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Physiology of Behavior

by Neil R. Carlson

Edition:

6th

ISBN13:

9780205273409

ISBN10:

0205273408

Format:

Hardcover

Pub. Date:

1/1/1998

Publisher(s):

Viacom Company

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Summary

The revision of this classic book incorporates the latest discoveries in the rapidly changing fields of neuroscience and physiological psychology. Carlson's book remains the definitive reference. Comprehensive and cutting edge research is combined with a coherent and reader-friendly writing style. The two new chapters on psychopharmacology and reinforcement & addiction complement the rest of the book's topics, which include: research, vision, body senses, chemical senses, movement, anxiety, autism, and more.

Preface

Introduction

(18)

Understanding Human Consciousness: A Physiological Approach

(4)

Blindsight

(1)

Split Brains

(1)

Interim Summary

(1)

The Nature of Physiological Psychology

(7)

The Goals of Research

(1)

Biological Roots of Physiological Psychology

(3)

Functionalism: Natural Selection and Evolution

(3)

Interim Summary

(1)

Ethical Issues in Research with Animals

(2)

Careers in Neuroscience

(1)

Interim Summary

(1)

Strategies for Learning

(2)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System

(37)

Cells of the Nervous System

(11)

Neurons

(5)

Neural Communication: An Overview

(2)

Supporting Cells

(3)

The Blood-Brain Barrier

(1)

Interim Summary

(1)

Communication within a Neuron

(10)

Measuring Electrical Potentials of Axons

(2)

The Membrane Potential: Balance of Two Forces

(3)

The Action Potential

(2)

Conduction of the Action Potential

(2)

Interim Summary

(1)

Communication Between Neurons

(13)

The Concept of Chemical Transmission

(1)

Structure of Synapses

(1)

Release of Transmitter Substance

(3)

Activation of Receptors

(1)

Postsynaptic Potentials

(2)

Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials

(1)

Effects of Postsynaptic Potentials: Neural Integration

(1)

Autoreceptors

(1)

Other Types of Synapses

(1)

Nonsynaptic Chemical Communication

(1)

Interim Summary

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Structure of the Nervous System

(30)

Basic Features of the Nervous System

(8)

An Overview

(1)

Blood Supply

(1)

Meninges

(2)

The Ventricular System and Production of CSF

(2)

Interim Summary

(1)

The Central Nervous System

(15)

Development of the Central Nervous System

(2)

The Forebrain

(9)

The Mesencephalon

(1)

The Hindbrain

(1)

The Spinal Cord

(1)

Interim Summary

(1)

The Peripheral Nervous System

(5)

Spinal Nerves

(1)

Cranial Nerves

(1)

The Autonomic Nervous System

(3)

Interim Summary

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Psychopharmacology

(33)

Principles of Psychopharmacology

(6)

Pharmacokinetics

(3)

Drug Effectiveness

(1)

Effects of Repeated Administration

(1)

Placebo Effects

(1)

Interim Summary

(1)

Sites of Drug Action

(5)

Effects on Production of Transmitter Substances

(1)

Effects on Storage and Release of Transmitter Substances

(1)

Effects on Receptors

(3)

Effects on Reuptake or Destruction of Transmitter Substance

(1)

Interim Summary

(1)

Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators

(19)

Acetylcholine

(3)

The Monoamines

102

(9)

Amino Acids

111

(4)

Peptides

115

(1)

Lipids

116

(1)

Nucleosides

117

(1)

Soluble Gases

117

(1)

Interim Summary

118

(1)

Suggested Readings

118

(1)

Methods and Strategies of Research

119

(29)

Experimental Ablation

120

(14)

Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage

120

(1)

Producing Brain Lesions

121

(2)

Stereotaxic Surgery

123

(2)

Histological Methods

125

(2)

Tracing Neural Connections

127

(3)

Study of the Living Human Brain

130

(2)

Interim Summary

132

(2)

Recording and Stimulating Neural Activity

134

(8)

Recording of Neural Activity

134

(2)

Recording the Brain's Metabolic and Synaptic Activity

136

(2)

Measuring the Brain's Secretions

138

(1)

Stimulating Neural Activity

139

(1)

Behavioral Effects of Electrical Brain Stimulation

140

(1)

Interim Summary

141

(1)

Neurochemical Methods

142

(5)

Finding Neurons That Produce Particular Neurochemicals

142

(2)

Localizing Particular Receptors

144

(2)

Interim Summary

146

(1)

Suggested Readings

147

(1)

Vision

148

(37)

The Stimulus

150

(1)

Anatomy of the Visual System

150

(7)

The Eyes

151

(2)

Photoreceptors

153

(2)

Connections Between Eye and Brain

155

(2)

Interim Summary

157

(1)

Coding of Visual Information in the Retina

157

(7)

Coding of Light and Dark

157

(2)

Coding of Color

159

(4)

Interim Summary

163

(1)

Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Striate Cortex

164

(8)

Anatomy of the Striate Cortex

164

(1)

Orientation and Movement

164

(1)

Spatial Frequency

165

(2)

Texture

167

(1)

Retinal Disparity

168

(1)

Color

168

(1)

Modular Organization of the Striate Cortex

169

(2)

Blindsight

171

(1)

Interim Summary

171

(1)

Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Visual Association Cortex

172

(12)

Two Streams of Visual Analysis

172

(1)

Perception of Color

173

(1)

Analysis of Form

174

(5)

Perception of Movement

179

(2)

Perception of Location

181

(2)

Interim Summary

183

(1)

Suggested Readings

184

(1)

Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses

185

(39)

Audition

186

(17)

The Stimulus

186

(1)

Anatomy of the Ear

187

(2)

Auditory Hair Cells and the Transduction of Auditory Information

189

(3)

The Auditory Pathway

192

(4)

Detection of Pitch

196

(2)

Detection of Loudness

198

(1)

Detection of Timbre

198

(1)

Feature Detection in the Auditory System

198

(3)

Behavioral Functions of the Auditory System

201

(1)

Interim Summary

202

(1)

Vestibular System

203

(2)

Anatomy of the Vestibular Apparatus

203

(1)

The Receptor Cells

204

(1)

The Vestibular Pathway

205

(1)

Interim Summary

205

(1)

Somatosenses

205

(8)

The Stimuli

206

(1)

Anatomy of the Skin and Its Receptive Organs

206

(1)

Detection of Cutaneous Stimulation

207

(2)

The Somatosensory Pathways

209

(1)

Perception of Pain

210

(2)

Interim Summary

212

(1)

Gustation

213

(6)

The Stimuli

213

(1)

Anatomy of the Taste Buds and Gustatory Cells

214

(1)

Detection of Gustatory Information

214

(3)

The Gustatory Pathway

217

(1)

Neural Coding of Taste

218

(1)

Interim Summary

218

(1)

Olfaction

219

(4)

The Stimulus

219

(1)

Anatomy of the Olfactory Apparatus

219

(2)

Transduction of Olfactory Information

221

(1)

Detection of Specific Odors

221

(1)

Interim Summary

222

(1)

Suggested Readings

223

(1)

Control of Movement

224

(28)

Muscles

225

(5)

Skeletal Muscle

225

(3)

Smooth Muscle

228

(1)

Cardiac Muscle

229

(1)

Interim Summary

229

(1)

Reflex Control of Movement

230

(4)

The Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex

231

The Gamma Motor System

230

(2)

Polysynaptic Reflexes

232

(1)

Interim Summary

233

(1)

Control of Movement by the Brain

234

(17)

Organization of Motor Cortex

234

(2)

Cortical Control of Movement: The Descending Pathways

236

(4)

Deficits of Verbally Controlled Movements: The Apraxias

240

(2)

The Basal Ganglia

242

(5)

The Cerebellum

247

(3)

The Reticular Formation

250

(1)

Interim Summary

250

(1)

Suggested Readings

251

(1)

Sleep and Biological Rhythms

252

(37)

A Physiological and Behavioral Description

253

(5)

Stages of Sleep

253

(4)

Mental Activity During Sleep

257

(1)

Interim Summary

258

(1)

Why Do We Sleep?

258

(8)

Sleep as an Adaptive Response

258

(1)

Sleep as a Restorative Process

259

(3)

Sleep and Thermoregulation

262

(1)

The Functions of REM Sleep

263

(2)

Interim Summary

265

(1)

Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking

266

(11)

Chemical Control of Sleep

266

(1)

Neural Control of Arousal

267

(3)

Neural Control of Slow-Wave Sleep

270

(1)

Neural Control of REM Sleep

271

(6)

Interim Summary

277

(1)

Disorders of Sleep

277

(3)

Insomnia

277

(1)

Problems Associated with REM Sleep

278

(2)

Problems Associated with Slow-Wave Sleep

280

(1)

Interim Summary

280

(1)

Biological Clocks

280

(8)

Circadian Rhythms and Zeitgebers

281

(1)

The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

282

(4)

Control of Seasonal Rhythms: The Pineal Gland and Melatonin

286

(1)

Changes in Circadian Rhythms: Shift Work and Jet-Lag

287

(1)

Interim Summary

287

(1)

Suggested Readings

288

(1)

Reproductive Behavior

289

(35)

Sexual Development

290

(7)

Production of Gametes and Fertilization

290

(1)

Development of the Sex Organs

291

(3)

Sexual Maturation

294

(2)

Interim Summary

296

(1)

Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior

297

(14)

Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles

297

(1)

Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior of Laboratory Animals

298

(2)

Organizational Effects of Androgens on Behavior: Masculinization and Defeminization

300

(1)

Effects of Pheromones

301

(3)

Human Sexual Behavior

304

(2)

Sexual Orientation

306

(4)

Interim Summary

310

(1)

Neural Control of Sexual Behavior

311

(6)

Males

311

(4)

Females

315

(1)

Interim Summary

316

(1)

Parental Behavior

317

(6)

Maternal Behavior of Rodents

318

(1)

Stimuli That Elicit and Maintain Maternal Behavior

319

(1)

Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior

320

(1)

Neural Control of Maternal Behavior

321

(1)

Neural Control of Paternal Behavior

321

(1)

Interim Summary

322

(1)

Suggested Readings

323

(1)

Emotion

324

(31)

Emotions as Response Patterns

325

(10)

Neural Control of Emotional Response Patterns: Role of the Amygdala

326

(5)

Social Judgments and Emotions: Role of the Orbitofrontal Cortex

331

(3)

Interim Summary

334

(1)

Expression and Recognition of Emotions

335

(7)

Facial Expression of Emotions: Innate Responses

335

(2)

Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Recognition

337

(2)

Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Expression

339

(2)

Interim Summary

341

(1)

Feelings of Emotions

342

(3)

The James-Lange Theory

342

(1)

Feedback from Simulated Emotions

343

(1)

Interim Summary

344

(1)

Aggressive Behavior

345

(9)

Neural Control of Aggressive Behavior

345

(3)

Hormonal Control of Aggressive Behavior

348

(5)

Interim Summary

353

(1)

Suggested Readings

354

(1)

Ingestive Behavior: Drinking

355

(21)

The Nature of Physiological Regulatory Mechanisms

356

(1)

Some Facts about Fluid Balance

357

(4)

The Fluid Compartments of the Body

357

(2)

The Kidneys

359

(2)

Interim Summary

361

(1)

Drinking and Salt Appetite

361

(6)

Osmometric Thirst

361

(3)

Volumetric Thirst

364

(2)

Food-Related Drinking

366

(1)

Salt Appetite

366

(1)

Interim Summary

367

(1)

Brain Mechanisms of Thirst and Salt Appetite

367

(5)

Neural Control of Thirst

367

(4)

Neural Control of Salt Appetite

371

(1)

Interim Summary

372

(1)

Mechanisms of Satiety

372

(3)

Drinking

372

(2)

Salt Appetite

374

(1)

Interim Summary

374

(1)

Suggested Readings

375

(1)

Ingestive Behavior: Eating

376

(33)

Some Facts about Metabolism

377

(4)

Absorption, Fasting, and the Two Nutrient Reservoirs

377

(2)

Is Body Weight Regulated?

379

(2)

Interim Summary

381

(1)

What Starts a Meal?

381

(7)

Social and Environmental Factors

381

(1)

Dietary Selection: Responding to the Consequences

382

(2)

Physiological Hunger Signals

384

(3)

Interim Summary

387

(1)

What Stops a Meal?

388

(5)

Head Factors

388

(1)

Gastric Factors

388

(1)

Intestinal Factors

389

(1)

Liver Factors

390

(1)

Long-Term Satiety: Signals from Adipose Tissue

391

(2)

Interim Summary

393

(1)

Brain Mechanisms

393

(8)

Brain Stem

393

(1)

Hypothalamus

394

(6)

Interim Summary

400

(1)

Eating Disorders

401

(7)

Obesity

401

(4)

Anorexia Nervosa/Bulimia Nervosa

405

(3)

Interim Summary

408

(1)

Suggested Readings

408

(1)

Learning and Memory: Basic Mechanisms

409

(42)

The Nature of Learning

410

(4)

Interim Summary

414

(1)

Learning and Synaptic Plasticity

414

(13)

Effects of Learning on Neural Structure and Functions

414

(1)

Induction of Long-Term Potentiation

415

(3)

Role of NMDA Receptors

418

(3)

Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity

421

(4)

Long-Term Depression

425

(1)

Other Forms of Long-Term Potentiation

426

(1)

Role of Long-Term Potentiation in Learning

426

(1)

Interim Summary

426

(1)

Perceptual Learning

427

(8)

Learning to Recognize Visual Stimuli

427

(2)

Visual Short-Term Memory

429

(3)

Auditory Learning: Role of Acetylcholine

432

(2)

Interim Summary

434

(1)

Classical Conditioning

435

(2)

Interim Summary

436

(1)

Instrumental Conditioning and Motor Learning

437

(13)

Basal Ganglia

437

(3)

Premotor Cortex

440

(1)

Reinforcement

441

(8)

Interim Summary

449

(1)

Suggested Readings

450

(1)

Relational Learning and Amnesia

451

(26)

Human Anterograde Amnesia

452

(13)

Basic Description

454

(1)

Spared Learning Abilities

455

(1)

Declarative and Nondeclarative Memories

456

(3)

Anterograde Amnesia: Failure of Relational Learning

459

(1)

Anatomy of Anterograde Amnesia

460

(4)

The Role of Hippocampal Damage in Retrograde Amnesia

464

(1)

Interim Summary

464

(1)

Relational Learning in Laboratory Animals

465

(11)

Working Memory: Remembering Places Visited

465

(1)

Spatial Perception and Learning

466

(1)

Place Cells in the Hippocampal Formation

467

(3)

Role of Long-Term Potentiation in Hippocampal Functioning

470

(1)

Modulation of Hippocampal Functions by Monoaminergic and Acetylcholinergic Inputs

471

(1)

Theoretical Explanations of Hippocampal Functioning

472

(3)

Interim Summary

475

(1)

Suggested Readings

476

(1)

Human Communication

477

(32)

Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms

478

(18)

Lateralization

479

(1)

Speech Production

479

(5)

Speech Comprehension

484

(9)

Aphasia in Deaf People

493

(1)

Lipreading

493

(1)

Prosody: Rhythm, Tone, and Emphasis in Speech

494

(1)

Interim Summary

495

(1)

Disorders of Reading and Writing

496

(12)

Relation to Aphasia

496

(1)

Pure Alexia

496

(3)

Toward an Understanding of Reading

499

(4)

Toward an Understanding of Writing

503

(1)

Developmental Dyslexias

504

(3)

Interim Summary

507

(1)

Suggested Readings

508

(1)

Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders

509

(28)

Schizophrenia

510

(15)

Description

510

(1)

Heritability

511

(1)

Pharmacology of Schizophrenia: The Dopamine Hypothesis

512

(5)

Schizophrenia as a Neurological Disorder

517

(8)

Interim Summary

525

(1)

Major Affective Disorders

525

(11)

Description

526

(1)

Heritability

526

(1)

Physiological Treatments

527

(2)

Role of Monoamines

529

(3)

Evidence for Brain Abnormalities

532

(1)

Role of Circadian Rhythms

532

(3)

Interim Summary

535

(1)

Suggested Readings

536

(1)

Anxiety Disorders, Autistic Disorder, and Stress Disorders

537

(24)

Anxiety Disorders

538

(6)

Panic Disorder

538

(2)

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

540

(4)

Interim Summary

544

(1)

Autistic Disorder

544

(5)

Description

544

(2)

Possible Causes

546

(2)

Interim Summary

548

(1)

Stress Disorders

549

(11)

Physiology of the Stress Response

549

(1)

Health Effects of Long-Term Stress

550

(2)

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

552

(2)

Stress and Cardiovascular Disease

554

(1)

The Coping Response

554

(1)

Psychoneuroimmunology

555

(4)

Interim Summary

559

(1)

Suggested Readings

560

(1)

Drug Abuse

561

(30)

What Is Addiction?

562

(3)

A Little Background

562

(1)

Physical versus Psychological Addiction

563

(1)

Modern Definitions of Drug Dependence

564

(1)

Interim Summary

565

(1)

Common Features of Addiction

565

(6)

Positive Reinforcement

565

(2)

Negative Reinforcement

567

(1)

Tolerance and Withdrawal

568

(2)

Craving and Relapse

570

(1)

Interim Summary

571

(1)

Commonly Abused Drugs

571

(13)

Opiates

572

(3)

Cocaine and Amphetamine

575

(3)

Nicotine

578

(1)

Alcohol and Barbiturates

579

(3)

Cannabis

582

(1)

Interim Summary

583

(1)

Heredity and Drug Abuse

584

(3)

Heritability Studies of Humans

584

(2)

Animal Models of Drug Abuse

586

(1)

Interim Summary

587

(1)

Therapy for Drug Abuse

587

(3)

Interim Summary

589

(1)

Suggested Readings

590

(1)

Glossary

591

(24)

References

615

(60)

Name Index

675

(12)

Subject Index

687

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Physiology of Behavior

9780205273409

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Table of Contents