity | p. 56 |
Artificial Satellites | p. 58 |
Important Terms and Ideas | p. 62 |
Important Formulas | p. 62 |
Multiple Choice | p. 62 |
Exercises | p. 65 |
Energy | p. 71 |
Work | p. 72 |
The Meaning of Work | p. 72 |
Power | p. 75 |
Energy | p. 76 |
Kinetic Energy | p. 76 |
Potential Energy | p. 79 |
Energy Transformations | p. 81 |
Conservation of Energy | p. 83 |
The Nature of Heat | p. 83 |
Momentum | p. 84 |
Linear Momentum | p. 85 |
Rockets | p. 88 |
Angular Momentum | p. 88 |
Relativity | p. 90 |
Special Relativity | p. 91 |
Rest Energy | p. 92 |
General Relativity | p. 95 |
Energy and Civilization | p. 97 |
The Energy Problem | p. 97 |
The Future | p. 100 |
Important Terms and Ideas | p. 104 |
Important Formulas | p. 104 |
Multiple Choice | p. 105 |
Exercises | p. 107 |
Matter and Heat | p. 111 |
Temperature and Heat | p. 112 |
Temperature | p. 112 |
Heat | p. 115 |
Metabolic Energy | p. 117 |
Fluids | p. 119 |
Density | p. 119 |
Pressure | p. 120 |
Buoyancy | p. 123 |
The Gas Laws | p. 126 |
Kinetic Theory of Matter | p. 130 |
Kinetic Theory of Gases | p. 131 |
Molecular Motion and Temperature | p. 132 |
Changes of State | p. 134 |
Liquids and Solids | p. 134 |
Evaporation and Boiling | p. 135 |
Melting | p. 137 |
Energy Transformations | p. 140 |
Heat Engines | p. 140 |
Thermodynamics | p. 142 |
Fate of The Universe | p. 145 |
Entropy | p. 145 |
Important Terms and Ideas | p. 147 |
Important Formulas | p. 148 |
Multiple Choice | p. 148 |
Exercises | p. 151 |
Electricity and Magnetism | p. 157 |
Electric Charge | p. 158 |
Positive and Negative Charge | p. 158 |
What Is Charge? | p. 160 |
Coulomb's Law | p. 162 |
Force on an Uncharged Object | p. 164 |
Electricity and Matter | p. 165 |
Matter in Bulk | p. 165 |
Conductors and Insulators | p. 166 |
Superconductivity | p. 168 |
Electric Current | p. 169 |
The Ampere | p. 169 |
Potential Difference | p. 171 |
Ohm's Law | p. 174 |
Electric Power | p. 175 |
Magnetism | p. 178 |
Magnets | p. 179 |
Magnetic Field | p. 180 |
Oersted's Experiment | p. 181 |
Electromagnets | p. 184 |
Using Magnetism | p. 185 |
Magnetic Force on a Current | p. 185 |
Electric Motors | p. 187 |
Electromagnetic Induction | p. 188 |
Transformers | p. 191 |
Important Terms and Ideas | p. 193 |
Important Formulas | p. 194 |
Multiple Choice | p. 194 |
Exercises | p. 197 |
Wave | p. 201 |
Wave Motion | p. 202 |
Water Waves | p. 202 |
Transverse and Longitudinal Waves | p. 203 |
Describing Waves | p. 204 |
Standing Waves | p. 207 |
Sound Waves | p. 208 |
Sound | p. 208 |
Doppler Effect | p. 210 |
Musical Sounds | p. 211 |
Electromagnetic Waves | p. 214 |
Electromagnetic Waves | p. 214 |
Types of EM Waves | p. 216 |
Light "Rays" | p. 219 |
Wave Behavior | p. 219 |
Reflection | p. 219 |
Refraction | p. 220 |
Lenses | p. 224 |
The Eye | p. 228 |
Color | p. 231 |
Interference | p. 234 |
Diffraction | p. 237 |
Important Terms and Ideas | p. 239 |
Important Formulas | p. 240 |
Multiple Choice | p. 240 |
Exercises | p. 243 |
The Nucleus | p. 247 |
Atom and Nucleus | p. 248 |
Rutherford Model of the Atom | p. 248 |
Nuclear Structure | p. 250 |
Radioactivity | p. 252 |
Radioactive Decay | p. 253 |
Half-Life | p. 256 |
Radiation Hazards | p. 257 |
Nuclear Energy | p. 259 |
Units of Mass and Energy | p. 259 |
Binding Energy | p. 260 |
Binding Energy per Nucleon | p. 262 |
Fission and Fusion | p. 263 |
Nuclear Fission | p. 263 |
How a Reactor Works | p. 266 |
Plutonium | p. 267 |
A Nuclear World? | p. 267 |
Nuclear Fusion | p. 271 |
Elementary Particles | p. 274 |
Antiparticles | p. 274 |
Fundamental Interactions | p. 276 |
Leptons and Hadrons | p. 279 |
A Physicist at Work | p. 280 |
Important Terms and Ideas | p. 282 |
Multiple Choice | p. 282 |
Exercises | p. 284 |
The Atom | p. 287 |
Quantum Theory of Light | p. 288 |
Photoelectric Effect | p. 288 |
Photons | p. 289 |
What Is Light? | p. 292 |
X-Rays | p. 293 |
Matter Waves | p. 295 |
De Broglie Waves | p. 295 |
Waves of What? | p. 297 |
Uncertainty Principle | p. 298 |
The Hydrogen Atom | p. 300 |
Atomic Spectra | p. 300 |
The Bohr Model | p. 302 |
Electron Waves and Orbits | p. 305 |
The Laser | p. 306 |
Quantum Theory of the Atom | p. 310 |
Quantum Mechanics | p. 310 |
Quantum Numbers | p. 311 |
Exclusion Principle | p. 313 |
Important Terms and Ideas | p. 314 |
Important Formulas | p. 314 |
Multiple Choice | p. 315 |
Exercises | p. 317 |
The Periodic Law | p. 321 |
Elements and Compounds | p. 322 |
Chemical Change | p. 322 |
Three Classes of Matter | p. 323 |
The Atomic Theory | p. 326 |
The Periodic Law | p. 328 |
Metals and Nonmetals | p. 328 |
Chemical Activity | p. 329 |
Families of Elements | p. 330 |
The Periodic Table | p. 332 |
Groups and Periods | p. 335 |
Atomic Structure | p. 337 |
Shells and Subshells | p. 337 |
Explaining the Periodic Table | p. 338 |
Chemical Bonds | p. 341 |
Types of Bond | p. 341 |
Covalent Bonding | p. 342 |
Ionic Bonding | p. 344 |
Ionic Compounds | p. 345 |
Atom Groups | p. 346 |
Naming Compounds | p. 347 |
Chemical Equations | p. 348 |
Important Terms and Ideas | p. 350 |
Multiple Choice | p. 351 |
Exercises | p. 353 |
Crystals, Ions, and Solutions | p. 357 |
Solids | p. 358 |
Ionic and Covalent Crystals | p. 359 |
The Metallic Bond | p. 361 |
Molecular Crystals | p. 363 |
Solutions | p. 366 |
Solubility | p. 366 |
Polar and Nonpolar Liquids | p. 369 |
Ions in Solution | p. 371 |
Evidence for Dissociation | p. 373 |
Water | p. 374 |
Water Pollution | p. 378 |
Acids and Bases | p. 381 |
Acids | p. 381 |
Strong and Weak Acids | p. 382 |
Bases | p. 383 |
The pH Scale | p. 384 |
Salts | p. 385 |
Important Terms and Ideas | p. 387 |
Multiple Choice | p. 387 |
Exercises | p. 390 |
Chemical Reactions | p. 393 |
Quantitative Chemistry | p. 394 |
Phlogiston | p. 394 |
Oxygen | p. 397 |
The Mole | p. 399 |
Formula Units | p. 400 |
Chemical Energy | p. 402 |
Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions | p. 403 |
Chemical Energy and Stability | p. 405 |
Activation Energy | p. 406 |
Fuels | p. 407 |
Liquid Fuels | p. 407 |
Gas Fuels | p. 410 |
Solid Fuels | p. 413 |
Reaction Rates | p. 416 |
Temperature and Reaction Rates | p. 416 |
Other Factors | p. 417 |
A Chemist at Work | p. 418 |
Chemical Equilibrium | p. 420 |
Altering an Equilibrium | p. 421 |
Oxidation and Reduction | p. 422 |
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions | p. 422 |
Electrochemical Cells | p. 425 |
Important Terms and Ideas | p. 428 |
Multiple Choice | p. 428 |
Exercises | p. 431 |
Organic Chemistry | p. 435 |
Carbon Compounds | p. 436 |
Carbon Bonds | p. 436 |
Alkanes | p. 437 |
Petroleum Products | p. 438 |
Structures of Organic Molecules | p. 442 |
Structural Formulas | p. 442 |
Isomers | p. 443 |
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons | p. 444 |
Benzene | p. 446 |
Organic Compounds | p. 447 |
Hydrocarbon Groups | p. 447 |
Functional Groups | p. 448 |
Polymers | p. 452 |
Chemistry of Life | p. 457 |
Carbohydrates | p. 457 |
Photosynthesis | p. 460 |
Lipids | p. 461 |
Proteins | p. 462 |
Soil Nitrogen | p. 463 |
Nucleic Acids | p. 466 |
Origin of Life | p. 468 |
Important Terms and Ideas | p. 470 |
Multiple Choice | p. 471 |
Exercises | p. 473 |
Atmosphere and Hydrosphere | p. 475 |
The Atmosphere | p. 476 |
Regions of the Atmosphere | p. 476 |
Atmospheric Moisture | p. 480 |
Clouds | p. 481 |
Weather | p. 484 |
Atmospheric Energy | p. 485 |
The Seasons | p. 488 |
Winds | p. 489 |
General Circulation of the Atmosphere | p. 491 |
Middle-Latitude Weather Systems | p. 494 |
Climate | p. 500 |
Tropical Climates | p. 500 |
Middle-Latitude Climates | p. 502 |
Climate Change | p. 503 |
Origins of Climate Change | p. 506 |
The Hydrosphere | p. 510 |
Ocean Basins | p. 510 |
Ocean Currents | p. 513 |
Important Terms and Ideas | p. 515 |
Multiple Choice | p. 516 |
Exercises | p. 518 |
The Rock Cycle | p. 521 |
Rocks | p. 522 |
Composition of the Crust | p. 522 |
Minerals | p. 524 |
Igneous Rocks | p. 526 |
Sedimentary Rocks | p. 528 |
Metamorphic Rocks | p. 530 |
Within the Earth | p. 531 |
Earthquakes | p. 532 |
A Geophysicist at Work | p. 535 |
Structure of the Earth | p. 536 |
The Earth's Interior | p. 540 |
Geomagnetism | p. 541 |
Erosion | p. 542 |
Weathering | p. 543 |
Stream Erosion | p. 545 |
Glaciers | p. 546 |
Groundwater | p. 549 |
Sedimentation | p. 550 |
Vulcanism | p. 554 |
Volcanoes | p. 554 |
Intrusive Rocks | p. 558 |
The Rock Cycle | p. 560 |
Important Terms and Ideas | p. 561 |
Multiple Choice | p. 561 |
Exercises | p. 564 |
The Evolving Earth | p. 567 |
Tectonic Movement | p. 568 |
Types of Deformation | p. 568 |
Mountain Building | p. 570 |
Continental Drift | p. 571 |
Plate Tectonics | p. 575 |
Lithosphere and Asthenosphere | p. 575 |
The Ocean Floors | p. 576 |
Ocean-Floor Spreading | p. 577 |
Plate Tectonics | p. 579 |
Methods of Historical Geology | p. 588 |
Principle of Uniform Change | p. 588 |
Rock Formations | p. 591 |
Radiometric Dating | p. 592 |
Fossils | p. 594 |
Geologic Time | p. 596 |
Earth History | p. 597 |
Precambrian Time | p. 599 |
The Paleozoic Era | p. 600 |
Coal and Petroleum | p. 602 |
The Mesozoic Era | p. 604 |
The Cenozoic Era | p. 608 |
Human History | p. 610 |
Important Terms and Ideas | p. 613 |
Multiple Choice | p. 614 |
Exercises | p. 616 |
The Family of the Sun | p. 620 |
The Solar System | p. 621 |
Comets | p. 622 |
Meteors | p. 626 |
The Inner Planets | p. 629 |
Mercury | p. 629 |
Venus | p. 630 |
Mars | p. 633 |
Is There Life on Mars? | p. 637 |
Asteroids | p. 639 |
The Outer Planets | p. 643 |
Jupiter | p. 643 |
Saturn | p. 646 |
Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, and More | p. 649 |
The Moon | p. 653 |
Phases of the Moon | p. 653 |
Eclipses | p. 655 |
The Lunar Surface | p. 657 |
Evolution of the Lunar Landscape | p. 660 |
Origin of the Moon | p. 661 |
Important Terms and Ideas | p. 662 |
Multiple Choice | p. 663 |
Exercises | p. 665 |
The Stars | p. 667 |
Tools of Astronomy | p. 668 |
The Telescope | p. 668 |
The Spectrometer | p. 670 |
Spectrum Analysis | p. 671 |
The Sun | p. 673 |
Properties of the Sun | p. 673 |
The Aurora | p. 675 |
Sunspots | p. 677 |
Solar Energy | p. 679 |
The Stars | p. 682 |
Stellar Distances | p. 682 |
Variable Stars | p. 683 |
Stellar Motions | p. 685 |
Stellar Properties | p. 685 |
Life Histories of the Stars | p. 686 |
H-R Diagram | p. 687 |
Stellar Evolution | p. 689 |
Supernovas | p. 692 |
Pulsars | p. 693 |
Black Holes | p. 694 |
Important Terms and Ideas | p. 696 |
Multiple Choice | p. 697 |
Exercises | p. 699 |
The Universe | p. 701 |
Galaxies | p. 702 |
The Milky Way | p. 702 |
Stellar Populations | p. 705 |
Radio Astronomy | p. 706 |
Galaxies | p. 708 |
Cosmic Rays | p. 711 |
The Expanding Universe | p. 712 |
Red Shifts | p. 712 |
Quasars | p. 715 |
Evolution of the Universe | p. 716 |
Dating the Universe | p. 716 |
An Astronomer at Work | p. 718 |
After the Big Bang | p. 719 |
Origin of the Solar System | p. 723 |
Extraterrestrial Life | p. 725 |
Extrasolar Planets | p. 725 |
Interstellar Travel | p. 727 |
Interstellar Communication | p. 728 |
Important Terms and Ideas | p. 730 |
Multiple Choice | p. 730 |
Exercises | p. 733 |
Math Refresher | p. A-1 |
The Elements | p. A-12 |
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises | p. A-13 |
Glossary | p. A-31 |
Photo Credits | p. C-1 |
Index | p. I-1 |
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