Presidential Leadership Politics and Policy Making

by Edwards, III, George C.; Wayne, Stephen J.

• ISBN13: 9780534604028
• ISBN10: 0534604021
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-07-20
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

1. Presidential Leadership: An Introduction. 2. The Nomination Process. 3. The Presidential Election. 4. The President and the Public. 5. The President and the Media. 6. The President's Office. 7. Presidential Decision Making. 8. The Psychological Presidency. 9. The President and the Executive Branch. 10. The President and Congress. 11. The President and the Judiciary. 12. Domestic Policy Making. 13. Budgetary and Economic Policy Making. 14. Foreign and Defense Policy Making. 15 The Unilateral Presidency. Appendix A: Methods for Studying the Presidency. Appendix B: Non-electoral Succession, Removal and Tenure. Appendix C: Provisions of the Constitution of the United States That Relate to the Presidency. Appendix D: 2004 Electoral and Popular Vote Summary.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	xvi
ABOUT THE AUTHORS	xix
1 PRESIDENTIAL LEADERSHIP: AN INTRODUCTION	1	(27)
The Original Presidency	2	(4)
The Creation of the Institution	2	(2)
The Scope of Article II	4	(2)
The Evolution of the Presidency	6	(5)
Policy-Making Roles	6	(1)
Organizational Structure	7	(2)
Public Dimensions	9	(2)
Problems of Contemporary Leadership	11	(2)
Approaches to Studying the Presidency	13	(6)
Legal	14	(1)
Institutional	15	(1)
Political Power	16	(1)
Psychological	17	(1)
Summary	18	(1)
Orientation and Organization of This Book	19	(5)
Thinking about Leadership: Two Perspectives	19	(3)
Conceptual Focus	22	(1)
A Preview	23	(1)
Selected Readings	24	(1)
Notes	25	(3)
2 THE NOMINATION PROCESS	28	(31)
The Evolution of the System	29	(2)
Changes in the Political Arena	31	(11)
Party Reforms	31	(3)
Campaign Finance	34	(4)
Public Relations	38	(4)
The Quest for the Nomination: A Strategic Game Plan	42	(4)
Non-Front-Runners	42	(1)
Pulpit Candidates	43	(1)
Front-Runners	43	(3)
The Noncompetitive Phase of the Nomination Process	46	(8)
Launching the Presidential Campaign: The National Conventions	47	(5)
Characteristics of the Nominees	52	(2)
Conclusion	54	(1)
Discussion Questions	55	(1)
Web Exercises	55	(1)
Selected Readings	56	(1)
Notes	56	(3)
3 THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION	59	(41)
The Strategic Environment	60	(13)
The Electoral College	60	(5)
The Polity	65	(5)
Financial Considerations	70	(1)
News Coverage	71	(2)
The Presidential Campaign	73	(11)
Creating an Organization	74	(3)
Designing an Image	77	(1)
Projecting a Partisan Appeal	78	(1)
Building a Winning Coalition	79	(2)
Media Tactics	81	(3)
The Meaning of the Election	84	(10)
Predictions and Polls	84	(2)
Analyzing the Results	86	(6)
Assessing the Mandate	92	(1)
Converting the Electoral Coalition for Governance	93	(1)
Conclusion	94	(1)
Discussion Questions	95	(1)
Web Exercises	95	(1)
Selected Readings	95	(1)
Notes	96	(4)
4 THE PRESIDENT AND THE PUBLIC	100	(54)
Understanding Public Opinion	101	(5)
Americans' Opinions	101	(1)
Public Opinion Polls	102	(2)
Presidential Election Results	104	(1)
Mail from the Public	105	(1)
Acting Contrary to Public Opinion	105	(1)
Public Expectations of the President	106	(6)
High Expectations	107	(3)
Contradictory Expectations	110	(2)
Public Approval of the President	112	(11)
Levels of Approval	113	(1)
Party Identification	114	(1)
Positivity Bias	114	(2)
The Persistence of Approval	116	(1)
Long-Term Decline	117	(1)
Personality or Policy?	118	(1)
Personal Characteristics	119	(1)
Issues	120	(2)
Rally Events	122	(1)
Leading the Public	123	(23)
Direct Opinion Leadership	124	(4)
Framing Issues	128	(2)
The Use of Symbols	130	(4)
Public Relations	134	(4)
Success of Opinion Leadership	138	(4)
Information Control	142	(4)
Conclusion	146	(1)
Discussion Questions	147	(1)
Web Exercises	147	(1)
Selected Readings	147	(1)
Notes	148	(6)
5 THE PRESIDENT AND THE MEDIA	154	(39)
The Evolution of Media Coverage	155	(1)
Relations between the President and the Press	156	(12)
The White House Press Corps	157	(1)
The Presidential Press Operation	157	(2)
The Presidential Press Conference	159	(3)
Services for the Press	162	(4)
Managing the News	166	(2)
Press Coverage of the President	168	(10)
Leaks	168	(3)
Superficiality	171	(3)
Bias	174	(4)
Media Effects	178	(7)
Setting the Public's Agenda	178	(1)
Media Framing and Priming	179	(2)
Public Knowledge	181	(1)
Limiting the President's Options	182	(1)
Undermining the President	183	(1)
Limits on Media Effects	184	(1)
Conclusion	185	(1)
Discussion Questions	186	(1)
Web Exercises	186	(1)
Selected Readings	187	(1)
Notes	187	(6)
6 THE PRESIDENT'S OFFICE	193	(30)
Organizing Executive Advice	194	(10)
The Evolution of the Cabinet	194	(4)
The Creation of a Presidential Bureaucracy	198	(3)
Consequences of Structural Change	201	(3)
Providing a Presidential Staffing System	204	(14)
The Early Years	204	(1)
The Personalized White House, 1939 to 1960	204	(1)
The Institutionalized White House, 1960 to the Present	205	(6)
Trends in White House Staffing	211	(1)
The Growth of the Vice Presidency	212	(4)
The President's Spouse	216	(2)
Conclusion	218	(1)
Discussion Questions	219	(1)
Web Exercises	219	(1)
Selected Readings	220	(1)
Notes	220	(3)
7 PRESIDENTIAL DECISION MAKING	223	(31)
Previous Commitments	224	(1)
Time Constraints	225	(1)
Organization and Style of Decision Making	226	(7)
White House Organization	226	(2)
The Form of Advice	228	(2)
Multiple Advocacy	230	(1)
Presidential Involvement	231	(2)
Relationships with Advisers	233	(6)
Disagreeing with the President	234	(1)
Discouraging Advice	235	(1)
Groupthink	236	(1)
Staff Rivalries	237	(1)
Loss of Perspective	237	(1)
Role Conceptions	238	(1)
Bureaucratic Politics and Decision Making	239	(11)
Organizational Parochialism	239	(2)
Maintaining the Organization	241	(2)
Organizational and Personal Influence	243	(2)
Bureaucratic Structure	245	(5)
Conclusion	250	(1)
Discussion Questions	250	(1)
Web Exercises	251	(1)
Selected Readings	251	(1)
Notes	252	(2)
8 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PRESIDENCY	254	(32)
Qualifications for Office	255	(1)
Social and Political Background	256	(2)
Physical Attributes and General Health	258	(2)
Psychological Orientation	260	(8)
Cognitive Dimensions	268	(7)
Impact of Worldviews	268	(3)
Managing Inconsistency	271	(4)
Presidential Style	275	(3)
White House Staff Relationships	278	(2)
Conclusion	280	(1)
Discussion Questions	281	(1)
Web Exercises	282	(1)
Selected Readings	282	(1)
Notes	283	(3)
9 THE PRESIDENT AND THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH	286	(44)
Lack of Attention to Implementation	288	(1)
Communication of Presidential Decisions	289	(6)
Transmission	290	(3)
Clarity	293	(2)
Consistency	295	(1)
Resources	295	(8)
Money	295	(1)
Staff	296	(3)
Authority	299	(3)
Facilities and Equipment	302	(1)
Dispositions	303	(11)
White House Distrust	303	(2)
Bureaucratic Responsiveness to the President	305	(2)
Staffing the Bureaucracy	307	(6)
Limiting Discretion	313	(1)
The Bureaucratic Structure	314	(5)
Standard Operating Procedures	314	(2)
Fragmentation	316	(3)
Follow-Up	319	(4)
Conclusion	323	(1)
Discussion Questions	323	(1)
Web Exercises	323	(1)
Selected Readings	324	(1)
Notes	325	(5)
10 THE PRESIDENT AND CONGRESS	330	(48)
Formal Legislative Powers	331	(1)
Sources of Conflict between the Executive and Legislative Branches	332	(4)
Constituencies	333	(1)
Internal Structures	333	(2)
Information and Expertise	335	(1)
Time Perspectives	335	(1)
Agenda Setting	336	(1)
Party Leadership	336	(12)
Party Support of the President	337	(2)
Leading the Party	339	(9)
Public Support	348	(3)
Public Approval	348	(2)
Mandates	350	(1)
Evaluating Strategic Position	351	(2)
Presidential Legislative Skills	353	(14)
Congressional Liaison	353	(3)
Personal Appeals	356	(1)
Bargaining	357	(2)
Services and Amenities	359	(1)
Pressure	360	(1)
Consultation	361	(1)
Setting Priorities	362	(2)
Moving Quickly	364	(1)
Structuring Choice	364	(1)
The Context of Influence	365	(2)
The Impact of Legislative Skills	367	(1)
The Veto	367	(5)
Conclusion	372	(1)
Discussion Questions	373	(1)
Web Exercises	374	(1)
Selected Readings	374	(1)
Notes	375	(3)
11 THE PRESIDENT AND THE JUDICIARY	378	(31)
Judicial Selection	379	(12)
Selection of Lower-Court Judges	379	(3)
Backgrounds of Lower-Court Judges	382	(3)
Selection of Supreme Court Justices	385	(4)
Characteristics of Justices	389	(2)
President-Supreme Court Relations	391	(5)
Molding the Court	391	(2)
Arguments in the Courts	393	(1)
Enforcing Court Decisions	394	(1)
Other Relationships	395	(1)
Complying with the Court	396	(6)
Presidential Compliance	396	(4)
Deference to the President	400	(2)
Judicial Powers	402	(1)
Conclusion	403	(1)
Discussion Questions	404	(1)
Web Exercises	404	(1)
Selected Readings	405	(1)
Notes	405	(4)
12 DOMESTIC POLICY MAKING	409	(33)
The Development of a Policy-Making Role	410	(4)
Institutionalizing Presidential Initiatives	411	(1)
Changing Policy Environment	412	(2)
The Office of Management and Budget and the Executive Branch	414	(7)
Exercising Central Clearance	414	(1)
Issuing Statements of Administration Policy	415	(1)
Coordinating Executive Branch Advice	416	(1)
Reviewing Agency Regulations	416	(2)
Overseeing Executive Orders	418	(1)
Decision Making in and by the OMB	419	(2)
The Evolution of White House Policy Making	421	(5)
Structural Orientation	424	(1)
Stylistic Differences	425	(1)
Strategies for Policy Making	426	(9)
Accommodating External Forces	426	(3)
Building a Policy Agenda	429	(6)
Conclusion	435	(3)
Discussion Questions	438	(1)
Web Exercises	439	(1)
Selected Readings	439	(1)
Notes	440	(2)
13 BUDGETARY AND ECONOMIC POLICY MAKING	442	(33)
The Federal Budget	443	(5)
The Battle of the Budget: President Versus Congress	448	(3)
The Budget Makers	451	(9)
The President	451	(1)
The Office of Management and Budget	452	(3)
The Executive Departments and Agencies	455	(1)
The Congress	456	(4)
Presidential Leadership and the Budget	460	(1)
Domestic Economic Policy Making	461	(3)
Foreign Economic Policy Making	464	(1)
Economic Policy Makers	465	(3)
The Department of the Treasury	465	(1)
The Federal Reserve Board	465	(1)
The Council of Economic Advisers	466	(1)
The Office of Management and Budget	467	(1)
International Economic Advisers	467	(1)
The Coordination of Economic Advice	468	(1)
The Politics of Economic Policy Making	468	(2)
Conclusion	470	(1)
Discussion Questions	471	(1)
Web Exercises	472	(1)
Selected Readings	472	(1)
Notes	473	(2)
14 FOREIGN AND DEFENSE POLICY MAKING	475	(24)
Constitutional and Statutory Authority	476	(9)
The Original Design	476	(1)
The Exercise of Powers	477	(8)
The Expansion of a Policy-Making Role	485	(3)
Incentives for Presidential Leadership	485	(1)
Policy Goals and Presidential Success: The Two Presidencies Thesis	486	(2)
The Development of an Advisory System	488	(5)
The Executive Departments	488	(1)
The National Security Council	489	(3)
The Special Assistant for National Security Affairs	492	(1)
Assessing the Advisory System	493	(1)
Conclusion	493	(2)
Discussion Questions	495	(1)
Web Exercises	495	(1)
Selected Readings	496	(1)
Notes	496	(3)
15 THE UNILATERAL PRESIDENCY	499	(19)
Executive Orders and Proclamations	500	(3)
Executive Agreements and Foreign Policy Doctrines	503	(2)
Command Authority: The President's War Powers	505	(5)
Historical Precedents	505	(1)
Congressional Acquiescence	506	(1)
Checks and Balances Restored	507	(3)
Legislative Veto	510	(2)
Judicial Pardons	512	(1)
Conclusion	512	(2)
Discussion Questions	514	(1)
Web Exercises	515	(1)
Selected Readings	515	(1)
Notes	516	(2)
APPENDIX A: METHODS OF STUDYING THE PRESIDENCY	518	(10)
APPENDIX B: NONELECTORAL SUCCESSION, REMOVAL, AND TENURE	528	(5)
APPENDIX C: PROVISIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES THAT RELATE TO THE PRESIDENCY	533	(10)
APPENDIX D: 2004 ELECTORAL AND POPULAR VOTE SUMMARY	543	(2)
INDEX	545