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9780534627690

Population An Introduction to Concepts and Issues

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780534627690

  • ISBN10:

    0534627692

  • Edition: 9th
  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2004-07-27
  • Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
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Supplemental Materials

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Summary

Part I: DEMOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE. 1. Introduction to Demography. 2. Global Population Trends. 3. Demographic Perspectives. 4. Demographic Data. Part II: POPULATION PROCESSES. 5. The Mortality Transition. 6. The Fertility Transition. 7. The Migration Transition. Part III: POPULATION STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS. 8. The Age Transition. 9. Population Aging. 10. The Family and Household Transition. 11. The Urban Transition. Part IV: USING THE DEMOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE. 12. Population and the Environment. 13. Coping With Demographic Change.

Table of Contents

PART ONE A DEMOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE
1(146)
Introduction to Demography
3(29)
What is Demography?
4(3)
Why is Demography Important?
7(8)
Terrorism and Regional Conflict
7(1)
Essay: The Demography of Conflict in the Middle East
8(2)
Armies of Children in Sub-Saharan Africa
10(1)
Embracing and Hating Immigration
10(2)
Globalization
12(1)
Degradation of the Environment
13(1)
The Danger of Demographic Fatigue
14(1)
How Will You Use This Information?
15(13)
Demographics of Politics
15(4)
Demographics of Social Planning
19(2)
Demographics of Business
21(7)
Summary and Conclusion
28(1)
Main Points
29(1)
Suggested Readings
30(1)
Web Sites of Interest
30(2)
Global Population Trends
32(36)
World Population Growth
34(13)
A Brief History
34(3)
How Fast is the World's Population Growing Now?
37(2)
The Power of Doubling---How Fast Can Populations Grow?
39(1)
Why Was Early Growth So Slow?
40(1)
Why Are More Recent Increases So Rapid?
41(1)
Are We Headed for a Population ``Implosion''?
42(2)
How Many People Have Ever Lived?
44(1)
Redistribution of the World's Population through Migration
45(2)
Geographic Distribution of the World's Population
47(1)
Global Variation in Population Size and Growth
47(18)
North America
47(5)
Essay: Boomsters versus Doomsters: Could Population Growth Become a Ponzi Scheme?
52(4)
Mexico and Central America
56(1)
South America
57(1)
Europe
58(1)
Northern Africa and Western Asia
59(1)
Sub-Saharan Africa
60(1)
East Asia
61(2)
South and Southeast Asia
63(1)
Oceania
64(1)
Global Demographic Contrasts
65(1)
Summary and Conclusion
65(1)
Main Points
66(1)
Suggested Readings
66(1)
Web Sites of Interest
67(1)
Demographic Perspectives
68(41)
Premodern Population Doctrines
68(8)
The Prelude to Malthus
76(1)
The Malthusian Perspective
77(6)
Causes of Population Growth
78(1)
Consequences of Population Growth
79(1)
Avoiding the Consequences
80(1)
Critique of Malthus
81(1)
Neo-Malthusians
82(1)
The Marxian Perspective
83(4)
Causes of Population Growth
83(1)
Consequences of Population Growth
83(1)
Essay: Who Are the Neo-Malthusians?
84(2)
Critique of Marx
86(1)
The Prelude to the Demographic Transition Theory
87(3)
Mill
88(1)
Dumont
89(1)
Durkheim
90(1)
The Theory of the Demographic Transition
90(9)
Critique of the Demographic Transition Theory
93(1)
Reformulation of the Demographic Transition Theory
94(2)
The Theory of Demographic Change and Response
96(2)
The Easterlin Relative Cohort Size Hypothesis
98(1)
The Demographic Transition is Really a Set of Transitions
99(5)
The Mortality Transition
100(1)
The Fertility Transition
100(1)
The Age Transition
101(1)
The Migration Transition
102(1)
The Urban Transition
102(1)
The Family and Household Transition
102(1)
Impact on Society
103(1)
Summary and Conclusion
104(1)
Main Points
105(2)
Suggested Readings
107(1)
Web Sites of Interest
107(2)
Demographic Data
109(38)
Sources of Demographic Data
110(1)
Population Censuses
111(21)
The Census of the United States
114(14)
Essay: To Adjust or Not to Adjust---That Was the Question; Or Was It Much Ado About Nothing?
128(2)
The Census of Canada
130(1)
The Census of Mexico
131(1)
Registration of Vital Events
132(3)
Combining the Census and Vital Statistics
135(1)
Administrative Data
135(1)
Sample Surveys
136(3)
Demographic Surveys in the United States
136(1)
Canadian Surveys
137(1)
Mexican Surveys
137(1)
Demographic and Health Surveys
138(1)
Demographic Surveillance Systems
138(1)
European Surveys
138(1)
Historical Sources
139(1)
Demographic Uses of Geographic Information Systems
140(2)
GIS and the U.S. Census Bureau
141(1)
Where Can You Go For Information?
142(1)
Summary and Conclusion
143(1)
Main Points
144(1)
Suggested Readings
145(1)
Web Sites of Interest
146(1)
PART TWO POPULATION PROCESSES
147(170)
The Mortality Transition
149(52)
Life Span and Longevity
150(4)
Life Span
151(1)
Longevity
152(2)
Age and Sex Patterns of Mortality
154(7)
Age Differentials in Mortality
154(5)
Sex and Gender Differentials in Mortality
159(2)
Causes of Death
161(11)
Infectious and Parasitic Diseases
161(6)
Degeneration from Chronic Diseases
167(1)
Products of the Social and Economic Environment
168(2)
The ``Real'' Causes of Death
170(2)
Measuring Mortality
172(7)
Crude Death Rate
172(1)
Age/Sex-Specific Death Rates
172(1)
Age-Adjusted Death Rates
173(1)
Life Tables
173(6)
The Mortality/Epidemiological Transition
179(18)
Mortality Changes Over Time
179(8)
Regional Differences in Mortality
187(1)
Essay: Mortality Control and the Environment
188(2)
Mortality Differences within Countries
190(7)
Summary and Conclusion
197(1)
Main Points
198(1)
Suggested Readings
199(1)
Web Sites of Interest
200(1)
The Fertility Transition
201(72)
What is Fertility?
203(5)
The Biological Component
203(3)
The Social Component
206(2)
Measuring Fertility
208(7)
Period Measures of Fertility
208(5)
Cohort Measures of Fertility
213(1)
Fertility Intentions
214(1)
The Preconditions for a Decline in Fertility
215(2)
How can Fertility be Controlled?
217(2)
Proximate Determinants of Fertility
219(17)
Limiting Exposure to Intercourse
220(3)
Lowering the Risk of Conception
223(8)
Ending a Pregnancy Before Birth
231(3)
The Relative Important of the Proximate Determinants
234(2)
Explanations for High Fertility
236(4)
Need to Replenish Society
236(2)
Children as Security and Labor
238(1)
Desire for Sons
238(2)
Motivations for Lower Fertility Levels
240(7)
The Supply-Demand Framework
240(5)
The Innovation/Diffusion and ``Cultural'' Perspective
245(1)
The Role of Public Policy
246(1)
How is the Fertility Transition Accomplished?
247(4)
Essay: Reproductive Rights, Reproductive Health, and the Fertility Transition
248(3)
Regional Differences in the Fertility Transition
251(3)
Case Studies in the Fertility Transition
254(14)
United Kingdom and Other European Nations
254(4)
China
258(2)
The United States
260(6)
Jordan
266(2)
Summary and Conclusion
268(1)
Main Points
269(2)
Suggested Readings
271(1)
Web Sites of Interest
272(1)
The Migration Transition
273(44)
Defining Migration
275(1)
Internal and International Migrants
276(1)
Measuring Migration
277(4)
Stocks versus Flows
278(1)
Migration Indices
279(2)
The Migration Transition Within Countries
281(10)
Why Do People Migrate
282(3)
Who Migrates?
285(3)
Where Do People Migrate within Their Own Country?
288(3)
Migration Between Countries
291(19)
Why Do People Migrate Internationally?
292(2)
Who Migrates Internationally?
294(1)
Migration Origins and Destinations
295(1)
Essay: Is Migration a Crime? Illegal Immigration in Global Context
296(11)
Consequences of Migration
307(3)
Forced Migration
310(2)
Refugees
310(2)
Slavery
312(1)
Summary and Conclusion
312(2)
Main Points
314(1)
Suggested Readings
315(1)
Web Sites of Interest
316(1)
PART THREE POPULATION STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS
317(174)
The Age Transition
319(46)
The Concepts of Age and Age Cohorts
320(6)
The Concepts of Sex and Gender
326(3)
Measuring the Dynamics of the Age Transition
329(10)
Population Pyramids
329(1)
Average Age and Dependency Ratio
329(2)
Growth Rates by Age
331(2)
Stable and Stationary Populations
333(1)
Population Projections
334(5)
The Age Transition
339(14)
The Dynamics of the Age Transition
340(6)
Essay: Baby Boom, Oil Boom, and Social Change in Saudi Arabia
346(3)
Where Does Migration Fit In?
349(4)
Age Transitions at Work
353(9)
The Impact of Age Structure on Population Processes
353(1)
Population Momentum
354(1)
Reading an Age Structure
355(4)
The Progression from a Young to an Old Age Structure
359(3)
Summary and Conclusion
362(1)
Main Points
363(1)
Suggested Readings
363(1)
Web Sites of Interest
364(1)
Population Aging
365(36)
What is Old?
366(2)
Population Aging
368(8)
How Many Older People Are There?
368(3)
Where Are the Older Populations?
371(2)
The Effect of Declining Mortality
373(1)
The Effect of Declining Fertility
374(1)
The Effect of Migration
375(1)
Individual Aging as a Factor in Population Aging
376(6)
Biological Aspects of Aging
376(2)
Social Aspects of Aging
378(4)
The Social Context of Aging and the Life Course
382(3)
The Sex and Age Structure of the Older Population
385(12)
The Feminization of Old Age
385(1)
The Third Age (The Young-Old)
386(2)
Essay: Who Will Pay for Baby Boomers to Retire in the Richer Countries?
388(7)
The Fourth Age (The Old-Old)
395(1)
Centenarians and Rectangularization---Is This the End of the Age Transition?
396(1)
Summary and Conclusion
397(1)
Main Points
398(1)
Suggested Readings
399(1)
Web Sites of Interest
399(2)
The Family and Household Transition
401(51)
Defining Family Demography and Life Chances
403(2)
The Family and Household Transition
405(5)
Household Composition and Family Structure
405(4)
Gender Equity and the Empowerment of Women
409(1)
Proximate Determinants of Family and Household Changes
410(11)
Delayed Marriage Accompanied by Leaving the Parental Nest
410(2)
Essay: How Does the Age Transition Promote a Delay in Marriage?
412(4)
Cohabitation
416(1)
Out-of-Wedlock Births
417(2)
Childlessness
419(1)
Divorce
419(1)
Widowhood
420(1)
The Combination of These Determinants
420(1)
Changing Life Chances
421(23)
Education
422(3)
Labor Force Participation
425(3)
Occupation
428(1)
Income
429(6)
Wealth
435(3)
Race and Ethnicity
438(4)
Religion
442(2)
The Intersection of Changing Life Chances and the Family and Household Transition
444(3)
Summary and Conclusion
447(1)
Main Points
448(2)
Suggested Readings
450(1)
Web Sites of Interest
450(2)
The Urban Transition
452(39)
What is Urban?
454(2)
An Overview of Urbanization
456(3)
Precursors to Modern Urbanization
456(2)
Current Patterns of Urbanization
458(1)
The Proximate Determinants of the Urban Transition
459(13)
Internal Rural-to-Urban Migration
460(1)
Natural Increase
461(4)
International Urbanward Migration
465(1)
Reclassification
465(1)
Metropolitanization and Agglomeration
466(1)
Essay: NIMBY and BNANA---The Politics of Urban Sprawl in America
466(6)
The Urban Transition in the Context of the Demographic Transition
472(5)
The Urban Hierarchy
473(1)
An Illustration from Mexico
474(2)
An Illustration from China
476(1)
The Urban Evolution That Accompanies the Urban Transition
477(8)
Suburbanization
478(2)
Residential Segregation
480(2)
The Impact of Urban Crowding
482(3)
Cities as Sustainable Environments
485(3)
Summary and Conclusion
488(1)
Main Points
489(1)
Suggested Readings
490(1)
Web Sites of Interest
490(1)
PART FOUR USING THE DEMOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE
491(102)
Population and the Environment
493(47)
Economic Development---The Use and Abuse of Resources
495(3)
Economic Development Compared to Economic Growth
496(1)
Measuring GNI and Purchasing Power Parity
496(2)
How is Population Related to Economic Development?
498(8)
Is Population Growth a Stimulus to Economic Development?
502(2)
Is Population Growth Unrelated to Economic Development?
504(1)
Is Population Growth Detrimental to Economic Development?
505(1)
The Bottom Line for the Future: Can Billions More People Be Fed?
506(11)
The Relationship between Economic Development and Food
507(2)
Extensification---Increasing Farmland
509(2)
Intensification---Increasing Per-Acre Yield
511(4)
How Many People Can Be Fed?
515(2)
By-Products of Development---Degradation of the Environment
517(8)
Environmental Concepts and Definitions
518(1)
Damage to the Lithosphere---Polluting the Ground
518(2)
Damage to the Atmosphere---Polluting the Air
520(1)
Damage to the Hydrosphere---Water Supply and Water Quality
521(2)
Assessing the Damage Attributable to Population Growth
523(2)
Sustainable Development---Possibility or Oxymoron?
525(10)
The Impact of Each of the Transitions
527(3)
Are We Overshooting Our Carrying Capacity?
530(2)
Essay: How Big Is Your Ecological Footprint?
532(3)
Summary and Conclusion
535(2)
Main Points
537(1)
Suggested Readings
538(1)
Web Sites of Interest
539(1)
Coping With Demographic Change
540(53)
Policies Designed to Influence the Transitions
542(7)
Assessing the Future
543(1)
Establishing a Goal
544(5)
World Population Conferences as Policy Tools
549(7)
World Population Conferences of Population Experts
549(1)
The 1974 World Population Conference---Bucharest
550(1)
The 1984 International Population Conference---Mexico City
551(1)
The Build-Up to the Cairo Conference
552(1)
The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
552(1)
The 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD)---Cairo
553(2)
The 1999 Cairo +5 Meeting---The Hague
555(1)
No More Conferences?
555(1)
Population Conferences in the Context of Demographic Theory
555(1)
Population Policy in the Twenty-First Century---Managing the Transitions
556(19)
Managing the Mortality Transition---A Perpetual Engine of Growth
556(3)
Managing the Fertility Transition---Can We Take the Chance That It Will Happen Without Help?
559(10)
Managing the Migration/Urban Transition---The Changing Face of the World
569(2)
Managing the Age Transition---The Perpetual Engine of Change
571(4)
Managing the Family and Household Transition---The Engine of Freedom
575(1)
What is the Population Policy of the United States?
575(12)
Domestic Policy Regarding Fertility
577(1)
Essay: Is There a Demographic Dimension to Sustaining Socialist Political/Economic Systems?
578(3)
Domestic Policy Regarding Gender Equity
581(1)
Domestic Policy Regarding Immigration
582(4)
International Policy
586(1)
What Lies Ahead?
587(1)
Summary and Conclusion
588(1)
Main Points
589(1)
Suggested Readings
590(1)
Web Sites of Interest
590(3)
Appendix Population Data for the World, Keyed to Figure 2.1 593(6)
Glossary 599(16)
Bibliography 615(40)
Indexes 655

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