Plant Structure and Function

by Starr, Cecie; Taggart, Ralph

• ISBN13: 9780534397494
• ISBN10: 0534397492
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-01-10
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

This brief and specialized book was designed for general, non-majors biology courses, and includes a brief history of vascular plant tissues, growth patterns, plant nutrition and transport, plant hormones, reproduction, and development. PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION covers Unit V from BIOLOGY: THE UNITY AND DIVERSITY OF LIFE. Research has given us a better understanding of the interconnectedness of molecular biology, structure, function, and evolution. In this 10th edition, Starr and Taggart take that important connection out of the research realm and actually interweave these insights into the text. These unifying biological concepts encourage student understanding instead of memorization. With this background, students are better prepared to understand the power of comparative molecular studies in clarifying evolutionary relationships. The accompanying improvements in the media package meet the high standards instructors and students have come to expect from the Starr and Taggart medi

Table of Contents

PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
How Plants and Animals Work
On High-Flying Geese and Edelweiss	488	(2)
Levels of Structural Organization	490	(2)
From Cells to Multicelled Organisms	490	(1)
Growth Versus Development	490	(1)
Structural Organization Has a History	490	(1)
The Body's Internal Environment	491	(1)
How Do Parts Contribute to the Whole?	491	(1)
Connections: The Nature of Adaptation	492	(2)
Defining Adaptation	492	(1)
Salt-Tolerant Tomatoes	492	(1)
No Polar Bears in the Desert	492	(1)
Adaptation to What?	493	(1)
Mechanisms of Homeostasis in Animals	494	(2)
Negative Feedback	494	(1)
Positive Feedback	495	(1)
Does the Concept of Homeostasis Apply to Plants?	496	(2)
Walling Off Threats	496	(1)
Sand, Wind, and the Yellow Bush Lupine	497	(1)
About Rhythmic Leaf Folding	497	(1)
Communication Among Cells, Tissues, and Organs	498	(2)
Signal Reception, Transduction, and Response	498	(1)
Communication in the Plant Body	498	(1)
Communication in the Animal Body	499	(1)
Connections: Recurring Challenges to Survival	500	(6)
Constraints on Gas Exchange	500	(1)
Requirements for Internal Transport	500	(1)
Maintaining a Solute--Water Balance	501	(1)
Requirements for Integration and Control	501	(1)
On Variations in Resources and Threats	501	(3)
V PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Plant Tissues
Plants Versus the Volcano	504	(2)
Overview of the Plant Body	506	(2)
Shoots and Roots	506	(1)
Three Plant Tissue Systems	506	(1)
Where Do Plant Tissues Originate?	507	(1)
Types of Plant Tissues	508	(2)
Simple Tissues	508	(1)
Complex Tissues	508	(1)
Vascular Tissues	508	(1)
Dermal Tissues	509	(1)
Dicots and Monocots---Same Tissues, Different Features	509	(1)
Primary Structure of Shoots	510	(2)
How Do Stems and Leaves Form?	510	(1)
Internal Structure of Stems	510	(2)
A Closer Look at Leaves	512	(2)
Similarities and Differences Among Leaves	512	(1)
Leaf Fine Structure	512	(1)
Leaf Epidermis	513	(1)
Mesophyll---Photosynthetic Ground Tissue	513	(1)
Veins---The Leaf's Vascular Bundles	513	(1)
Primary Structure of Roots	514	(2)
Taproot and Fibrous Root Systems	514	(1)
Internal Structure of Roots	514	(1)
Regarding the Sidewalk-Buckling, Record-Breaking Root Systems	515	(1)
Accumulated Secondary Growth---The Woody Plants	516	(2)
Woody and Nonwoody Plants Compared	516	(1)
What Happens at the Vascular Cambium?	516	(2)
A Closer Look at Wood and Bark	518	(6)
Formation of Bark	518	(1)
Heartwood and Sapwood	518	(1)
Early Wood, Late Wood, and Tree Rings	519	(1)
Limits to Secondary Growth	519	(3)
Plant Nutrition and Transport
Flies for Dinner	522	(2)
Plant Nutrients and Their Availability in Soils	524	(2)
Nutrients Required for Plant Growth	524	(1)
Properties of Soil	524	(1)
Leaching and Erosion	525	(1)
How Do Roots Absorb Water and Mineral Ions?	526	(2)
Absorption Routes	526	(1)
Specialized Absorptive Structures	526	(1)
Root Hairs	526	(1)
Root Nodules	527	(1)
Mycorrhizae	527	(1)
How Is Water Transported Through Plants?	528	(2)
Transpiration Defined	528	(1)
Cohesion-Tension Theory of Water Transport	528	(2)
How Do Stems and Leaves Conserve Water?	530	(2)
The Water-Conserving Cuticle	530	(1)
Controlled Water Loss at Stomata	530	(2)
How Are Organic Compounds Distributed Through Plants?	532	(6)
Translocation	532	(1)
Pressure Flow Theory	532	(4)
Plant Reproduction
A Coevolutionary Tale	536	(2)
Reproductive Structures of Flowering Plants	538	(1)
Think Sporophyte and Gametophyte	538	(1)
Components of Flowers	538	(1)
Where Pollen and Eggs Develop	539	(1)
Focus on Health: Pollen Sets Me Sneezing	539	(1)
A New Generation Begins	540	(2)
From Microspores to Pollen Grains	540	(1)
From Megaspores to Eggs	540	(1)
From Pollination to Fertilization	540	(2)
From Zygotes to Seeds and Fruits	542	(2)
Formation of the Embryo Sporophyte	542	(1)
Seeds and Fruit Formation	543	(1)
Dispersal of Fruits and Seeds	544	(1)
Focus on Science: Why So Many Flowers and So Few Fruits?	545	(1)
Asexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants	546	(6)
Asexual Reproduction in Nature	546	(1)
Induced Propagation	546	(4)
Plant Growth and Development
Foolish Seedlings, Gorgeous Grapes	550	(2)
Patterns of Early Growth and Development---An Overview	552	(2)
How Do Seeds Germinate?	552	(1)
Genetic Programs, Environmental Cues	552	(2)
What the Major Plant Hormones Do	554	(2)
Adjusting the Direction and Rates of Growth	556	(2)
What Are Tropisms?	556	(1)
Responses to Mechanical Stress	557	(1)
How Do Plants Know When To Flower?	558	(2)
An Alarm Button Called Phytochrome	558	(1)
Flowering---A Case of Photoperiodism	558	(2)
Life Cycles End, and Turn Again	560	(2)
Senescence	560	(1)
Entering Dormancy	560	(1)
Breaking Dormancy	561	(1)
Vernalization	561	(1)
Connections: Growing Crops and A Chemical Arms Race	562	(35)
Midbrain	594	(1)
Evolution of the Forebrain	594	(1)
Reticular Formation	595	(1)
Protection at the Blood-Brain Barrier	595
Appendix I Classification System
Appendix II Units of Measure
Appendix III Answers to Self-Quizzes
Glossary
Credits and Acknowledgments
Subject Index
Index of Applications