Principles of Biostatistics (with CD-ROM)

by Pagano, Marcello; Gauvreau, Kimberlee

• ISBN13: 9780534229023
• ISBN10: 0534229026
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-03-09
• Publisher: Duxbury Press

Summary

Marcello Pagano and Kimberlee Gauvreau's PRINCIPLES OF BIOSTATISTICS, Second Edition is a concepts-based introduction to statistical procedures that prepares public health, medical, and life sciences students to conduct and evaluate research. With an engaging writing style and helpful graphics, the emphasis is on concepts over formulas or rote memorization. Throughout the book, the authors use practical, interesting examples with real data to bring the material to life.

Author Biography

Marcello Pagano: Harvard School of Public Health. Kimberlee Gauvreau: Harvard Medical School.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(6)
Overview of the Text	2	(3)
Review Exercises	5	(2)
Bibliography	6	(1)
Data Presentation	7	(31)
Types of Numerical Data	7	(4)
Nominal Data	7	(2)
Ordinal Data	9	(1)
Ranked Data	10	(1)
Discrete Data	10	(1)
Continuous Data	11	(1)
Tables	11	(4)
Frequency Distributions	12	(1)
Relative Frequency	13	(2)
Graphs	15	(9)
Bar Charts	15	(1)
Histograms	16	(2)
Frequency Polygons	18	(2)
One-Way Scatter Plots	20	(1)
Box Plots	21	(1)
Two-Way Scatter Plots	22	(1)
Line Graphs	22	(2)
Further Applications	24	(6)
Review Exercises	30	(8)
Bibliography	36	(2)
Numerical Summary Measures	38	(28)
Measures of Central Tendency	38	(6)
mean	38	(3)
Median	41	(1)
Mode	42	(2)
Measures of Dispersion	44	(4)
Range	44	(1)
Interquartile Range	44	(2)
Variance and Standard Deviation	46	(2)
Coefficient of Variation	48	(1)
Grouped Data	48	(4)
Grouped Mean	49	(2)
Grouped Variance	51	(1)
Chebychev's Inequality	52	(2)
Further Applications	54	(5)
Review Exercises	59	(7)
Bibliography	64	(2)
Rates and Standardization	66	(31)
Rates	66	(4)
Standardization of Rates	70	(14)
Direct Method of Standardization	72	(2)
Indirect Method of Standardization	74	(1)
Use of Standardized Rates	75	(9)
Further Applications	84	(5)
Direct Method of Standardization	86	(1)
Indirect Method of Standardization	86	(3)
Review Exercises	89	(8)
Bibliography	95	(2)
Life Tables	97	(28)
Computation of the Life Table	97	(7)
Column 1	97	(2)
Column 2	99	(2)
Columns 3 and 4	101	(1)
Column 5	102	(1)
Column 6	103	(1)
Column 7	103	(1)
Applications of the Life Table	104	(3)
Years of Potential Life Lost	107	(4)
Further Applications	111	(5)
Review Exercises	116	(9)
Bibliography	124	(1)
Probability	125	(37)
Operations on Events and Probability	125	(4)
Conditional Probability	129	(2)
Bayes' Theorem	131	(4)
Diagnostic Tests	135	(9)
Sensitivity and Specificity	136	(1)
Applications of Bayes' Theorem	136	(4)
ROC Curves	140	(1)
Calculation of Prevalence	141	(3)
The Relative Risk and the Odds Ratio	144	(5)
Further Applications	149	(6)
Review Exercises	155	(7)
Bibliography	160	(2)
Theoretical Probability Distributions	162	(34)
Probability Distributions	162	(2)
The Binomial Distribution	164	(8)
The Poisson Distribution	172	(4)
The Normal Distribution	176	(9)
Further Applications	185	(6)
Review Exercises	191	(5)
Bibliography	194	(2)
Sampling Distribution of the Mean	196	(18)
Sampling Distributions	196	(1)
The Central Limit Theorem	197	(1)
Applications of the Central Limit Theorem	198	(6)
Further Applications	204	(6)
Review Exercises	210	(4)
Bibliography	213	(1)
Confidence Intervals	214	(18)
Two-Sided Confidence Intervals	214	(5)
One-Sided Confidence Intervals	219	(1)
Student's t Distribution	220	(5)
Further Applications	225	(2)
Review Exercises	227	(5)
Bibliography	230	(2)
Hypothesis Testing	232	(27)
General Concepts	232	(3)
Two-Sided Tests of Hypotheses	235	(3)
One-Sided Tests of Hypotheses	238	(1)
Types of Error	239	(4)
Power	243	(3)
Sample Size Estimation	246	(3)
Further Applications	249	(5)
Review Exercises	254	(5)
Bibliography	257	(2)
Comparison of Two Means	259	(26)
Paired Samples	260	(5)
Independent Samples	265	(7)
Equal Variances	266	(4)
Unequal Variances	270	(2)
Further Applications	272	(6)
Review Exercises	278	(7)
Bibliography	282	(3)
Analysis of Variance	285	(17)
One-Way Analysis of Variance	285	(7)
The Problem	285	(3)
Sources of Variation	288	(4)
Multiple Comparisons Procedures	292	(2)
Further Applications	294	(4)
Review Exercises	298	(4)
Bibliography	301	(1)
Nonparametric Methods	302	(21)
The Sign Test	302	(3)
The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test	305	(3)
The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test	308	(4)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonparametric Methods	312	(1)
Further Applications	312	(5)
Review Exercises	317	(6)
Bibliography	321	(2)
Inference on Proportions	323	(19)
Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution	324	(1)
Sampling Distribution of a Proportion	325	(2)
Confidence Intervals	327	(2)
Hypothesis Testing	329	(1)
Sample Size Estimation	330	(2)
Comparison of Two Proportions	332	(3)
Further Applications	335	(3)
Review Exercises	338	(4)
Bibliography	341	(1)
Contingency Tables	342	(32)
The Chi-Square Test	342	(7)
2 x 2 Tables	342	(5)
r x c Tables	347	(2)
McNemar's Test	349	(3)
The Odds Ratio	352	(5)
Berkson's Fallacy	357	(3)
Further Applications	360	(6)
Review Exercises	366	(8)
Bibliography	372	(2)
Multiple 2 x 2 Tables	374	(24)
Simpson's Paradox	374	(2)
The Mantel-Haenszel Method	376	(11)
Test of Homogeneity	377	(4)
Summary Odds Ratio	381	(3)
Test of Association	384	(3)
Further Applications	387	(6)
Review Exercises	393	(5)
Bibliography	396	(2)
Correlation	398	(17)
The Two-Way Scatter Plot	398	(2)
Pearson's Correlation Coefficient	400	(4)
Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficent	404	(3)
Further Applications	407	(5)
Review Exercises	412	(3)
Bibliography	414	(1)
Simple Linear Regression	415	(34)
Regression Concepts	415	(5)
The Model	420	(12)
The Population Regression Line	420	(2)
The Method of Least Squares	422	(3)
Inference for Regression Coefficients	425	(3)
Inference for Predicted Values	428	(4)
Evaluation of the Model	432	(6)
The Coefficient of Determination	432	(1)
Residual Plots	433	(2)
Transformations	435	(3)
Further Applications	438	(5)
Review Exercises	443	(6)
Bibliography	447	(2)
Multiple Regression	449	(21)
The Model	449	(9)
The Least-Squares Regression Equation	450	(2)
Inference for Regression Coefficients	452	(1)
Evaluation of the Model	453	(2)
Indicator Variables	455	(2)
Interaction Terms	457	(1)
Model Selection	458	(2)
Further Applications	460	(5)
Review Exercises	465	(5)
Bibliography	469	(1)
Logistic Regression	470	(18)
The Model	471	(5)
The Logistic Function	472	(1)
The Fitted Equation	473	(3)
Multiple Logistic Regression	476	(2)
Indicator Variables	478	(3)
Further Applications	481	(3)
Review Exercises	484	(4)
Bibliography	487	(1)
Survival Analysis	488	(26)
The Life Table Method	489	(6)
The Product-Limit Method	495	(4)
The Log-Rank Test	499	(4)
Further Applications	503	(8)
Review Exercises	511	(3)
Bibliography	512	(2)
Sampling Theory	514
Sampling Schemes	514
Simple Random Sampling	515
Systematic Sampling	515
Stratified Sampling	516
Cluster Sampling	517
Nonprobability Sampling	517
Sources of Bias	517
Further Applications	520
Review Exercises	524
Bibliography	525
Appendix A
Tables	A-1
Appendix B
Data Sets	B-1
Index	I-1