Physics

by Walker, James S.

• ISBN13: 9780131536319
• ISBN10: 0131536311
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Benjamin Cummings

Summary

Walker uses an integrated "suite" of tools, worked Examples, Active Examples, and Conceptual Checkpoints, to make conceptual understanding an integral part of solving quantitative problems. The pedagogy and approach are based on over 20 years of teaching and reflect the results of physics education research.

Table of Contents

Applications in the Text	xxiii
Preface: To the Instructor	xxvii
Preface: To the Student	xli
Guide to Features of the Text	xlii
Introduction to Physics	1	(16)
Physics and the Laws of Nature	2	(1)
Units of Length, Mass, and Time	2	(2)
Dimensional Analysis	4	(1)
Significant Figures	5	(3)
Converting Units	8	(2)
Order-of-Magnitude Calculations	10	(1)
Scalars and Vectors	11	(1)
Problem Solving in Physics	11	(6)
Chapter Summary	13	(1)
Conceptual Questions	14	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	14	(1)
Problems	14	(3)
PART I MECHANICS
One-Dimensional Kinematics	17	(38)
Position, Distance, and Displacement	18	(1)
Average Speed and Velocity	19	(4)
Instantaneous Velocity	23	(2)
Acceleration	25	(4)
Motion with Constant Acceleration	29	(6)
Applications of the Equations of Motion	35	(2)
Freely Falling Objects	37	(18)
Chapter Summary	43	(2)
Problem-Solving Summary	45	(1)
Conceptual Questions	46	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	46	(1)
Problems	47	(8)
Vectors in Physics	55	(24)
Scalars Versus Vectors	56	(1)
The Components of a Vector	56	(5)
Adding and Subtracting Vectors	61	(3)
Unit Vectors	64	(1)
Position, Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors	65	(4)
Relative Motion	69	(10)
Chapter Summary	72	(1)
Problem-Solving Summary	73	(1)
Conceptual Questions	73	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	74	(1)
Problems	74	(5)
Two-Dimensional Kinematics	79	(28)
Motion in Two Dimensions	80	(3)
Projectile Motion: Basic Equations	83	(1)
Zero Launch Angle	84	(5)
General Launch Angle	89	(4)
Projectile Motion: Key Characteristics	93	(14)
Chapter Summary	97	(2)
Problem-Solving Summary	99	(1)
Conceptual Questions	99	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	100	(1)
Problems	101	(6)
Newton's Laws of Motion	107	(34)
Force and Mass	108	(1)
Newton's First Law of Motion	108	(2)
Newton's Second Law of Motion	110	(8)
Newton's Third Law of Motion	118	(3)
The Vector Nature of Forces: Forces in Two Dimensions	121	(3)
Weight	124	(4)
Normal Forces	128	(13)
Chapter Summary	132	(1)
Problem-Solving Summary	133	(1)
Conceptual Questions	133	(2)
Conceptual Exercises	135	(1)
Problems	136	(5)
Applications of Newton's Laws	141	(38)
Frictional Forces	142	(8)
Strings and Springs	150	(4)
Translational Equilibrium	154	(4)
Connected Objects	158	(4)
Circular Motion	162	(17)
Chapter Summary	167	(1)
Problem-Solving Summary	168	(1)
Conceptual Questions	168	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	169	(1)
Problems	170	(9)
Work and Kinetic Energy	179	(25)
Work Done by a Constant Force	180	(6)
Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem	186	(4)
Work Done by a Variable Force	190	(5)
Power	195	(9)
Chapter Summary	197	(1)
Problem-Solving Summary	198	(1)
Conceptual Questions	199	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	199	(1)
Problems	200	(4)
Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy	204	(36)
Conservative and Nonconservative Forces	205	(3)
Potential Energy and the Work Done by Conservative Forces	208	(6)
Conservation of Mechanical Energy	214	(8)
Work Done by Nonconservative Forces	222	(5)
Potential Energy Curves and Equipotentials	227	(13)
Chapter Summary	230	(1)
Problem-Solving Summary	231	(1)
Conceptual Questions	231	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	232	(1)
Problems	233	(7)
Linear Momentum and Collisions	240	(41)
Linear Momentum	241	(2)
Momentum and Newton's Second Law	243	(1)
Impulse	244	(4)
Conservation of Linear Momentum	248	(5)
Inelastic Collisions	253	(6)
Elastic Collisions	259	(5)
Center of Mass	264	(5)
Systems with Changing Mass: Rocket Propulsion	269	(12)
Chapter Summary	271	(2)
Problem-Solving Summary	273	(1)
Conceptual Questions	273	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	274	(1)
Problems	275	(6)
Rotational Kinematics and Energy	281	(34)
Angular Position, Velocity, and Acceleration	282	(4)
Rotational Kinematics	286	(3)
Connections Between Linear and Rotational Quantities	289	(5)
Rolling Motion	294	(1)
Rotational Kinetic Energy and the Moment of Inertia	295	(4)
Conservation of Energy	299	(16)
Chapter Summary	304	(2)
Problem-Solving Summary	306	(1)
Conceptual Questions	307	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	307	(1)
Problems	308	(7)
Rotational Dynamics and Static Equilibrium	315	(43)
Torque	316	(3)
Torque and Angular Acceleration	319	(4)
Zero Torque and Static Equilibrium	323	(7)
Center of Mass and Balance	330	(3)
Dynamic Applications of Torque	333	(2)
Angular Momentum	335	(3)
Conservation of Angular Momentum	338	(5)
Rotational Work and Power	343	(1)
The Vector Nature of Rotational Motion	344	(14)
Chapter Summary	346	(2)
Problem-Solving Summary	348	(1)
Conceptual Questions	348	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	348	(2)
Problems	350	(8)
Gravity	358	(36)
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation	359	(3)
Gravitational Attraction of Spherical Bodies	362	(5)
Kepler's Laws of Orbital Motion	367	(7)
Gravitational Potential Energy	374	(3)
Energy Conservation	377	(7)
Tides	384	(10)
Chapter Summary	386	(2)
Problem-Solving Summary	388	(1)
Conceptual Questions	388	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	388	(1)
Problems	389	(5)
Oscillations About Equilibrium	394	(36)
Periodic Motion	395	(1)
Simple Harmonic Motion	396	(3)
Connections Between Uniform Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion	399	(6)
The Period of a Mass on a Spring	405	(4)
Energy Conservation in Oscillatory Motion	409	(3)
The Pendulum	412	(6)
Damped Oscillations	418	(1)
Driven Oscillations and Resonance	419	(11)
Chapter Summary	421	(2)
Problem-Solving Summary	423	(1)
Conceptual Questions	423	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	424	(1)
Problems	425	(5)
Waves and Sound	430	(46)
Types of Waves	431	(2)
Waves on a String	433	(3)
Harmonic Wave Functions	436	(1)
Sound Waves	437	(4)
Sound Intensity	441	(5)
The Doppler Effect	446	(6)
Superposition and Interference	452	(3)
Standing Waves	455	(8)
Beats	463	(13)
Chapter Summary	465	(3)
Problem-Solving Summary	468	(1)
Conceptual Questions	468	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	468	(1)
Problems	469	(7)
Fluids	476	(38)
Density	477	(1)
Pressure	477	(4)
Static Equilibrium in Fluids: Pressure and Depth	481	(5)
Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy	486	(2)
Applications of Archimedes' Principle	488	(5)
Fluid Flow and Continuity	493	(2)
Bernoulli's Equation	495	(3)
Applications of Bernoulli's Equation	498	(3)
Viscosity and Surface Tension	501	(13)
Chapter Summary	504	(2)
Problem-Solving Summary	506	(1)
Conceptual Questions	506	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	507	(1)
Problems	508	(6)
PART II THERMAL PHYSICS
Temperature and Heat	514	(34)
Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics	515	(1)
Temperature Scales	516	(4)
Thermal Expansion	520	(6)
Heat and Mechanical Work	526	(2)
Specific Heats	528	(3)
Conduction, Convection, and Radiation	531	(17)
Chapter Summary	539	(2)
Problem-Solving Summary	541	(1)
Conceptual Questions	541	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	542	(1)
Problems	543	(5)
Phases and Phase Changes	548	(37)
Ideal Gases	549	(6)
Kinetic Theory	555	(5)
Solids and Elastic Deformation	560	(5)
Phase Equilibrium and Evaporation	565	(6)
Latent Heats	571	(3)
Phase Changes and Energy Conservation	574	(11)
Chapter Summary	576	(2)
Problem-Solving Summary	578	(1)
Conceptual Questions	578	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	579	(1)
Problems	579	(6)
The Laws of Thermodynamics	585	(40)
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics	586	(1)
The First Law of Thermodynamics	586	(2)
Thermal Processes	588	(8)
Specific Heats for an Ideal Gas: Constant Pressure, Constant Volume	596	(4)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics	600	(1)
Heat Engines and the Carnot Cycle	600	(4)
Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps	604	(4)
Entropy	608	(4)
Order, Disorder, and Entropy	612	(2)
The Third Law of Thermodynamics	614	(11)
Chapter Summary	615	(2)
Problem-Solving Summary	617	(1)
Conceptual Questions	617	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	618	(1)
Problems	619	(6)
PART III ELECTROMAGNETISM
Electric Charges, Forces, and Fields	625	(37)
Electric Charge	626	(3)
Insulators and Conductors	629	(1)
Coulomb's Law	630	(7)
The Electric Field	637	(6)
Electric Field Lines	643	(3)
Shielding and Charging by Induction	646	(3)
Electric Flux and Gauss's Law	649	(13)
Chapter Summary	653	(1)
Problem-Solving Summary	654	(1)
Conceptual Questions	655	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	655	(2)
Problems	657	(5)
Electric Potential and Electric Potential Energy	662	(33)
Electric Potential Energy and the Electric Potential	663	(3)
Energy Conservation	666	(3)
The Electric Potential of Point Charges	669	(4)
Equipotential Surfaces and the Electric Field	673	(4)
Capacitors and Dielectrics	677	(6)
Electrical Energy Storage	683	(12)
Chapter Summary	685	(2)
Problem-Solving Summary	687	(1)
Conceptual Questions	687	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	688	(1)
Problems	689	(6)
Electric Current and Direct-Current Circuits	695	(37)
Electric Current	696	(3)
Resistance and Ohm's Law	699	(3)
Energy and Power in Electric Circuits	702	(3)
Resistors in Series and Parallel	705	(6)
Kirchhoff's Rules	711	(3)
Circuits Containing Capacitors	714	(3)
RC Circuits	717	(3)
Ammeters and Voltmeters	720	(12)
Chapter Summary	721	(2)
Problem-Solving Summary	723	(1)
Conceptual Questions	724	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	724	(2)
Problems	726	(6)
Magnetism	732	(36)
The Magnetic Field	733	(2)
The Magnetic Force on Moving Charges	735	(4)
The Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field	739	(5)
The Magnetic Force Exerted on a Current-Carrying Wire	744	(2)
Loops of Current and Magnetic Torque	746	(2)
Electric Currents, Magnetic Fields, and Ampere's Law	748	(4)
Current Loops and Solenoids	752	(3)
Magnetism in Matter	755	(13)
Chapter Summary	757	(3)
Problem-Solving Summary	760	(1)
Conceptual Questions	760	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	760	(2)
Problems	762	(6)
Magnetic Flux and Faraday's Law of Induction	768	(35)
Induced Electromotive Force	769	(1)
Magnetic Flux	770	(2)
Faraday's Law of Induction	772	(3)
Lenz's Law	775	(3)
Mechanical Work and Electrical Energy	778	(3)
Generators and Motors	781	(3)
Inductance	784	(3)
RL Circuits	787	(1)
Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field	788	(2)
Transformers	790	(13)
Chapter Summary	793	(2)
Problem-Solving Summary	795	(1)
Conceptual Questions	795	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	796	(1)
Problems	797	(6)
Alternating-Current Circuits	803	(34)
Alternating Voltages and Currents	804	(5)
Capacitors in AC Circuits	809	(3)
RC Circuits	812	(5)
Inductors in AC Circuits	817	(3)
RLC Circuits	820	(4)
Resonance in Electrical Circuits	824	(13)
Chapter Summary	829	(2)
Problem-Solving Summary	831	(1)
Conceptual Questions	831	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	831	(1)
Problems	832	(5)
PART IV LIGHT AND OPTICS
Electromagnetic Waves	837	(33)
The Production of Electromagnetic Waves	838	(3)
The Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves	841	(4)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum	845	(4)
Energy and Momentum in Electromagnetic Waves	849	(4)
Polarization	853	(17)
Chapter Summary	860	(2)
Problem-Solving Summary	862	(1)
Conceptual Questions	863	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	863	(1)
Problems	864	(6)
Geometrical Optics	870	(39)
The Reflection of Light	871	(1)
Forming Images with a Plane Mirror	872	(3)
Spherical Mirrors	875	(2)
Ray Tracing and the Mirror Equation	877	(7)
The Refraction of Light	884	(7)
Ray Tracing for Lenses	891	(3)
The Thin-Lens Equation	894	(2)
Dispersion and the Rainbow	896	(13)
Chapter Summary	898	(2)
Problem-Solving Summary	900	(1)
Conceptual Questions	900	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	901	(1)
Problems	902	(7)
Optical Instruments	909	(28)
The Human Eye and the Camera	910	(3)
Lenses in Combination and Corrective Optics	913	(6)
The Magnifying Glass	919	(4)
The Compound Microscope	923	(1)
Telescopes	924	(3)
Lens Aberrations	927	(10)
Chapter Summary	928	(2)
Problem-Solving Summary	930	(1)
Conceptual Questions	930	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	930	(1)
Problems	931	(6)
Physical Optics: Interference and Diffraction	937	(33)
Superposition and Interference	938	(2)
Young's Two-Slit Experiment	940	(4)
Interference in Reflected Waves	944	(6)
Diffraction	950	(4)
Resolution	954	(3)
Diffraction Gratings	957	(13)
Chapter Summary	961	(2)
Problem-Solving Summary	963	(1)
Conceptual Questions	963	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	964	(1)
Problems	964	(6)
PART V MODERN PHYSICS
Relativity	970	(33)
The Postulates of Special Relativity	971	(1)
The Relativity of Time and Time Dilation	972	(6)
The Relativity of Length and Length Contraction	978	(3)
The Relativistic Addition of Velocities	981	(2)
Relativistic Momentum	983	(3)
Relativistic Energy and E = mc2	986	(5)
The Relativistic Universe	991	(1)
General Relativity	991	(12)
Chapter Summary	995	(2)
Problem-Solving Summary	997	(1)
Conceptual Questions	998	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	998	(1)
Problems	998	(5)
Quantum Physics	1003	(31)
Blackbody Radiation and Planck's Hypothesis of Quantized Energy	1004	(3)
Photons and the Photoelectric Effect	1007	(6)
The Mass and Momentum of a Photon	1013	(1)
Photon Scattering and the Compton Effect	1014	(3)
The de Broglie Hypothesis and Wave-Particle Duality	1017	(4)
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle	1021	(4)
Quantum Tunneling	1025	(9)
Chapter Summary	1026	(2)
Problem-Solving Summary	1028	(1)
Conceptual Questions	1028	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	1029	(1)
Problems	1030	(4)
Atomic Physics	1034	(37)
Early Models of the Atom	1035	(1)
The Spectrum of Atomic Hydrogen	1036	(3)
Bohr's Model of the Hydrogen Atom	1039	(7)
de Broglie Waves and the Bohr Model	1046	(1)
The Quantum Mechanical Hydrogen Atom	1047	(3)
Multielectron Atoms and the Periodic Table	1050	(5)
Atomic Radiation	1055	(16)
Chapter Summary	1064	(2)
Problem-Solving Summary	1066	(1)
Conceptual Questions	1067	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	1067	(1)
Problems	1067	(4)
Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Radiation	1071
The Constituents and Structure of Nuclei	1072	(4)
Radioactivity	1076	(7)
Half-Life and Radioactive Dating	1083	(6)
Nuclear Binding Energy	1089	(1)
Nuclear Fission	1090	(3)
Nuclear Fusion	1093	(2)
Practical Applications of Nuclear Physics	1095	(4)
Elementary Particles	1099	(3)
Unified Forces and Cosmology	1102
Chapter Summary	1103	(2)
Problem-Solving Summary	1105	(1)
Conceptual Questions	1106	(1)
Conceptual Exercises	1106	(1)
Problems	1107
Appendices
Ap pendix A. Basic Mathematical Tools	1	(10)
Appendix B. Typical Values	11	(1)
Appendix C. Planetary Data	12	(1)
Appendix D. Elements of Electrical Circuits	13	(1)
Appendix E. Periodic Table of the Elements	14	(1)
Appendix F. Properties of Selected Isotopes	15
Answers to Your Turn Problems	1	(4)
Answers to Odd-Numbered Conceptual Questions	5	(8)
Answers to Odd-Numbered Conceptual Exercises	13	(10)
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems	23
Photo Credits	1	(1)
Index	1