Politics and Policy in American States and Communities

by Dresang, Dennis L.; Gosling, James J.

• ISBN13: 9780205291182
• ISBN10: 020529118X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION
Face-to-Face Governance	1	(13)
Learning Objectives for Chapter	3	(1)
Scope	3	(1)
Capacity	4	(3)
Participation	7	(5)
Plan of This Book	12	(1)
Discussion Questions	12	(1)
Notes	13	(1)
SECTION II LAYING THE FOUNDATION
State Diversity, Growth and Decline, and the Contemporary Urban Dilemma	14	(33)
Learning Objectivies for Chapter 2	16	(1)
Values	16	(2)
Political Cultures	18	(3)
An Introductory Tour of the States	21	(7)
The Northeast	21	(2)
The South	23	(1)
The Midwest	24	(2)
The West	26	(2)
Metropolitan Development	28	(5)
The Emergence of the City	29	(1)
The Rise of the Suburbs	30	(1)
The Third Wave: Contemporary Edge Cities	31	(2)
Patterns of Interregional Growth and Decline	33	(8)
The New Immigration and Metropolitan Growth	41	(1)
The Consequences of Growth and Decline	42	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	43	(1)
Discussion Questions	44	(1)
Glossary	45	(1)
Notes	45	(2)
Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations	47	(30)
Learning Objectives for Chapter 3	49	(1)
Constitutional Developments	49	(4)
The Phases of Federalism	53	(14)
Dual Federalism (1787-1932)	54	(1)
Cooperative Federalism (1933-1963)	55	(1)
Centralized Federalism (1964-1980)	56	(3)
The New Federalism (1981-1992)	59	(6)
Constrained Empathetic Federalism (1993- )	65	(2)
The Plight of Local Governments in the Federal System	67	(2)
Regulaory Federalism	69	(3)
Mandates	69	(1)
Penalties to Bias Options	70	(1)
Partial Preemption	71	(1)
Outright Preemption	71	(1)
Relations Among the States	72	(1)
Full Faith and Credit	72	(1)
Privileges and Immunities	72	(1)
Extradition	73	(1)
Interstate Compacts	73	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	73	(2)
Discussion Questions	75	(1)
Glossary	75	(1)
Notes	75	(2)
Constitutions and Charters	77	(26)
Learning Objectives for Chapter 4	78	(1)
History of State Constitutions	78	(9)
The First State Constitutions: Guarantee Individual Rights, Weaken Executive Powers	79	(1)
The Federal Constitution: Strengthen National Government	79	(1)
Northwest Ordinance of 1787: Copy Original Constitutions and Add States	80	(1)
Civil War: Dispute Slavery and Settle Sovereignty	81	(2)
Expansion West and Progressive Reforms: Alow Direct Democracy	83	(1)
Hawaii: A Special Case	84	(1)
Tribal Constitutions	85	(1)
National Government Changes: Intervening on Behalf of Individuals	86	(1)
Reforms Since the 1960s: Strengthen Institutional Capacity and Restrict Taxation	87	(1)
Major Features of State Constitutions	87	(8)
Bill of Rights	90	(1)
Suffrage and Elections	91	(1)
Structure and Power of Government Institutions	92	(1)
Amendment Process	93	(2)
Local Government Charters	95	(2)
Types of Local Governments	97	(2)
Summary and Conclusions	99	(1)
Discussion Questions	100	(1)
Glossary	101	(1)
Notes	101	(2)
Policy-Making Processes: The Framework for Participation	103	(31)
Learning Objectives for Chapters 5	104	(1)
Public Policy Instruments	104	(2)
Individual and Group Participation in Public Policy Making	106	(4)
The Centrality of Lawmaking in Shaping Public Policy	110	(2)
The Substantive Bill State Legislative Process	112	(8)
Legislative Initiatives and Their Origin	112	(3)
The Process of Legislative Consideration and Approval	115	(1)
Two Variants of the State Legislative Process	116	(4)
The State Budgetary Process	120	(10)
Executive Budged Development	123	(1)
The Legislative Fiscal Committee's Involvement	123	(2)
Action Shifting to the Legislative Chambers	125	(4)
The Governor's Chance Again: The Veto	129	(1)
Legislative Review of Gubernatorial Vetoes	129	(1)
The Process Recycles	130	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	130	(1)
Discussion Questions	131	(1)
Glossary	131	(1)
Notes	132	(2)
SECTION III PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
Grassroots Participation	134	(22)
Learning Objectives for Chapter 6	135	(1)
Access to Government	135	(2)
Who Participates?	137	(4)
Ways of Participating	141	(3)
Engaging in the Electoral Process	141	(1)
Testifying at Hearings and Meetings	141	(1)
Being on Advisory Committees	142	(1)
Contacting Public Officals	142	(1)
Using the Media	142	(1)
Protesting	142	(2)
Direct Democracy	144	(10)
The Debate	145	(3)
The Initiative and Popular Referendum	148	(4)
The Courts and Direct Democracy	152	(2)
Summary and Conclusions	154	(1)
Discussion Questions	154	(1)
Glossary	154	(1)
Notes	155	(1)
Interest Groups	156	(22)
Learning Objectives for Chapter 7	157	(1)
General Trends	157	(2)
Internal Characteristics	159	(6)
Membership	159	(2)
Resources	161	(2)
Interests Represented	163	(2)
Functions and Activities	165	(7)
Interest Groups and Elections	166	(1)
Interest Groups and Lobbying	167	(1)
Regulation of Lobbying	168	(1)
Who Are Lobbyists?	169	(1)
Types of Lobbyists	170	(1)
What Lobbyists Do	170	(2)
Impact of Interest Groups	172	(3)
Summary and Conclusions	175	(1)
Discussion Questions	175	(1)
Glossary	175	(1)
Notes	176	(2)
Political Parties and Elections	178	(28)
Learning Objectives For Chapter 8	179	(1)
The Roles of Political Parties	180	(3)
Responsible Parties	180	(1)
Electoral Parties	181	(2)
Party Organization	183	(3)
Formal Organization	183	(1)
Committee Structures	183	(1)
Resources	184	(1)
Conventions	185	(1)
Informal Organizations	186	(2)
Candidate-Centered Organizations	186	(1)
Factions	186	(1)
Party Substitutes	187	(1)
Party Nominations	188	(1)
Campaigns	189	(4)
Campaign Techniques	189	(2)
Media	191	(1)
Negative Campaigning	191	(2)
Campaingn Finances	193	(4)
Term Limitations	197	(2)
Party Competition	199	(3)
Summary and Conclusions	202	(1)
Discussion Questions	203	(1)
Glossary	204	(1)
Notes	204	(2)
SECTION IV THE INSTITUTIONS OF STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
Governors	206	(20)
Learning Objectives for Chapter 9	207	(1)
Historical Developments	207	(1)
Formal Powers	208	(11)
Term of Office	208	(1)
Appointment Powers	209	(1)
Budget and Fiscal Management	210	(2)
Veto	212	(2)
Judicial Powers	214	(1)
Staff	215	(1)
National Governors' Association	216	(2)
Lieutenant Governor	218	(1)
Transition	218	(1)
Roles	219	(3)
Agenda Setting	219	(1)
Ceremonial	220	(1)
Party Leader	220	(1)
Manager	221	(1)
Governors as Individuals	222	(1)
Governors and Mobility	223	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	223	(1)
Discussion Questions	224	(1)
Glossary	224	(1)
Notes	225	(1)
State Legislatures	226	(29)
Learning Objectives for Chapter 10	230	(1)
What Legislatures	230	(1)
Legislative Organization	231	(2)
Legislative Leadership	233	(6)
Legislative Committees	238	(1)
Members	239	(3)
Legislative Reform	242	(4)
Length of Session	244	(1)
Compensation	244	(1)
Facilities	244	(1)
Staff	245	(1)
Information	245	(1)
Calls for Term Limits	246	(1)
The Changing Executive-Legislative Balance	247	(4)
Legislative Budgeting	247	(1)
Legislative Review of Administrative Rules	248	(1)
Sunset Laws	248	(1)
The Legislative Audit	249	(1)
The Clash of Gubernatorial-Legislative Perspectives	250	(1)
Legislative Decision Making	251	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	252	(1)
Discussion Questions	252	(1)
Glossary	252	(1)
Notes	253	(2)
Local Government Executives and Legislatures	255	(22)
Learning Objectives for Chapter 11	257	(1)
Community Power	257	(2)
Elite Theory	257	(1)
Pluralist Theory	258	(1)
The Disenfranchised	258	(1)
Executive and Legislative Institutions in Municipal Government	259	(3)
Elected Executives	259	(1)
Managers	259	(1)
Councils	260	(2)
Patterns of Executive and Legislative Relations in Municipal Government	262	(6)
Historical Developments	262	(3)
Types of Municipal Governments	265	(2)
Significance of Formal Structures	267	(1)
County Governments	268	(2)
Townships	270	(1)
School Districts	271	(2)
Other Special Districts	273	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	274	(1)
Discussion Questions	274	(1)
Glossary	274	(1)
Notes	275	(2)
Bureaucracies	277	(27)
Learning Objectives for Chapter 12	278	(1)
The Nature of Bureaucracy	279	(5)
Profile of Public Employees	281	(3)
Personnel Management	284	(6)
Anti-machines: the Merit System	285	(1)
Anti Discirimination: Job-Related Personnel Management	286	(2)
Employee Participation	288	(2)
Agency Discretion and Accountability	290	(3)
Accountability to Chief Executives	291	(1)
Accountability of Legislatures	292	(1)
Independent Regulatory Agencies	293	(1)
Development of State Governments as Regulators	293	(1)
Reasons for Regulation	294	(2)
Surrogate for Market Forces	294	(1)
Protection	295	(1)
Externalities	295	(1)
Safety	295	(1)
Equity	296	(1)
Regulation and Federalism	296	(1)
Sole Responsibility: State Governments	296	(1)
Sole Responsibility: Federal Government	296	(1)
Parallel: Federal Preemption	296	(1)
Parallel: Federal Partial Preemption	296	(1)
State Veto	297	(1)
The Regulatory Process	297	(3)
Capture Theory	299	(1)
Interest Group Theory	299	(1)
Representation Theory	300	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	300	(1)
Discussion Questions	301	(1)
Glossary	301	(1)
Notes	302	(2)
Courts	304	(23)
Learning Objectives for Chapter 13	305	(1)
State and Federal Courts	305	(3)
State, Tribal, and Federal Courts	308	(1)
Structures	309	(3)
Specialized and Lower Courts	310	(2)
Appeals Courts	312	(1)
Supreme Courts	312	(1)
Role of State's Attorney or Attorney General	312	(1)
Process	313	(6)
Grand Jury	316	(1)
Plea Bargaining and Out-Of-Court Settlements	316	(1)
Sharing Evidence	317	(1)
Exchanging Lists of Witnesses and Taking Depositions	318	(1)
Amicus Curiae	319	(1)
Judicial Actions	319	(1)
Selection of Judges	320	(2)
Discipline and Removal of Judges	322	(1)
Juries	323	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	324	(1)
Discussion Questions	324	(1)
Glossary	325	(1)
Notes	326	(1)
SECTION V PUBLIC POLICIES
Crime and Corrections	327	(21)
Learning Objectives For Chapter 14	328	(1)
The Nature and Incidence of Crime	328	(5)
Approaches to Crime	333	(2)
Incarceration	335	(6)
Characteristics of Prisoners	336	(1)
Women in Prison	337	(1)
Youth in Prison	337	(1)
Costs of Imprisonment	337	(1)
Overcrowded Cells	338	(1)
Alternatives to Prison	338	(3)
Crime Prevention	341	(1)
Crime and the Constitution	342	(3)
Gun Control	342	(1)
Rights of the Accused	343	(2)
Summary and Conclusions	345	(1)
Discussion Questions	345	(1)
Glossary	345	(1)
Notes	346	(2)
Educational Policy	348	(29)
Learning Objectives for Chapter 15	349	(1)
Primary and Secondary Education	349	(11)
Changing Financial Arrangement	350	(1)
Changing Orientations Toward Educational Policy	351	(9)
Educational Alternatives	360	(7)
Charter Schools	360	(2)
School Choice	362	(1)
Privatization	362	(2)
Takeovers	364	(1)
The Equity or Excellence Debate	364	(2)
The Courts Renewed Interest in Fiscal Equity	366	(1)
Higher Education	367	(6)
The Growing Politicization of Higher Education Policy Making	369	(4)
Summary and Conclusions	373	(1)
Discussion Questions	374	(1)
Glossary	374	(1)
Notes	374	(3)
Social Welfare and Health Policy	377	(33)
Learning Objectives for Chapter 16	377	(1)
Social Welfare Policy	378	(5)
Social Insurance Programs	378	(3)
Public Assistance Programs	381	(2)
Who Are the Poor?	383	(3)
Two Contrasting Views of Poverty and Welfare	384	(2)
Welfare Reform	386	(10)
The Work Incentive Program	386	(1)
Workfare	387	(1)
The Family Support Act	388	(1)
State Experimentation with Reform	389	(2)
Welfare Devolution: The End of an Entitlement	391	(4)
Other Options for Reform	395	(1)
Health Policy	396	(6)
Public Health Care in America	397	(2)
Measures to Contain Rising Health Care Costs	399	(2)
Rationing Medical Care: The Case of Oregon	401	(1)
The National Debate over Health Care Reform	402	(3)
Implications for the States	405	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	405	(1)
Discussion Questions	406	(1)
Glossary	407	(1)
Notes	408	(2)
Environmental Policy and Economic Development	410	(25)
Learning Objectives for Chapter 17	413	(1)
Federalism and Environmental Policy Making	413	(1)
Federal Initiatives in the Environmental Decade	414	(3)
Early Federal Leadership in Cleaning Up the Air	415	(1)
Early Federal Leadership in Improving Water Quality	416	(1)
Reagan's Redirection of Environmental Regulation	417	(2)
Bush and Clinton: More Environmentally Friendly Administrations	419	(4)
The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990	419	(2)
The Introduction of Market-Based Incentives	421	(1)
The Clinton Administration Toughens Compliance Standards	422	(1)
The Environmental Challenges Lying Ahead	423	(1)
The Allure of Economic Development	424	(6)
Environmental Protection and Economic Development: A Strained Relationship?	430	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	430	(2)
Discussion Questions	432	(1)
Glossary	432	(1)
Notes	433	(2)
Fiscal Policy and Financial Management	435	(25)
Learning Objectives for Chapter 18	438	(1)
The Economy and Taxing and Spending	438	(2)
Taxing and Spending Comparisons Among the States	440	(4)
Financing State and Local Governments	444	(5)
Evaluating State and Local Taxes	449	(2)
Executive and Legislative Balance in Fiscal Policy Making	451	(2)
State and Local Financial Management	453	(4)
Estimating Revenues and Expenditures	453	(1)
Managing Cash Flow	454	(1)
Capital Finance and Debt Management	455	(2)
Summary and Conclusions	457	(1)
Discussion Questions	457	(1)
Glossary	458	(1)
Notes	458	(2)
SECTION VI CONCLUSION
Responding to Pressing Public Problems	460	(11)
Learning Objectives for Chapter 19	462	(1)
The Individual Citizen's Perspective	462	(1)
Perspectives of Organized Interest Groups	462	(1)
The Perspective of Local Government Policy Makers	463	(1)
The Perspective of State Policy Makers	464	(1)
Perspectives and Politics	465	(1)
Government Responses	466	(3)
Scope of Responsibility and Authority	466	(2)
Capacity	468	(1)
Responding with Solutions	469	(1)
Discussion Questions	470	(1)
Index	471