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Power and Choice : An Introduction to Political Science,9780073033877

Power and Choice : An Introduction to Political Science

by Shively, W. Phillips

ISBN13:

9780073033877

ISBN10:

0073033871

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

8/1/1998

Publisher(s):

McGraw-Hill College

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Table of Contents

Preface

vii

Acknowledgments

x

PART I INTRODUCTION

Politics: Setting the Stage

2

(16)

Politics

3

(1)

Politics as the Making of Common Decisions

4

(1)

Politics as the Exercise of Power

5

(1)

Implicit and Manifest Power

6

(3)

Politics and Power

9

(1)

Power and Choice

9

(3)

Politics of the State

12

(1)

Political Science

13

(2)

The Pleasures of Politics

15

(3)

Modern Ideologies and Political Philosophy

18

(20)

American Ideologies

19

(2)

Liberalism

21

(2)

The Conservative Reaction

23

(3)

The Socialist Alternative

26

(4)

Communism and Socialism

30

(1)

Fascism

31

(1)

The Great Ideologies in the Late Twentieth Century

32

(1)

Political Philosophy Through the Ages

33

(5)

PART II THE STATE AND PUBLIC POLICY

The Modern State

38

(28)

The Development of the Modern State

40

(2)

The Origin of States

42

(2)

``State,'' ``Nation,'' and the ``Nation-State''

44

(5)

Government and the State

49

(2)

Challenges to the State

51

(2)

Are States Losing Their Ability to Make Economic Policy?

53

(2)

Some Possible Alternatives

55

(1)

The West, The East, and The South

56

(10)

Example: State Building in Nigeria

58

(3)

Example: State Building in the European Union

61

(5)

Policies of the State

66

(21)

What Do Governments Do?

70

(3)

Defense Policy

73

(2)

Education

75

(1)

Research and Development

76

(1)

Health and Social Welfare

77

(2)

The Place of Power in Policy Analysis

79

(8)

Example: Norway's Program to Encourage Norwegian-Language Publications

80

(2)

Example: Economic Development Compared with ``Human Development''

82

(1)

Example: Effectiveness of Education Policies

82

(5)

Political Economy of the State

87

(27)

Political Economy

88

(1)

Economic Policy I: Economy Growth

89

(6)

Economic Policy II: Controlling Inflation and Unemployment

95

(3)

Economic Policy III: Managing Distribution and Inequality

98

(1)

Impediments and Tools I: Independent Central Banks

99

(3)

Impediments and Tools I: Corruption

102

(2)

Conclusion

104

(10)

Example: Political Economy of Germany

106

(4)

Example: Political Economy of Indonesia

110

(4)

Political Choices: The Problems of Fairness and Efficiency

114

(20)

Fairness and the Problem of Justice

114

(3)

Other Aspects of Fairness

117

(3)

Efficiency

120

(2)

Modes of Decision: Incremental vs. Radical

122

(1)

Modes of Decision: Authority vs. The Market

123

(5)

Conclusion

128

(6)

Example: Political Choice

129

(5)

PART III THE CITIZEN AND THE REGIME

Authority and Legitimacy: The State and the Citizen

134

(21)

Legitimacy and Authority

136

(1)

Sources of Legitimacy

136

(3)

The ``Democratic Citizen''

139

(1)

How Well Are These Requirements Met?

140

(5)

Social Capital

145

(1)

Political Culture

146

(1)

Political Socialization

147

(8)

Example: Building Authority and Legitimacy in West Germany After World War II

149

(3)

Example: Declining Democratic Legitimacy in the United States

152

(3)

Democracy and Its Recent Surge in the World

155

(15)

The Wave of Democratization in the 1980s and 1990s

156

(1)

Possible Explanations

157

(2)

The End of History?

159

(1)

What Have We Learned?

160

(10)

Example: Democratization in Spain

165

(1)

Example: Fragile Democratization in Peru

166

(4)

Autocratic Government

170

(16)

Military Government

172

(2)

Why Aren't There More Military Governments?

174

(2)

One-Party States

176

(1)

``Court'' Politics

177

(1)

``Power and Choice'' Again

178

(1)

Conclusion

179

(7)

Example: Civilian Participation in Nigeria's First Military Regime

179

(2)

Example: ``Court'' Politics in Nazi Germany

181

(5)

PART IV THE APPARATUS OF GOVERNANCE

Constitutions and the Design of Government

186

(18)

Variations in Formality

187

(1)

The Virtue of Vagueness

187

(1)

Other Principles of Constitutional Design

188

(4)

The Geographic Concentration of Power

192

(1)

``Federal'' and ``Unitary'' States

193

(1)

The Distinction Between ``Unitary'' and ``Centralized'' States

194

(3)

How Much Centralization is Good?

197

(1)

``Constitutionalism''

197

(7)

Example: Constitutional Government in Great Britain

199

(2)

Example: Constitutional Government in Russia

201

(3)

Elections

204

(20)

Elections as a Means of Building Support

205

(3)

Elections as a Means of Selecting Leaders and Policies

208

(1)

Electoral Systems

208

(5)

Referendums

213

(1)

Electoral Participation

213

(2)

The Paradox of Participation

215

(2)

The Bases of Individuals' Electoral Choices

217

(7)

Example: Proportional Representation Elections in Israel

220

(1)

Example: Elections in Nigeria

221

(3)

Parties: A Linking and Leading Mechanism in Politics

224

(23)

The Political Party

224

(1)

Origins of the Modern Party

225

(2)

Political Parties and the Mobilization of the Masses

227

(1)

Political Parties and the Recruitment and Socialization of Leaders

227

(2)

Political Parties as a Source of Political Identity

229

(2)

Political Parties as a Channel of Control

231

(2)

Party Organization

233

(2)

Party Finance

235

(2)

Political Party Systems

237

(3)

Conclusion

240

(7)

Example: The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1917-1991)

241

(3)

Example: Mexico's Dominant Party System

244

(3)

Structured Conflict: Interest Groups and Politics

247

(25)

Interest Groups and Representation

249

(5)

Types of Interest Groups

254

(3)

Tactics of Interest Groups

257

(4)

Patterns of Interest-Group Activity

261

(1)

Pluralism

262

(1)

Neocorporatism

263

(2)

Power and Choice

265

(7)

Example: Interest Groups in France

265

(3)

Example: Interest Groups in Japan: Attenuated Neocorporatism

268

(4)

National Decision-Making Institutions: Parliamentary Government

272

(19)

Cabinet Control

274

(1)

What Does a Parliament Do?

275

(3)

The Life of a Member of Parliament

278

(1)

Parliamentary Committees

279

(1)

Exceptions to Parliamentary Supremacy

280

(1)

Parliaments in Autocratic Systems

281

(1)

Conclusion

282

(9)

Example: Parliamentary Government in India

283

(3)

Example: Parliamentary Government in Germany

286

(5)

National Decision-Making Institutions: Presidential Government

291

(21)

Presidential and Parliamentary Systems Compared

293

(1)

Governmental Responsibility

294

(1)

Presidential Systems and Comprehensive Policy

295

(1)

Recruitment of Executive Leaders

295

(2)

Review and Control of the Executive

297

(1)

The Split Executive of Parliamentary Systems

298

(2)

Why Aren't All Democracies Parliamentary Systems?

300

(1)

Constitutional Review and the Fragmentation of Power

301

(2)

A Note on Constitutions and Power

303

(9)

Example: Presidential Government in France

306

(2)

Example: Presidential Government in Mexico

308

(4)

Bureaucracy and the Public Sector

312

(17)

Public Administration as a Political Problem

313

(2)

Characteristics of Good Public Administration

315

(1)

``Bureaucracy'': A Reform of the Last Century

316

(1)

Bureaucracy Versus Flexibility

317

(1)

The Problem of Protected Incompetence

318

(1)

Adjustments to Bureaucracy

319

(2)

Social Representativeness of Public Administration

321

(1)

Conclusion

322

(7)

Example: The French Bureaucracy

323

(1)

Example: The Saudi Arabian Bureaucracy

324

(2)

Example: Battling the Bureaucracy in Brazil

326

(3)

Law and the Courts

329

(15)

Anglo-Saxon Case Law

330

(1)

Continental European Code Law

331

(1)

Religious Law: The Sharia

332

(2)

The Blending of Case Law and Code Law

334

(1)

Courts

335

(9)

Example: The Law in China

338

(2)

Example: The European Court of Justice

340

(4)

PART V INTERNATIONAL POLITICS

Global Politics: Politics Among States (and Others)

344

(29)

The Evolution of the International System Since World War II

344

(2)

The New World Order

346

(6)

International Politics

352

(1)

The Absence of Central Authority

352

(2)

Fiduciary Political Roles and International Morality

354

(2)

Impediments to International Communication

356

(1)

Power and International Politics

356

(3)

The Process of International Politics

359

(4)

Power and Choice in International Politics

363

(1)

Conclusion

364

(5)

Example: A Failure of the New Order: Ethnic Conflict in Rwanda

364

(4)

Example: The United Nations

368

(1)

A Personal Note

369

(4)

Appendix: Principles of Political Analysis

373

(6)

Falsifiability

373

(1)

What Makes a Statement Interesting?

374

(1)

Causation and Explanation

375

(2)

Historical Explanation

377

(1)

A Few Common Pitfalls in Analysis

377

(2)

Glossary

379

(8)

Bibliography

387

(14)

Index

401

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