Principles and Applications of Geochemistry

by Faure, Gunter

• ISBN13: 9780023364501
• ISBN10: 0023364505
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1997-12-24
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

Designed to show readers how to use chemical principles in solving geological problems, this book emphasizes a quantitative approach to problem solving and demonstrates how chemical principles control geologic processes in atomic and large-scale environments. The book starts with basic principles and emphasizes quantitative methods of problem-solving. It uses the principles of isotope geology to enhance the understanding of appropriate geochemical subject areas. The book also examines the geochemical processes that affect the chemical composition of surface water and that determine its quality for human consumption. For anyone interested in Geochemistry or Geology.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Part I PLANET EARTH IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM	2	(58)
1 What Is Geochemistry?	2	(6)
1.1 Early History	2	(1)
1.2 Geochemistry in the U.S.S.R.	3	(1)
1.3 V.M. Goldschmidt	4	(1)
1.4 Modern Geochemistry	5	(2)
References	7	(1)
2 In the Beginning	8	(14)
2.1 The Big Bang	8	(3)
2.2 Stellar Evolution	11	(2)
2.3 Nucleosynthesis	13	(7)
2.4 Summary	20	(1)
Problems	20	(1)
References	20	(2)
3 The Solar System	22	(21)
3.1 Origin of the Solar System	22	(3)
3.2 Origin of the Earthlike Planets	25	(1)
3.3 Satellites of the Outer Planets	26	(3)
3.4 Pictures of Our Solar System	29	(13)
3.5 Summary	42	(1)
References	42	(1)
4 Chemical Differentiation of the Earth	43	(17)
4.1 Internal Structure of the Earth	43	(3)
4.2 The Continental Crust: Major Elements	46	(3)
4.3 Differentiation of Igneous and Sedimentary Rocks	49	(3)
4.4 Differentiation of the Hydrosphere	52	(4)
4.5 Summary	56	(1)
Problems	57	(1)
References	57	(3)
Part II PRINCIPLES OF INORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY	60	(50)
5 The Electronic Structure of Atoms	60	(14)
5.1 The Atom of Thomson and Rutherford	60	(1)
5.2 Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom	61	(2)
5.3 Emission of X-rays	63	(1)
5.4 Schrodinger's Model of the Atom	64	(3)
5.5 The Aufbau Principle	67	(2)
5.6 Summary	69	(3)
Problems	72	(1)
References	72	(2)
6 The Periodic Table and Atomic Weights	74	(9)
6.1 Mendeleev's Periodic Table	74	(1)
6.2 The Modern Periodic Table	74	(3)
6.3 Basic Principles of Atomic Physics	77	(1)
6.4 Atomic Weights	78	(3)
6.5 Summary	81	(1)
Problems	82	(1)
References	82	(1)
7 Chemical Bonds, Ionic Radii, and Crystals	83	(16)
7.1 Electron Donors Versus Acceptors	83	(1)
7.2 Measures of Metallic Character	84	(3)
7.3 Bonding in Molecules	87	(2)
7.4 Ionic Crystals	89	(2)
7.5 Ionic Radii	91	(6)
7.6 Summary	97	(1)
Problems	97	(1)
References	98	(1)
8 Ionic Substitution in Crystals	99	(11)
8.1 Goldschmidt's Rules of Substitution	99	(1)
8.2 Camouflage, Capture, and Admission	100	(2)
8.3 Coupled Substitution: Key to the Feldspars	102	(1)
8.4 Distribution Coefficients and Geothermometers	103	(2)
8.5 Geochemical Classification of the Elements	105	(1)
8.6 Summary	106	(2)
Problems	108	(1)
References	108	(2)
Part III AQUEOUS GEOCHEMISTRY AND THE STABILITY OF MINERALS	110	(166)
9 Acids and Bases	110	(20)
9.1 Chemical Reactions and Equilibria	110	(2)
9.2 The Law of Mass Action	112	(2)
9.3 Dissociation of Weak Acids and Bases	114	(7)
9.4 Solubility of Sparingly Soluble Bases	121	(2)
9.5 pH Control of Dissociation Equilibria	123	(1)
9.6 Solubility of Amorphous Silica	124	(3)
9.7 Summary	127	(1)
Problems	128	(1)
References	128	(2)
10 Salts and Their Ions	130	(25)
10.1 Solubility of Salts	130	(7)
10.2 Hydrolysis	137	(2)
10.3 Activities and Concentrations	139	(3)
10.4 Solubility of Calcium Carbonate	142	(6)
10.5 Chemical Weathering	148	(1)
10.6 Transformation of Potassium Feldspar to Kaolinite	149	(3)
10.7 Summary	152	(1)
Problems	153	(1)
References	153	(2)
11 Thermodynamics	155	(17)
11.1 Definitions	155	(2)
11.2 The First Law	157	(1)
11.3 Enthalpy	157	(2)
11.4 Heats of Reaction	159	(1)
11.5 Heat Capacity	160	(1)
11.6 The Second Law	161	(2)
11.7 Gibbs Free Energy	163	(2)
11.8 Derivation of the Law of Mass Action	165	(1)
11.9 Fugacity and Activity	166	(2)
11.10 The van't Hoff Equation	168	(1)
11.11 Solubility of Amorphous Silica Between 0 and 100(Degree)C	168	(1)
11.12 Summary	169	(1)
Problems	170	(1)
References	171	(1)
12 Mineral Stability Diagrams	172	(28)
12.1 Chemical Weathering of Feldspars	172	(10)
12.2 Formation of Zeolites	182	(4)
12.3 Magnesium Silicates	186	(4)
12.4 Solubility Diagrams	190	(4)
12.5 Fugacity Diagrams	194	(4)
12.6 Summary	198	(1)
Problems	199	(1)
References	199	(1)
13 Clay Minerals	200	(26)
13.1 Crystal Structure	200	(2)
13.2 Classification and Chemical Composition	202	(6)
13.3 Gibbs Free Energies of Formation	208	(3)
13.4 Stability Diagrams	211	(6)
13.5 Colloidal Suspensions and Ion Exchange	217	(4)
13.6 Dating of Clay Minerals	221	(1)
13.7 Summary	222	(1)
Problems	223	(1)
References	224	(2)
14 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions	226	(27)
14.1 Balancing Equations of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions	226	(3)
14.2 The Electromotive Series	229	(5)
14.3 The Emf of Electrochemical Cells	234	(1)
14.4 Stability Limits of Water in Terms of Eh and pH	235	(3)
14.5 Stability of Iron Compounds	238	(11)
14.6 Summary	249	(2)
Problems	251	(1)
References	252	(1)
15 Rates of Geochemical Processes	253	(23)
15.1 Rates of Chemical Reactions	253	(4)
15.2 Transport of Matter: Advection	257	(2)
15.3 Transport of Matter: Diffusion	259	(4)
15.4 Growth of Concretions During Diagenesis	263	(5)
15.5 Growth of Monomineralic Layers	268	(3)
15.6 Summary	271	(1)
Problems	271	(2)
References	273	(3)
Part IV ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY AND MIXING	276	(66)
16 Isotopic Geochronometers	276	(25)
16.1 Decay Modes	276	(5)
16.2 Law of Radioactivity	281	(3)
16.3 Methods of Dating	284	(8)
16.4 Cosmogenic Radionuclides	292	(5)
16.5 Summary	297	(1)
Problems	297	(2)
References	299	(2)
17 Isotope Fractionation	301	(27)
17.1 Principles of Isotope Fractionation	301	(3)
17.2 Mathematical Relations	304	(2)
17.3 Isotope Fractionation in the Hydrosphere	306	(2)
17.4 Oxygen Isotope Composition of Calcite	308	(3)
17.5 Oxygen and Hydrogen in Clay Minerals	311	(2)
17.6 Groundwater and Geothermal Brines	313	(2)
17.7 Isotope Fractionation of Carbon	315	(2)
17.8 Isotope Compositions of Strontium in Carbonate Rocks	317	(2)
17.9 Isotope Fractionation of Sulfur	319	(4)
17.10 Summary	323	(2)
Problems	325	(1)
References	325	(3)
18 Mixing and Dilution	328	(14)
18.1 Binary Mixtures	328	(2)
18.2 Dilution	330	(1)
18.3 Evaporative Concentration	331	(1)
18.4 Ternary Mixtures	332	(3)
18.5 Isotopic Mixtures of One Element	335	(2)
18.6 Isotopic Mixtures of Two Elements	337	(1)
18.7 Summary	338	(1)
Problems	339	(1)
References	340	(2)
Part V APPLICATIONS OF GEOCHEMISTRY TO THE SOLUTION OF GLOBAL PROBLEMS	342	(164)
19 Consequences of Chemical Weathering	342	(26)
19.1 Changes in Chemical Composition of Rocks	343	(2)
19.2 Normative Mineral Composition of Weathering Products	345	(2)
19.3 Susceptibility of Minerals to Weathering	347	(4)
19.4 Formation of Placer Deposits	351	(2)
19.5 Provenance Determination by Isotopic Dating	353	(1)
19.6 Formation of Soils	354	(4)
19.7 Geomicrobiology	358	(3)
19.8 Food Production and Population Growth	361	(2)
19.9 Summary	363	(1)
Problems	364	(1)
References	365	(3)
20 Chemical Composition of Surface Water	368	(32)
20.1 Chemical Analysis of Water in Streams	368	(2)
20.2 Chemical Composition of Streams	370	(5)
20.3 Chemical Composition of Meteoric Precipitation	375	(1)
20.4 Normative Minerals from Water Compositions	376	(7)
20.5 Evaporative Concentration	383	(9)
20.6 Water Quality	392	(3)
20.7 Summary	395	(1)
Problems	396	(1)
References	397	(3)
21 Chemical Weathering of Mineral Deposits	400	(25)
21.1 Metallic Mineral Deposits	400	(1)
21.2 Oxidation of Iron Sulfides and the Role of Bacteria	401	(2)
21.3 Eh-pH Diagram for Copper Minerals	403	(4)
21.4 Supergene Enrichment of Fe-Cu Sulfide Deposits	407	(1)
21.5 Replacement of Pyrite by Chalcocite	408	(3)
21.6 Oxidation of Ore Minerals of Other Metals	411	(2)
21.7 Geochemical Exploration	413	(4)
21.8 Production and Consumption of Mineral Resources	417	(4)
21.9 Summary	421	(1)
Problems	422	(1)
References	423	(2)
22 Geochemical Cycles	425	(24)
22.1 The Principle of Mass Balance	426	(2)
22.2 Mass Balance for Major Elements in the Ocean	428	(3)
22.3 Mass Balance for Trace Elements in the Ocean	431	(2)
22.4 The Cycles of C-H-O-N	433	(10)
22.5 The Sulfur Cycle	443	(3)
22.6 Summary	446	(1)
Problems	447	(1)
References	447	(2)
23 Chemistry of the Atmosphere	449	(12)
23.1 Structure and Composition	450	(1)
23.2 Ultraviolet Radiation	451	(1)
23.3 Ozone in the Stratosphere	452	(1)
23.4 Ozone Hole over Antarctica	453	(2)
23.5 Infrared Radiation and the Greenhouse Effect	455	(2)
23.6 Prediction of the Future Global Climate	457	(1)
23.7 Summary	458	(1)
Problems	459	(1)
References	459	(2)
24 Environmental Geochemistry: Disposal of Radioactive Waste	461	(24)
24.1 The Big Picture	461	(1)
24.2 High-Level Nuclear Waste Disposal	462	(3)
24.3 Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste	465	(3)
24.4 Geochemistry of Plutonium	468	(5)
24.5 Eh-pH Diagrams of Neptunium and Plutonium	473	(3)
24.6 Analog Studies: The Natural Reactors at Oklo, Gabon	476	(2)
24.7 Reactor Accidents: Chernobyl, Ukraine	478	(3)
24.8 Summary	481	(1)
Problems	482	(1)
References	483	(2)
25 Effect of Environmental Lead on Human Health	485	(21)
25.1 Isotope Composition of Environmental Lead	485	(2)
25.2 Lead in the Environment	487	(5)
25.3 Lead in Plants	492	(3)
25.4 Lead Poisoning of Cows and Horses	495	(2)
25.5 Human Bones and Tissues	497	(2)
25.6 Lead in the Bones of Ancient Peoples	499	(3)
25.7 Summary	502	(1)
Problems	503	(1)
References	504	(2)
Appendix A Compilations of Geochemical Data	506	(13)
Appendix B Standard Gibbs Free Energies (G^XXX(f)) and Standard Enthalpies of Formation (H^XXX(f))	519	(56)
Author Index	575	(14)
Subject Index	589