The Principal: Creative Leadership for Effective Schools

by UBBEN G

• ISBN13: 9780205322114
• ISBN10: 0205322115
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-10-01
• Publisher: ALLYN & BACON INC

Summary

This book provides a bridge from learning the theory of school administration to the practical problem solving in which school principals and other leaders engage. The Principal is organized into four parts centered on the six Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium (ISLLC) Standards developed specifically for school leaders. Each of the four major parts of the book is framed with one or two of the Standards as its major theme. This text continues to be based on the research indicating linkages between educational leadership and productive schools, especially in terms of outcomes for children. It supports the understanding that formal leadership in schools is a complex, multi-faceted task that requires continual learning and that effective school leaders must be strong educators focused on the central issues of learning, teaching, and school improvement. School leaders must also be moral agents and social advocates for the children and communities they serve while working with community stakeholders to create learning communities that value and care for others as individuals and as members of the educational community.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
PART I CREATING A VISION OF LEADERSHIP AND LEARNING	1	(94)
The Principal: A Creative Blend of Substance and Style	3	(25)
The School: The Context for Leadership	4	(7)
Schools as Machines	4	(1)
Schools as Organisms	4	(1)
Schools as Brains	5	(1)
Reflection	5	(1)
School Expectations	5	(1)
Tightly Coupled and Loosely Coupled Organizations	6	(1)
Leadership Perspectives	7	(1)
Single-Loop and Double-Loop Learning	7	(1)
The Organizational Iceberg	8	(1)
The Social Systems Theory	8	(3)
The Principalship: The Role in Context	11	(5)
Management	11	(2)
Management and Leadership	13	(1)
Leadership and Vision	13	(1)
Shared Vision and Authority	14	(1)
Contrasting the Transactional and Transformational Leader	14	(2)
Ethical Responsibilities of Transformational Leadership	16	(1)
The Principal: The Leader within the Role	16	(4)
Developing Leadership Artistry	16	(1)
Clarifying Values	16	(1)
Leadership as Philosophy in Action	17	(1)
Espoused Values and Values in Use	18	(1)
Leadership from a Values Perspective	18	(1)
Hall's Phases of Consciousness	19	(1)
Implications for Leadership Development	20	(1)
A Backward Glance	20	(1)
The Leadership Background	20	(4)
Historical Perspective	20	(1)
From Traditional Leadership Theory to Contingency Theory	21	(3)
Summary	24	(1)
Activities	24	(1)
Endnotes	25	(2)
Selected Readings	27	(1)
The Learning Community	28	(17)
Learning Communities	29	(8)
Senge's Model	29	(1)
Disengagement	30	(1)
Sociological and Psychological Nature of Groups	30	(1)
Reciprocity	31	(1)
Cohort Model	31	(1)
Empowerment	32	(1)
Teacher Empowerment	33	(1)
Institutional versus Individual View of a Career	33	(2)
Substitutes for Leadership	35	(1)
Instructional Leadership	35	(2)
High-Performance Organizations	37	(5)
Goal Setting	38	(1)
High Expectations, Praise, and Hoopla: The Motivating Work Environment	39	(1)
Total Quality Management	39	(2)
A Model for Instructional Leadership	41	(1)
Summary	42	(1)
Activities	43	(1)
Endnotes	43	(1)
Selected Readings	44	(1)
Decision Processing and Decision Making at the School Site	45	(24)
Decision Making: A Perspective	46	(1)
Decision Making as Problem Solving	47	(2)
Decision Settings	49	(3)
Structured Decision Settings	49	(1)
Multialternative, Unstructured, and Innovative Settings	50	(2)
Decision Processing	52	(9)
The Maier Model	53	(2)
The Vroom-Yetton Decision Process Model	55	(1)
Vroom and Jago: The ``New'' Model	56	(1)
Implications of Decision Processing Models	57	(2)
Your Turn	59	(2)
The Work Group as a Problem-Solving Unit	61	(2)
Setting Realistic Decision-Making Limits	61	(1)
Levels of Decision Making and Participation	61	(2)
Site-Based Management: Enlightened Suzerainty	63	(1)
Problem-Solving Work Groups	63	(1)
The Garbage can Model of Decision Making	64	(1)
Summary	65	(2)
Activities	67	(1)
Endnotes	67	(1)
Selected Readings	68	(1)
School Improvement through Systematic Planning	69	(26)
The Principal's Role	70	(1)
Gathering Baseline Data	70	(5)
Demographic Data	70	(1)
Outcome Data	71	(1)
Stakeholder Survey Data	72	(3)
Determining Vision and Mission	75	(4)
Framework for Establishing Beliefs or Vision Statements	76	(1)
Evaluative Criteria Framework	77	(1)
Effective Schools Framework	77	(1)
Vision and Mission Development Process	78	(1)
Clarifying Expectations for Student Learning	79	(3)
Process	79	(3)
Analysis of Instructional and Organizational Effectiveness	82	(2)
Action Planning/Project Management	84	(5)
Problem Analysis	84	(2)
Generating Action Plans	86	(1)
The Project Planning Document	87	(1)
Putting the Plan into Operation	88	(1)
Establishing Target Dates	88	(1)
The Project Calendar: Gantt Charting	89	(2)
The Master Project Document	89	(1)
Monitoring and Evaluating the Project	89	(1)
Summative Evaluation	89	(2)
Summary	91	(1)
Activities	92	(1)
Endnotes	92	(1)
Selected Readings	93	(2)
PART II DEVELOPING A POSITIVE SCHOOL CULTURE	95	(116)
Creating a Positive Learning Climate	97	(18)
It's No Secret	97	(1)
The School as a Culture	98	(1)
Positive Student Control	98	(4)
Five Premises about the School Environment and Students	99	(1)
The Development of a Positive Program	99	(1)
It All Starts in the Classroom	99	(3)
Other Factors Influencing Behavior	102	(1)
Actively Encouraging a Positive Learning Environment	102	(4)
A Promising Model	102	(1)
Personalizing the School	103	(2)
The School as a Safe Haven	105	(1)
The Counseling Program	106	(5)
Advisor-Advisee Systems	107	(1)
Organizing Counseling Activities	108	(1)
Establishing a Good Advisement Program	109	(2)
The Role of the Guidance Counselor	111	(1)
Student Services	111	(1)
Student Referral System	111	(1)
Principal's Role in Coordination and Articulation	112	(1)
Summary	112	(1)
Activities	113	(1)
Endnotes	113	(1)
Suggested Readings	113	(2)
The School Curriculum	115	(30)
The Principal's Role in Curriculum Administration	115	(11)
Understanding Curriculum Theory	116	(1)
The Humanistic Perspective	117	(2)
Social Reconstructionism	119	(4)
Technological Curriculum	123	(1)
Academic Curriculum	124	(2)
Curriculum Analysis	126	(6)
Curriculum Design and Development	132	(1)
Curriculum Delivery	133	(1)
Curriculum Flexibility	134	(1)
Curriculum Continuity	135	(1)
Curriculum Balance	135	(1)
Curriculum Classification System	136	(1)
Test Item Bank	136	(1)
A Curriculum Model	137	(3)
Offering Curricular Breadth	140	(1)
Special Programs for Special Students	140	(1)
Mini-Courses	140	(1)
Honors Courses and Advanced-Placement Courses	141	(1)
Summary	141	(1)
Activities	141	(1)
Endnotes	142	(1)
Selected Readings	143	(2)
Promoting Student Achievement	145	(22)
Individual Differences among Children	146	(2)
Grouping Students	148	(5)
Group Size	148	(1)
Group Composition	149	(2)
Retention	151	(1)
Appropriate Bases for Grouping	152	(1)
Group Flexibility	152	(1)
Grouping Guidelines	153	(1)
Instructional Processes and Types of Instruction	153	(3)
Research on Teaching	156	(7)
Effective Planning Skills	156	(1)
Effective Lesson Implementation	157	(1)
Cooperative Learning	157	(1)
Student Motivation	158	(1)
Providing Students with Evaluative Feedback	158	(1)
Preparing Appropriate Evaluation Activities	159	(1)
Assigning Grades	159	(1)
Time on Task	160	(1)
Individualized Instruction	161	(2)
Summary	163	(1)
Activities	163	(1)
Endnotes	164	(1)
Selected Readings	165	(2)
Special Students and Special Services	167	(17)
The 1997 IDEA Amendments	168	(1)
Special Education and Related Services	168	(5)
Program Steps	169	(4)
Disciplining Students with Disabilities	173	(1)
Dealing with Parents of Special Children	174	(2)
The Supportive Parent	175	(1)
The Denying Parent	175	(1)
The Nonresponsive Parent	175	(1)
The Belligerent, Demanding Parent	176	(1)
The Role of the Principal	176	(1)
The Role of the Regular Classroom Teacher	177	(1)
Outside Public Agencies	178	(4)
Public Welfare or Human Services Agencies	179	(1)
Working with Law Enforcement Agencies	180	(2)
Summary	182	(1)
Activities	182	(1)
Endnotes	182	(1)
Selected Readings	183	(1)
Human Resources Development	184	(27)
Human Resources Development and Organizational Context	184	(3)
Integration of the Individual and the Organization	185	(2)
Individual and Group Needs	187	(4)
Understanding Individual and Group Needs	187	(1)
The Adult Learner	187	(1)
Teacher Needs Determined by Experience	188	(2)
Maturity and Readiness Levels	190	(1)
Professional Development	191	(3)
Models of Staff Development	191	(3)
Matching Teacher Differences and Staff-Development Opportunities	194	(1)
Personnel Evaluation and Supervision	194	(4)
Merit and Worth	194	(1)
Summative and Formative Evaluation	195	(1)
Clinical Supervision	196	(2)
The Staff Evaluation Cycle	198	(3)
Individual Development Plans	199	(2)
Mentoring	201	(2)
Developing a Productive Relationship	202	(1)
Organizational Development	203	(2)
Implications for Leaders	205	(2)
The Needs Assessment	205	(1)
Structuring and Monitoring the Development System	205	(1)
Positive Reinforcement	206	(1)
Summary	207	(1)
Activities	207	(1)
Endnotes	207	(2)
Selected Readings	209	(2)
PART III MANAGING THE ORGANIZATION	211	(106)
Staffing the School: Recruitment, Selection, and Termination Processes	213	(15)
Recruitment	214	(4)
Federal Regulations to Prevent Employment Discrimination	217	(1)
The Selection Process	218	(3)
Screening	219	(1)
Discrepancy Analysis	219	(1)
Reference Check	219	(1)
The Job Interview	220	(1)
Employee Probationary Status	221	(1)
Teacher Tenure	221	(1)
Involuntary Termination	222	(2)
Preparation for Dismissal	222	(1)
Due Process	223	(1)
Appropriateness of Evidence	223	(1)
Equal Rights	223	(1)
Efforts to Help the Teacher	224	(1)
Voluntary Termination	224	(1)
Summary	224	(2)
Activities	226	(1)
Endnotes	226	(1)
Selected Readings	227	(1)
Restructuring the Deployment of Instructional Personnel	228	(19)
Empowerment	229	(1)
Learning Communities	229	(1)
Organizing for Learning Community Development	230	(1)
Staffing Patterns for Elementary and Middle Schools	231	(5)
Variations in Staff Assignments	231	(1)
Traditional Self-Contained Classrooms	231	(1)
Teachers and Specialists	232	(1)
Team Teaching	232	(1)
Team Teaching with Instructional Assistants	233	(2)
Options on Using Staff Specialists	235	(1)
Learning Community Organization	236	(1)
Staffing Patterns for Secondary Schools	236	(6)
Departmental Staff Organization	237	(1)
Learning Community Staffing Patterns	238	(1)
Learning Community Planning	238	(2)
Team Planning Tasks	240	(2)
Team Meeting Schedule	242	(1)
The School as a Learning Community	242	(2)
Matrix Management	244	(1)
Summary	244	(1)
Activities	245	(1)
Endnotes	245	(1)
Selected Readings	245	(2)
Restructuring Time: Scheduling	247	(26)
Schedule Flexibility	248	(1)
Simplicity and Complexity	248	(1)
Efficiency and the Use of Time	248	(1)
Decision Level---Loosely Coupled	249	(1)
Schedule Design	249	(3)
Learning Community Planning Time	252	(1)
Parallel Scheduling	252	(1)
Elementary School Schedules	253	(2)
Self-Contained Elementary Classrooms	253	(1)
Block Scheduling---Elementary	253	(2)
Middle School Schedules	255	(2)
Secondary School Schedules	257	(12)
Group Schedules	257	(2)
Mosaic Schedules	259	(6)
Computer Scheduling	265	(1)
Block Schedules---Middle and High School	266	(1)
Alternate-Day Schedules	267	(1)
The 4/4 Semester Plan	268	(1)
Year-Round Schools	269	(1)
Summary	270	(1)
Activities	271	(1)
Endnotes	271	(1)
Selected Readings	272	(1)
Creative Budgeting, Fiscal Accounting, and Building Management	273	(24)
The Budgeting and Planning Process	274	(3)
Three Common Budgeting Processes	275	(2)
Implementing a Planning, Programming, Budgeting System	277	(3)
Step 1: The Five-Year Plan	278	(1)
Step 2: The One-Year Plan	279	(1)
Subsequent Steps	280	(1)
Expectations and Product	280	(1)
Accounting for Financial Resources and Expenditures	280	(8)
General Issues	280	(1)
Accounting for Financial Resources at the School Site	281	(3)
Regular Review	284	(2)
Activity and Other Funds	286	(2)
The Audit	288	(1)
Supplies and Equipment Management	288	(2)
Storage and Inventory Control	288	(2)
Central Warehousing	290	(1)
Care of the School Plant	290	(4)
Maintenance and Custodial Schedules	291	(1)
Evaluating the Appearance of the Building and Site	291	(3)
Working with Classified Personnel	294	(1)
Selection and Retention of Classified Personnel	294	(1)
Summary	295	(1)
Activities	295	(1)
Endnotes	295	(1)
Selected Readings	296	(1)
Technology Applications for School Management	297	(20)
How to Get Started	298	(1)
Technology Plans	299	(1)
Technology Applications for a School Office	300	(4)
Word Processing	300	(1)
Desktop and Web Publishing	300	(1)
Database Management Systems	301	(2)
File Managers	303	(1)
Relational Databases	304	(1)
Management Information Systems	304	(6)
Financial Accounting Systems	306	(1)
Media Center Materials and Equipment	306	(1)
Document Retrieval System	306	(1)
Management Planning	306	(1)
School Calendar	307	(1)
Standardized Test Scoring	307	(1)
Presentation Graphics	308	(2)
Local Area Networks (LANS)	310	(1)
Software Issues	310	(1)
Network Policy Issues	310	(1)
Acceptable Use Policies	310	(1)
World Wide Web (WWW)	311	(1)
School Website	311	(1)
Staff Development for Technology	312	(1)
Hardware Security	313	(1)
Summary	313	(1)
Activities	314	(1)
Endnotes	314	(1)
Selected Readings	315	(2)
PART IV INTERACTING WITH THE EXTERNAL SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT	317	(57)
The School and the Community	319	(26)
The Community	319	(2)
The School in the Complex Community: The Impact of the Gesselschaft Society	321	(1)
Informal Community Forces	321	(7)
Neighborhood Influence Systems	322	(1)
Community Groups	323	(1)
Pressure Groups	323	(3)
Implications for the Principal	326	(2)
Formal Community Forces	328	(4)
The Local Board of Education	329	(1)
State Education Agencies	330	(1)
Federal Influences on Education	331	(1)
In Sum	331	(1)
Promising Public Relations Techniques: Dealing with the Formal and Informal Forces	332	(1)
Getting the Message Out: One-Way Public Relations Techniques	332	(5)
Print and Electronic Media	332	(5)
The Fog Index	337	(1)
Getting the Message Out and Back: Two-Way Public Relations Techniques	337	(6)
The Message Was Sent---What Happened?	337	(1)
Community Advisory Councils	337	(1)
Focus Groups	338	(1)
Business and Other Community Partnerships	339	(1)
Key Communicators	340	(1)
Principal-Organized Interaction Sessions	340	(1)
Parent-Teacher Conferences	341	(1)
Parent-Teacher Organizations	341	(1)
Community Surveys	342	(1)
Summary	343	(1)
Activities	343	(1)
Endnotes	344	(1)
Selected Readings	344	(1)
Legal Rights and Responsibilities of Students and Staff	345	(29)
Legal Bases for Schools: A Federal, State, and Local Perspective	346	(2)
Application of the Laws	348	(1)
Due Process	348	(2)
Substantive Due Process	348	(1)
Procedural Due Process	349	(1)
Issues of Equity	350	(7)
Gender Discrimination	351	(1)
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (Reauthorization)	352	(1)
Providing for the Disabled	353	(4)
First Amendment Rights	357	(5)
Freedom of Expression	357	(1)
Student Publications	358	(1)
School Library Books	359	(1)
Required Reading Materials	359	(1)
Searching Students	360	(1)
Religion in the Schools	360	(2)
Sexual Harassment	362	(1)
Common Tort Liability Settings	363	(6)
Pupil Injuries	363	(2)
Regulating Student Conduct	365	(4)
Privacy and Confidentiality of Student Records	369	(1)
Summary	370	(1)
Activities	370	(1)
Endnotes	371	(2)
Selected Readings	373	(1)
Appendix A Case Studies in School Leadership and Management	374	(18)
Appendix B ISLLC Standards	392	(7)
Index	399