Pioneers of Psychology

by Fancher, Raymond E.

• ISBN13: 9780393969948
• ISBN10: 0393969940
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1996-10-17
• Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company

Summary

Modern psychology draws on more than three centuries of research and speculation-invariably original, often daring, at times misguided. In this Third Edition of Pioneers of Psychology, Professor Fancher again traces the evolution of this influential science through the personal triumphs and disappointments of a fascinating gallery of individuals, from Descartes, Gall, and Kant to James, Piaget, and Skinner.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Third Edition	xi
1 Rene Descartes and the Foundations of Modern Psychology	1	(33)
Descartes's Early Life and the Development of His Method	3	(11)
The World: Descartes's Physics and Physiology	14	(8)
Descartes's Philosophy of Mind	22	(8)
Descartes's Influence	30	(2)
Suggested Readings	32	(2)
2 Philosophers of Mind: John Locke and Gottfried Leibniz	34	(39)
John Locke: Child of Revolution	36	(8)
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding	44	(6)
Locke's Influence	50	(3)
Leibniz's Life and Career	53	(9)
Leibniz's Philosophy of Mind	62	(10)
Suggested Readings	72	(1)
3 Physiologists of Mind: Brain Scientists from Gall to Penfield	73	(34)
Gall and Phrenology	75	(6)
Flourens and the Discrediting of Phrenology	81	(5)
Localization Theory Revived: The Brain's Language Areas	86	(9)
Memory and the Equipotentiality of the Brain	95	(5)
Stimulation of the Conscious Human Brain	100	(6)
Suggested Readings	106	(1)
4 The Sensing and Perceiving Mind: Immanuel Kant, Hermann Helmholtz, and Gustav Fechner	107	(38)
Helmholtz's Early Life	113	(7)
Helmholtz on Sensation and Perception	120	(12)
Fechner's Early Life	132	(5)
The Invention of Psychophysics	137	(7)
Suggested Readings	144	(1)
5 Wilhelm Wundt and the Establishment of Experimental Psychology	145	(41)
Wundt's Early Life	149	(8)
Wundt at Leipzig	157	(15)
The Atomism Debate: Titchener versus Gestalt Psychology	172	(7)
Experimenting on the Higher Functions: Kulpe and Ebbinghaus	179	(4)
Wundt's Reputation and Influence	183	(1)
Suggested Readings	184	(2)
6 Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution	186	(30)
Darwin's Early Life	188	(4)
The Voyage of the Beagle	192	(5)
The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection	197	(8)
Darwin and Psychology	205	(6)
Darwin's Influence	211	(4)
Suggested Readings	215	(1)
7 The Measurement of Mind: Francis Galton and the Psychology of Individual Differences	216	(30)
Galton's Early Life and Career	219	(6)
Darwinian Theory and Hereditary Genius	225	(5)
The Nature-Nurture Controversy	230	(5)
Eugenics	235	(8)
Galton's Influence	243	(2)
Suggested Readings	245	(1)
8 William James and Psychology in America	246	(38)
James's Early Life	248	(7)
James the Teacher	255	(8)
James's Later Career and the Philosophy of Pragmatism	263	(3)
Three Eminent Students: Hall, Calkins, and Thorndike	266	(17)
Suggested Readings	283	(1)
9 Psychology as the Science of Behavior: Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B. F. Skinner	284	(46)
Pavlov's Early Life and Career	286	(4)
Conditioned Reflexes	290	(7)
Watson's Early Life and Career	297	(5)
Watson's Behavioristic Writings	302	(13)
Skinner and Operant Conditioning	315	(13)
Suggested Readings	328	(2)
10 Early Hypnotists and the Psychology of Social Influence	330	(36)
Mesmer and "Animal Magnetism"	331	(7)
Puysegur's "Artificial Somnambulism" and Faria's "Lucid Sleep"	338	(5)
The Founding of "Hypnotism"	343	(3)
The Nancy-Salpetriere Controversy	346	(12)
Le Bon and the Psychology of Crowds	358	(6)
Suggested Readings	364	(2)
11 Mind in Conflict: The Psychoanalytic Psychology of Sigmund Freud	366	(37)
Freud's Early Life	369	(8)
The Interpretation of Dreams	377	(6)
Self-Analysis and the Theory of Childhood Sexuality	383	(5)
Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy	388	(4)
Metapsychology and the Ego's Defense Mechanisms	392	(7)
The Freudian Legacy	399	(2)
Suggested Readings	401	(2)
12 The Developing Mind: Alfred Binet, Jean Piaget, and the Study of Human Intelligence	403	(34)
Binet's Early Life and Career	406	(8)
The Binet Intelligence Scales	414	(4)
The Rise of Intelligence Testing	418	(7)
Piaget's Early Life and Career	425	(4)
Genetic Epistemology	429	(6)
Suggested Readings	435	(2)
13 Minds and Machines: Artificial Intelligence from the Pascaline to General Problem Solver	437	(42)
Implications of the Pascaline	438	(4)
Leibniz and the Mechanization of Logic	442	(4)
Charles Babbage and the Analytical Engine	446	(8)
The Turing Machine	454	(4)
Electronic Computers, von Neumann Architecture, and the Turing Test	458	(6)
Logic Theorist and General Problem Solver	464	(5)
Recent Developments in Artificial Intelligence	469	(9)
Suggested Readings	478	(1)
Notes	479	(16)
Index	495