Physiology of Behavior

by Carlson, Neil R.

• ISBN13: 9780205467242
• ISBN10: 0205467245
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

The latest discoveries in the rapidly changing fields of neuroscience and physiological psychology are all incorporated in The Ninth Edition of Physiology of Behavior. This classic text continues its tradition as the most comprehensive, current, and teachable text for physiological psychology. Thoughtfully organized, this text offers scholarly, yet accessible coverage and effectively emphasizes the dynamic interaction between biology and behavior. Collaboration with a talented artist has provided beautiful, accurate, and informative full-color illustrations that further enhance the appeal to both students and professors alike. Case studies and a CD of animations bring all the concepts to life. Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System, Psychopharmacology, Methods and Strategies of Research, Vision, Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses, Control of Movement, Sleep and Biological Rhythms, Reproductive Behavior, Emotion, Ingestive Behavior, Learning and Memory, Human Communication, Neurological Disorders, Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, Autistic Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Stress Disorders, and Drug Abuse Physiological Psychology and Neuropsychology

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Introduction	2	(26)
Understanding Human Consciousness: A Physiological Approach	4	(5)
Blindsight	5	(1)
Split Brains	5	(2)
Unilateral Neglect	7	(2)
Interim Summary	9	(1)
The Nature of Physiological Psychology	9	(14)
The Goals of Research	10	(1)
Biological Roots of Physiological Psychology	11	(3)
Interim Summary	14	(1)
Natural Selection and Evolution	14	(1)
Functionalism and the Inheritance of Traits	14	(3)
Evolution of the Human Species	17	(2)
Evolution of Large Brains	19	(3)
Interim Summary	22	(1)
Ethical Issues in Research with Animals	23	(1)
Careers in Neuroscience	24	(2)
Interim Summary	25	(1)
Strategies for Learning	26	(1)
Suggested Readings	27	(1)
Additional Resources	27	(1)
Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System	28	(40)
Cells of the Nervous System	30	(12)
Neurons	30	(6)
Supporting Cells	36	(4)
The Blood-Brain Barrier	40	(1)
Interim Summary	41	(1)
Communication within a Neuron	42	(11)
Neural Communication: An Overview	42	(1)
Measuring Electrical Potentials of Axons	43	(2)
The Membrane Potential: Balance of Two Forces	45	(2)
The Action Potential	47	(2)
Conduction of the Action Potential	49	(3)
Interim Summary	52	(1)
Communication Between Neurons	53	(14)
Structure of Synapses	53	(1)
Release of Neurotransmitter	54	(3)
Activation of Receptors	57	(3)
Postsynaptic Potentials	60	(1)
Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials	61	(1)
Effects of Postsynaptic Potentials: Neural Integration	62	(1)
Autoreceptors	63	(1)
Other Types of Synapses	63	(1)
Nonsynaptic Chemical Communication	64	(2)
Interim Summary	66	(1)
Suggested Readings	67	(1)
Additional Resources	67	(1)
Structure of the Nervous System	68	(34)
Basic Features of the Nervous System	69	(8)
An Overview	72	(1)
Meninges	72	(2)
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF	74	(2)
Interim Summary	76	(1)
The Central Nervous System	77	(19)
Development of the Central Nervous System	77	(6)
The Forebrain	83	(8)
The Midbrain	91	(2)
The Hindbrain	93	(1)
The Spinal Cord	93	(2)
Interim Summary	95	(1)
The Peripheral Nervous System	96	(5)
Spinal Nerves	96	(1)
Cranial Nerves	97	(1)
The Autonomic Nervous System	98	(2)
Interim Summary	100	(1)
Suggested Readings	101	(1)
Additional Resources	101	(1)
Psychopharmacology	102	(32)
Principles of Psychopharmacology	104	(6)
Pharmacokinetics	104	(3)
Drug Effectiveness	107	(1)
Effects of Repeated Administration	108	(1)
Placebo Effects	109	(1)
Interim Summary	109	(1)
Sites of Drug Action	110	(4)
Effects on Production of Neurotransmitters	110	(1)
Effects on Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters	110	(1)
Effect on Receptors	111	(2)
Effects on Reuptake or Destruction of Neurotransmitters	113	(1)
Interim Summary	113	(1)
Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators	114	(18)
Acetylcholine	114	(4)
The Monoamines	118	(7)
Amino Acids	125	(3)
Peptides	128	(1)
Lipids	129	(1)
Nucleosides	130	(1)
Soluble Gases	131	(1)
Interim Summary	131	(1)
Suggested Readings	132	(1)
Additional Resources	132	(2)
Methods and Strategies of Research	134	(34)
Experimental Ablation	135	(15)
Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage	136	(1)
Producing Brain Lesions	137	(1)
Sterotaxic Surgery	138	(2)
Histological Methods	140	(3)
Tracing Neural Connections	143	(4)
Study of the Living Human Brain	147	(2)
Interim Summary	149	(1)
Recording and Stimulating Neural Activity	150	(10)
Recording of Neural Activity	150	(3)
Recording the Brain's Metabolic and Synaptic Activity	153	(2)
Measuring the Brain's Secretions	155	(1)
Stimulating Neural Activity	156	(2)
Behavioral Effects of Electrical Brain Stimulation	158	(1)
Interim Summary	159	(1)
Neurochemical Methods	160	(4)
Finding Neurons That Produce Particular Neurochemicals	160	(2)
Localizing Particular Receptors	162	(2)
Interim Summary	164	(1)
Genetic Methods	164	(3)
Twin Studies	165	(1)
Adoption Studies	165	(1)
Targeted Mutations	166	(1)
Antisense Oligonucleotides	166	(1)
Interim Summary	166	(1)
Suggested Readings	167	(1)
Additional Resources	167	(1)
Vision	168	(42)
The Stimulus	170	(1)
Anatomy of the Visual System	171	(7)
The Eyes	171	(2)
Photoreceptors	173	(3)
Connections Between Eye and Brain	176	(2)
Interim Summary	178	(1)
Coding of Visual Information in the Retina	178	(7)
Coding of Light and Dark	178	(2)
Coding of Color	180	(4)
Interim Summary	184	(1)
Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Striate Cortex	185	(6)
Anatomy of the Striate Cortex	185	(1)
Orientation and Movement	185	(1)
Spatial Frequency	186	(2)
Retinal Disparity	188	(1)
Color	189	(1)
Modular Organization of the Striate Cortex	189	(2)
Interim Summary	191	(1)
Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Visual Association Cortex	191	(17)
Two Streams of Visual Analysis	191	(2)
Perception of Color	193	(2)
Perception of Form	195	(4)
Perception of Movement	199	(4)
Perception of Spatial Location	203	(3)
Interim Summary	206	(2)
Suggested Readings	208	(1)
Additional Resources	209	(1)
Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses	210	(48)
Audition	211	(20)
The Stimulus	211	(1)
Anatomy of the Ear	212	(2)
Auditory Hair Cells and the Transduction of Auditory Information	214	(2)
The Auditory Pathway	216	(3)
Perception of Pitch	219	(2)
Perception of Loudness	221	(1)
Perception of Timbre	222	(1)
Perception of Spatial Location	223	(3)
Perception of Complex Sounds	226	(4)
Interim Summary	230	(1)
Vestibular System	231	(3)
Anatomy of the Vestibular Apparatus	232	(1)
The Receptor Cells	233	(1)
The Vestibular Pathway	233	(1)
Interim Summary	234	(1)
Somatosenses	234	(12)
The Stimuli	235	(1)
Anatomy of the Skin and Its Receptive Organs	235	(1)
Perception of Cutaneous Stimulation	236	(3)
The Somatosensory Pathways	239	(1)
Perception of Pain	240	(5)
Interim Summary	245	(1)
Gustation	246	(5)
The Stimuli	246	(1)
Anatomy of the Taste Buds and Gustatory Cells	247	(1)
Perception of Gustatory Information	247	(2)
The Gustatory Pathway	249	(2)
Interim Summary	251	(1)
Olfaction	251	(5)
The Stimulus	251	(1)
Anatomy of the Olfactory Apparatus	252	(1)
Transduction of Olfactory Information	253	(1)
Perception of Specific Odors	253	(3)
Interim Summary	256	(1)
Suggested Readings	256	(1)
Additional Resources	257	(1)
Control of Movement	258	(32)
Muscles	259	(5)
Skeletal Muscle	259	(3)
Smooth Muscle	262	(1)
Cardiac Muscle	263	(1)
Interim Summary	263	(1)
Reflexive Control of Movement	264	(4)
The Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex	264	(2)
The Gamma Motor System	266	(1)
Polysynaptic Reflexes	266	(2)
Interim Summary	268	(1)
Control of Movement by the Brain	268	(21)
Organization of Motor Cortex	269	(1)
Initiating, Imitating, and Comprehending Movements: Role of the Motor Association Cortex	270	(5)
Cortical Control of Movement: The Descending Pathways	275	(3)
Deficits of Skilled Movements: The Apraxias	278	(2)
The Basal Ganglia	280	(4)
The Cerebellum	284	(4)
The Reticular Formation	288	(1)
Interim Summary	288	(1)
Suggested Readings	289	(1)
Additional Resources	289	(1)
Sleep and Biological Rhythms	290	(38)
A Physiological and Behavioral Description of Sleep	291	(5)
Stages of Sleep	292	(2)
Mental Activity During Sleep	294	(1)
Interim Summary	295	(1)
Disorders of Sleep	296	(4)
Insomnia	296	(1)
Narcolepsy	297	(2)
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder	299	(1)
Problems Associated with Slow-Wave Sleep	299	(1)
Interim Summary	300	(1)
Why do We Sleep?	300	(6)
Functions of Slow-Wave Sleep	301	(3)
Functions of REM Sleep	304	(1)
Interim Summary	305	(1)
Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking	306	(13)
Chemical Control of Sleep	306	(1)
Neural Control of Arousal	307	(4)
Neural Control of Slow-Wave Sleep	311	(2)
Neural Control of REM Sleep	313	(5)
Interim Summary	318	(1)
Biological Clocks	319	(7)
Circadian Rhythms and Zeitgebers	319	(1)
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus	320	(4)
Control of Seasonal Rhythms: The Pineal Gland and Melatonin	324	(1)
Changes in Circadian Rhythms: Shift Work and Jet Lag	325	(1)
Interim Summary	326	(1)
Suggested Readings	326	(1)
Additional Resources	327	(1)
Reproductive Behavior	328	(34)
Sexual Development	329	(7)
Production of Gametes and Fertilization	329	(1)
Development of the Sex Organs	330	(3)
Sexual Maturation	333	(3)
Interim Summary	336	(1)
Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior	336	(14)
Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles	336	(1)
Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior of Laboratory Animals	337	(2)
Organizational Effects of Androgens on Behavior: Masculinization and Defeminization	339	(1)
Effects of Pheromones	340	(2)
Human Sexual Behavior	342	(2)
Sexual Orientation	344	(5)
Interim Summary	349	(1)
Neural Control of Sexual Behavior	350	(7)
Males	350	(3)
Females	353	(2)
Formation of Pair Bonds	355	(1)
Interim Summary	356	(1)
Parental Behavior	357	(4)
Maternal Behavior of Rodents	357	(1)
Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior	358	(2)
Neural Control of Maternal Behavior	360	(1)
Neural Control of Paternal Behavior	360	(1)
Interim Summary	361	(1)
Suggested Readings	361	(1)
Additional Resources	361	(1)
Emotion	362	(32)
Emotions as Response Patterns	363	(17)
Fear	364	(4)
Anger, Aggression, and Impulse Control	368	(7)
Hormonal Control of Aggressive Behavior	375	(4)
Interim Summary	379	(1)
Communication of Emotions	380	(10)
Facial Expression of Emotions: Innate Responses	380	(1)
Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Recognition	381	(6)
Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Expression	387	(3)
Interim Summary	390	(1)
Feelings of Emotions	390	(3)
The James-Lange Theory	390	(2)
Feedback from Simulated Emotions	392	(1)
Interim Summary	393	(1)
Suggested Readings	393	(1)
Additional Resources	393	(1)
Ingestive Behavior	394	(36)
Physiological Regulatory Mechanisms	395	(2)
Drinking	397	(6)
Some Facts About Fluid Balance	397	(1)
Two Types of Thirst	398	(4)
Neural Mechanisms of Thirst	402	(1)
Interim Summary	403	(1)
Eating: Some Facts About Metabolism	403	(3)
Absorption, Fasting, and the Two Nutrient Reservoirs	404	(2)
Interim Summary	406	(1)
What Starts a Meal?	406	(4)
Signals from the Environment	407	(1)
Signals from the Stomach	407	(1)
Metabolic Signals	408	(1)
Interim Summary	409	(1)
What Stops a Meal?	410	(4)
Head Factors	410	(1)
Gastric Factors	410	(1)
Intestinal Factors	411	(1)
Liver Factors	411	(1)
Insulin	412	(1)
Long-Term Satity: Signals from Adipose Tissue	412	(1)
Interim Summary	413	(1)
Brain Mechanisms	414	(6)
Brain Stem	414	(1)
Hypothalamus	414	(6)
Interim Summary	420	(1)
Eating Disorders	420	(8)
Obesity	420	(6)
Anorexia Nervosa/Bulimia Nervosa	426	(1)
Interim Summary	427	(1)
Suggested Readings	428	(1)
Additional Resources	428	(2)
Learning and Memory	430	(50)
The Nature of Learning	431	(4)
Interim Summary	434	(1)
Synaptic Plasticity: Long-Term Potentiation and Long-Term Depression	435	(11)
Induction of Long-Term Potentiation	435	(2)
Role of NMDA Receptors	437	(2)
Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity	439	(5)
Long-Term Depression	444	(1)
Other Forms of Long-Term Potentiation	445	(1)
Interim Summary	445	(1)
Perceptual Learning	446	(4)
Learning to Recognize Visual Stimuli	446	(2)
Perceptual Short-Term Memory	448	(2)
Interim Summary	450	(1)
Classical Conditioning	450	(3)
Interim Summary	452	(1)
Instrumental Conditioning	453	(6)
Basal Ganglia	453	(1)
Reinforcement	454	(4)
Interim Summary	458	(1)
Relational Learning	459	(20)
Human Anterograde Amnesia	459	(1)
Spared Learning Abilities	460	(2)
Declarative and Nondeclarative Memories	462	(1)
Anatomy of Anterograde Amnesia	463	(3)
Role of the Hippocampal Formation in Consolidation of Declarative Memories	466	(1)
Episodic and Semantic Memories	467	(2)
Spatial Memory	469	(1)
Confabulation: Role of the Prefrontal Cortex in Evaluating the Accuracy of Memories	470	(1)
Relational Learning in Laboratory Animals	471	(3)
Role of the Hippocampal Formation in Memory Consolidation	474	(3)
Role of Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Learning	477	(1)
Interim Summary	477	(2)
Suggested Readings	479	(1)
Additional Resources	479	(1)
Human Communication	480	(38)
Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms	481	(23)
Lateralization	481	(1)
Speech Production	482	(4)
Speech Comprehension	486	(12)
Aphasia in Deaf People	498	(1)
The Bilingual Brain	499	(1)
Prosody: Rhythm, Tone, and Emphasis in Speech	500	(1)
Stuttering	501	(1)
Interim Summary	502	(2)
Disorders of Reading and Writing	504	(13)
Relation to Aphasia	504	(1)
Pure Alexia	504	(3)
Toward an Understanding of Reading	507	(4)
Toward an Understanding of Writing	511	(3)
Developmental Dyslexias	514	(1)
Interim Summary	515	(2)
Suggested Readings	517	(1)
Additional Resources	517	(1)
Neurological Disorders	518	(32)
Tumors	519	(2)
Seizure Disorders	521	(3)
Cerebrovascular Accidents	524	(4)
Interim Summary	528	(1)
Disorders of Development	528	(3)
Toxic Chemicals	528	(1)
Inherited Metabolic Disorders	529	(1)
Down Syndrome	530	(1)
Interim Summary	531	(1)
Degenerative Disorders	531	(16)
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies	531	(1)
Parkinson's Disease	532	(5)
Huntington's Disease	537	(2)
Alzheimer's Disease	539	(4)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis	543	(1)
Multiple Sclerosis	544	(2)
Korsakoff's Syndrome	546	(1)
Interim Summary	546	(1)
Disorders Caused by Infectious Diseases	547	(2)
Interim Summary	549	(1)
Suggested Readings	549	(1)
Additional Resources	549	(1)
Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders	550	(34)
Schizophrenia	552	(16)
Description	552	(1)
Heritability	553	(1)
Pharmacology of Schizophrenia: The Dopamine Hypothesis	554	(2)
Schizophrenia as a Neurological Disorder	556	(11)
Interim Summary	567	(1)
Major Affective Disorders	568	(14)
Description	568	(1)
Heritability	569	(1)
Physiological Treatments	569	(3)
Role of Monoamines	572	(2)
Evidence for Brain Abnormalities	574	(2)
Role of the 5-HT Transporter	576	(2)
Role of Circadian Rhythms	578	(3)
Interim Summary	581	(1)
Suggested Readings	582	(1)
Additional Resources	583	(1)
Anxiety Disorders, Autistic Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Stress Disorders	584	(30)
Anxiety Disorders	586	(8)
Panic Disorder	586	(2)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder	588	(5)
Interim Summary	593	(1)
Autistic Disorder	594	(4)
Description	594	(2)
Possible Causes	596	(2)
Interim Summary	598	(1)
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	598	(3)
Description	598	(1)
Possible Causes	599	(2)
Interim Summary	601	(1)
Stress Disorders	601	(11)
Physiology of the Stress Response	601	(2)
Health Effects of Long-Term Stress	603	(1)
Effects of Stress on the Brain	603	(3)
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder	606	(1)
Psychoneuroimmunology	607	(4)
Interim Summary	611	(1)
Suggested Readings	612	(1)
Additional Resources	613	(1)
Drug Abuse	614	(29)
Common Features of Addiction	615	(9)
A Little Background	615	(1)
Positive Reinforcement	616	(1)
Negative Reinforcement	617	(1)
Craving and Relapse	618	(5)
Interim Summary	623	(1)
Commonly Abused Drugs	624	(12)
Opiates	624	(2)
Stimulant Drugs: Cocaine and Amphetamine	626	(2)
Nicotine	628	(3)
Alcohol	631	(2)
Cannabis	633	(2)
Interim Summary	635	(1)
Heredity and Drug Abuse	636	(2)
Interim Summary	637	(1)
Therapy for Drug Abuse	638	(3)
Interim Summary	641	(1)
Suggested Readings	641	(1)
Additional Resources	641	(2)
References	643	(60)
Name Index	703	(12)
Subject Index	715