Policy-making In The European Union

by Wallace, William; Wallace, Helen; Pollack, Mark

• ISBN13: 9780199276127
• ISBN10: 0199276129
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-09-15
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

In recent years the European Union's membership has increased from 15 to 25 countries, it has adopted the Lisbon strategy for achieving greater economic competitiveness, taken steps towards a more purposive common foreign and defence policy, and significantly increased its efforts to deal with challenges to internal security. The new edition of this highly successful textbook brings the reader up-to-date with the range of core policy challenges facing the European Union and the ways in which they are being addressed. It includes a new chapter which lays out the primary questions of the book against the background of new research and a new chapter on employment policy which covers the major developments in this area.

Author Biography

Helen Wallace is the Director of the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies at the European University Institute and a Professorial Fellow at the University of Sussex. She has published many papers and books on the politics and policies of the European Union.
William Wallace is Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics. He has published widely on European and foreign policies.
Mark Pollack is Associate Professor of Political Science at Temple University, Philadelphia. His current research focuses on the role of the supranational institutions of the European Union.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
List of Figures	xviii
List of Boxes	xix
List of Tables	xxi
Abbreviations and Acronyms	xxiii
List of Contributors	xxx
Table of Cases	xxxi
Table of Secondary Legislation	xxxiii
Editors' Note	xl
Part I Institutions, Process, and Analytical Approaches	1	(90)
1 An Overview	3	(10)
Introduction	3	(1)
The EU and its predecessors	4	(1)
Some preliminary observations	5	(2)
The EU in context	7	(6)
The EU as a unique arena—or perhaps not	9	(4)
2 Theorizing EU Policy-Making	13	(36)
Introduction	14	(1)
Theories of European Integration	15	(11)
Neo-functionalism	15	(2)
Intergovernmentalism	17	(1)
Liberal intergovernmentalism	17	(2)
The 'new institutionalisms' in rational choice	19	(3)
Constructivism, and reshaping European identities and preferences	22	(3)
Integration theory today	25	(1)
EU policy-making in comparative perspective	26	(10)
The horizontal separation of powers: the EU as a federal system	28	(2)
The vertical separation of powers	30	(5)
Toward normal science?	35	(1)
The governance approach: the EU as a polity	36	(9)
Governing without government	37	(2)
Multi-level governance and EU policy networks	39	(2)
Globalization, Europeanization, and the question of democratic legitimacy	41	(1)
Argument, persuasion, and the 'deliberative turn'	42	(3)
Legitimate governance?	45	(1)
Conclusions	45	(4)
3 An Institutional Anatomy and Five Policy Modes	49	(42)
The institutional design of the European Union	50	(27)
The European Commission	50	(6)
The Council of the European Union	56	(8)
The European Council	64	(1)
The European Parliament	65	(2)
The European Court of Justice	67	(7)
The wider institutional setting	74	(3)
National institutions	77	(1)
One Community method, or several policy modes?	77	(16)
A traditional Community method	79	(1)
The EU regulatory mode	80	(2)
The EU distributional mode	82	(3)
Policy coordination	85	(2)
Intensive transgovernmentalism	87	(4)
Part II Policies	91	(390)
4 The Single Market: A New Approach to Policy	93	(20)
Introduction	94	(1)
Background	95	(1)
Harmonization and its increasing frustration	95	(2)
The emerging reform agenda	97	(1)
The single European market programme	98	(2)
The Single European Act	100	(1)
Squaring the theoretical circle	100	(1)
Subsequent institutional reform	101	(1)
The politics of policy-making in the SEM	102	(5)
Negative integration	102	(1)
Positive integration	103	(3)
Opening up the policy space	106	(1)
The regulatory policy mode	107	(1)
Substance and impact	107	(3)
Policy linkages	109	(1)
The single market in an enlarged EU	110	(1)
Conclusions: a new approach to policy	110	(3)
5 Competition Policy: Challenge and Reform	113	(28)
Introduction: competition policy and the European market	114	(1)
The salience of competition policy	115	(2)
The substance of policy	117	(9)
Antitrust: restrictive practices	118	(1)
Antitrust: abuse of dominance	119	(1)
Merger control	120	(3)
State aid	123	(2)
The liberalization of utilities	125	(1)
Agencies and implementation: DG COMP	126	(3)
DG COMP in context	129	(2)
Modernization of European competition policy	131	(3)
Competition policy as regulatory policy	134	(1)
Policy-making after modernization	135	(1)
Conclusion	136	(5)
6 Economic and Monetary Union: Innovation and Challenges for the Euro	141	(20)
Introduction	142	(1)
Historical development and motivations	143	(5)
Laws and institutions	148	(3)
The legal basis of EMU	148	(1)
The institutions of EMU	149	(2)
Policy processes and substance	151	(4)
Economic governance in comparative perspective	155	(3)
Fiscal governance	155	(2)
Exchange-rate policy	157	(1)
Conclusion: looking to the future	158	(3)
7 Agricultural Policy: Constrained Reforms	161	(30)
Introduction	162	(2)
Between negative and positive integration	164	(3)
Defensive modernization: the CAP qua welfare state institution	167	(1)
Income maintenance and the income security of farmers	168	(6)
The CAP as a safe haven	169	(1)
The social and political dynamics of the CAP	170	(2)
Political control of supranationalism	172	(2)
The national dimension of the CAP	174	(6)
Permutations of the CAP	175	(4)
Unresolved issues: intra-sectoral inequalities and the environment	179	(1)
The WTO and the politics of agriculture	180	(2)
The primacy of domestic welfare	180	(2)
Saving the CAP: the politics of enlargement	182	(6)
Making the new members safe for the CAP	186	(2)
Conclusions	188	(3)
8 The Budget: Who Gets What, When and How?	191	(22)
Introduction	192	(1)
A thumbnail sketch of the budget	193	(4)
The major players	196	(1)
Budgetary politics over time	197	(5)
Phase 1: the dominance of budgetary battles	197	(1)
Phase 2: ordered budgetary decision-making	198	(4)
A new style of budgetary politics?	202	(6)
Negotiating the new financial perspective	203	(1)
The Commission's proposal	203	(2)
Key cleavages and core issues	205	(2)
The Constitutional Treaty	207	(1)
Managing a larger budget	208	(2)
Conclusions	210	(3)
9 Cohesion and the Structural Funds: Competing Pressures for Reform?	213	(30)
Introduction	214	(3)
The structural funds, 1975-2004	217	(8)
The establishment of the European Regional Development Fund	217	(1)
The Single European Act and Delors-1	218	(1)
The Treaty on European Union and Delors-2	219	(3)
Agenda 2000 and the Berlin Agreements	222	(2)
Pre-accession aid	224	(1)
Implementation of the structural funds	225	(7)
Concentration	226	(1)
Programming	226	(4)
Additionality	230	(1)
Partnership	230	(2)
The structural funds post-enlargement, 2004-13	232	(6)
The impact of enlargement	232	(2)
Continuing pre-accession aid, 2004-6	234	(1)
The fourth financial perspective	235	(2)
The further reform of cohesion policy, 2007-13	237	(1)
Conclusions	238	(5)
10 Social Policy: Left to the Judges and the Markets?	243	(36)
Introduction	244	(2)
The limited success of activist social policy	246	(10)
European integration and de jure market compatibility requirements	256	(13)
Freedom of movement for workers	262	(2)
Freedom of services and the European competition regime	264	(5)
European integration and de facto pressures on national welfare states	269	(3)
Social policy in Europe's emerging multi-tiered system	272	(7)
11 Employment Policy: Between Efficacy and Experimentation	279	(26)
Introduction	280	(3)
The three pillars of policy	283	(2)
Employment policy-making before Amsterdam	285	(5)
Pillar one: between the 'Community method' and the EU regulatory model	285	(3)
Pillar two: the social dialogue and law via collective agreement	288	(2)
Employment policy post-Amsterdam	290	(10)
Pillar three: the EES and the OMC	290	(1)
Origins and institutional development	291	(1)
The EES as a 'new mode of governance'	292	(1)
Actors and the EES policy process	293	(5)
Efficacy versus experimentation	298	(2)
Conclusions: assessing European employment policy	300	(5)
12 Environmental Policy: Contending Dynamics of Policy Change	305	(24)
Introduction	306	(1)
History	306	(6)
Key players	312	(7)
The Commission	312	(1)
The Council of Ministers	313	(2)
The European Parliament	315	(2)
The European Court of Justice	317	(1)
Environmental interest groups	318	(1)
Regulatory policy-making at the crossroads	319	(5)
The regulatory policy mode under siege?	319	(3)
Is there a distributive agenda?	322	(1)
The EU as an international actor	323	(1)
Conclusions	324	(5)
13 Biotechnology Policy: Between National Fears and Global Disciplines	329	(24)
Introduction	330	(1)
Regulating GMOs: three challenges	330	(4)
A multi-sectoral challenge	331	(1)
A multi-level process: three arenas	332	(1)
Risk regulation and legitimacy	333	(1)
Historical origins of EU biotech policy	334	(5)
The 'Deliberate Release' Directive 90/220	335	(3)
The Novel Foods Regulation	338	(1)
The problem of implementation: member-state revolt and international reaction	339	(3)
Reform of EU policy since January 2000	342	(5)
The international context	347	(1)
Conclusions	348	(5)
14 Fisheries Policy: Letting the Little Ones Go?	353	(24)
Introduction	354	(1)
How fisheries policy came onto the EU agenda	355	(3)
The impact of enlargements	355	(2)
The issue of conservation	357	(1)
Extended national territorial waters	357	(1)
Between Brussels and national and local territories: opposing interests	358	(6)
The territorial dimension	359	(3)
The Commission as a promoter of expertise	362	(1)
Council negotiations	362	(1)
Parliamentary scrutiny	363	(1)
Operating through the courts	364	(1)
Common management of resources and differences in implementation	364	(5)
Setting limits on catches	365	(1)
Efforts to make controls effective	366	(1)
Limits to the common regime	367	(2)
The CFP between redistribution and globalization	369	(1)
Financial support for the fishing industry	369	(1)
International trade and Community preference	370	(4)
Negotiating with third countries	372	(2)
Conclusions	374	(3)
15 Trade Policy: From Uruguay to Doha and Beyond	377	(24)
Introduction	378	(1)
The treaty provisions	379	(1)
The evolution of policy: towards a more proactive and outward orientation	380	(3)
The policy process	383	(6)
Multilateral negotiations	383	(3)
Negotiating bilateral agreements	386	(1)
Instruments of commercial defence	387	(2)
The key players	389	(2)
EU trade policy and the Doha Development Agenda	391	(5)
Agriculture	391	(2)
Non-agricultural market access	393	(1)
Services	394	(1)
The Singapore issues	394	(2)
The main criticisms of EU policy	396	(1)
Factors shaping EU trade policy	397	(1)
Conclusions	398	(3)
16 Eastern Enlargement: Towards a European EU?	401	(28)
Introduction	402	(1)
Enlargement as a composite policy	402	(4)
The EU's reactions to the political changes in the CEECs	406	(3)
Towards a longer term policy framework: the Europe Agreements	409	(3)
An accession perspective for the CEECs	412	(2)
Sketching the path towards enlargement	414	(3)
The pre-accession strategy	414	(2)
The White Paper on regulatory alignment	416	(1)
Towards an enlargement policy	416	(1)
Institutional reform	417	(3)
Internal policy reforms	420	(1)
Towards accession	421	(3)
Wider Europe	424	(1)
Conclusions	425	(4)
17 Foreign and Security Policy: The Painful Path from Shadow to Substance	429	(28)
The Atlantic context for European foreign and security policy	430	(3)
European political cooperation: 1970-90	433	(2)
European transformation and political union: 1990-2	435	(4)
Learning by doing: 1992-6	439	(2)
The Amsterdam Review	441	(3)
After Amsterdam: Britain and France as leaders	444	(4)
From CFSP to ESDP	448	(3)
Unity over Afghanistan, discord over Iraq	451	(1)
After Iraq	452	(2)
Conclusions	454	(3)
18 Justice and Home Affairs: Towards a 'European Public Order'?	457	(24)
Introduction	458	(1)
How justice and home affairs moved onto the EU agenda	459	(4)
Maastricht's 'third pillar'	461	(2)
Uneasy communitarization: the Treaties of Amsterdam and Nice	463	(4)
Key actors	467	(5)
Organization and capacities of EU institutions	467	(3)
The proliferation of semi-autonomous agencies and bodies	470	(2)
The flow of policy	472	(7)
Substantive policy developments	472	(5)
The agenda for reform	477	(2)
Conclusions	479	(2)
Part III Conclusions	481	(24)
19 Post-sovereign Governance: The EU as a Partial Polity	483	(22)
A stable system, or one under continuous negotiation?	484	(7)
The flow of policy	486	(4)
Ideas and identities	490	(1)
Governance without statehood: post-sovereign politics	491	(3)
The EU as a partial polity	494	(3)
European government between national policy-making and global negotiation	497	(4)
The persistence of the provisional	501	(4)
References	505	(44)
Index	549