Principles of Foundation Engineering

by Das, Braja M.

• ISBN13: 9780534954031
• ISBN10: 0534954030
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-10-30
• Publisher: CL Engineering

Summary

Building on the success of preceding editions, the Fourth Edition of PRINCIPLES OF FOUNDATION ENGINEERING maintains the careful balance of current research and practical field applications that has made it a leading text in foundation engineering courses throughout the country and internationally. Strengthened with many more worked-out examples and figures to aid student comprehension of theory and practical problem-solving skills, the Fourth Edition features expanded coverage of ultimate and allowable bearing capacity (in Chapters 3 and 4), and new Chapters 6 and 7 on lateral pressure theory and retaining wall design. New field observations have been added to each chapter. Both SI and English units are used throughout.

Table of Contents

Geotechnical Properties of Soil and of Reinforced Soil	1	(78)
1.1 Introduction	1	(1)
1.2 Grain-Size Distribution	2	(3)
1.3 Size Limits for Soils	5	(1)
1.4 Weight-Volume Relationships	6	(3)
1.5 Relative Density	9	(6)
1.6 Atterberg Limits	15	(2)
1.7 Soil Classification Systems	17	(8)
1.8 Hydraulic Conductivity of Soil	25	(3)
1.9 Steady-State Seepage	28	(2)
1.10 Filter Design Criteria	30	(2)
1.11 Effective Stress Concept	32	(3)
1.12 Capillary Rise in Soil	35	(1)
1.13 Consolidation--General	36	(8)
1.14 Consolidation Settlement Calculation	44	(2)
1.15 Time Rate of Consolidation	46	(9)
1.16 Shear Strength	55	(6)
1.17 Unconfined Compression Test	61	(1)
1.18 Comments on Shear Strength Parameters	62	(4)
1.19 Sensitivity	66	(2)
1.20 Soil Reinforcement--General	68	(1)
1.21 Considerations for Soil Reinforcement	69	(3)
Problems	72	(4)
References	76	(3)
Natural Soil Deposits and Subsoil Exploration	79	(73)
2.1 Introduction	79	(1)
Natural Soil Deposits	79	(11)
2.2 Soil Origin	79	(1)
2.3 Residual Soil	80	(1)
2.4 Alluvial Deposits	80	(4)
2.5 Glacial Deposits	84	(2)
2.6 Aeolian Soil Deposits	86	(1)
2.7 Organic Soil	87	(1)
2.8 Some Local Terms for Soils	87	(3)
Subsurface Exploration	90	(62)
2.9 Purpose of Soil Exploration	90	(1)
2.10 Subsurface Exploration Program	90	(4)
2.11 Exploratory Borings in the Field	94	(4)
2.12 Procedures for Sampling Soil	98	(10)
2.13 Observation of Water Tables	108	(3)
2.14 Vane Shear Test	111	(4)
2.15 Cone Penetration Test	115	(7)
2.16 Pressuremeter Test (PMT)	122	(3)
2.17 Dilatometer Test	125	(2)
2.18 Coring of Rocks	127	(3)
2.19 Preparation of Boring Logs	130	(2)
2.20 Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity in the Field	132	(3)
2.21 Geophysical Exploration	135	(8)
2.22 Subsoil Exploration Report	143	(1)
2.23 Problems	144	(5)
References	149	(3)
THREE Shallow Foundations: Ultimate Bearing Capacity	152	(67)
3.1 Introduction	152	(1)
3.2 General Concept	152	(4)
3.3 Terzaghi's Bearing Capacity Equations for Water Table	159	(2)
3.4 Modification of Bearing Capacity Equations for Water Table	159	(2)
3.5 Case History: Ultimate Bearing Capacity in Saturated Clay	161	(3)
3.6 Factor of Safety	164	(2)
3.7 The General Bearing Capacity Equation	166	(6)
3.8 Effect of Soil Compressibility	172	(4)
3.9 Eccentrically Loaded Foundations	176	(11)
3.10 Bearing Capacity of Layered Soils--Stronger Soil Underlain by Weaker Soil	187	(8)
3.11 Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Top of a Slope	195	(2)
3.12 Seisimic Bearing Capacity and Settlement in Granular Soil	197	(5)
Recent Advances in Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Reinforced Soil	202	(17)
3.13 Foundation on Sand with Geotextile Reinforcement	202	(2)
3.14 Foundation on Sturated Clay(phi=0) with Geotextile Reinforcement	204	(1)
3.15 Foundation on Sand with Geogrid Reinforcement	205	(5)
3.16 Strip Foundations on Saturated Clay (phi=0) with Geogrid Reinforcement	210	(2)
3.17 General Remarks	212	(1)
Problems	212	(5)
References	217	(2)
FOUR Shallow Foundations: Allowable Bearing Capacity and Settlement	219	(74)
4.1 Introduction	219	(1)
Vertical Stress Increases in a Soil Mass Caused by Foundation Load	220	(20)
4.2 Stress Due to Concentrated Load	220	(1)
4.3 Stress Due to a Circularlly Loaded Area	221	(1)
4.4 Stress Below a Rectangular Area	222	(7)
4.5 Average Vertical Stress Increase Due to a Rectangularly Loaded Area	229	(4)
4.6 Stress Increase Under an Embankment	233	(4)
4.7 Stress Increase Due to Any Type of Loading	237	(3)
Settlement Calculation	240	(18)
4.8 Elastic Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity	240	(5)
4.9 Elastic Settlement of Foundations on Saturated Clay	245	(2)
4.10 Settlement of Sandy Soil: Use of Strain Influence Factor	247	(3)
4.11 Range of Material Parameters for Computing Elastic Settlement	250	(1)
4.12 Consolidation Settlement	251	(3)
4.13 Skempton-Bjerrum Modification for Consolidation Settlement	254	(2)
4.14 Consolidation Settlement--General Comments and a Case History	256	(2)
Allowable Bearing Capacity	258	(10)
4.15 Allowable Bearing Pressure in Sand Based on Settlement Consideration	258	(3)
4.16 Field Load Test	261	(6)
4.17 Presumptive Bearing Capacity	267	(1)
4.18 Tolerable Settlement of Buildings	267	(1)
Foundation with Soil Reinforcement	268	(25)
4.19 Shallow Foundation on Soil with Reinforcement	268	(2)
4.20 Strip Foundation on Granular Soil Reinforced by Metallic Strips	270	(7)
4.21 Factor of Safety of Ties Against Breaking and Pullout	277	(2)
4.22 Design Procedure for Strip Foundation on Reinforced Earth	279	(7)
Problems	286	(4)
References	290	(3)
FIVE Mat Foundations	293	(41)
5.1 Introduction	293	(3)
5.2 Common Types of Mat Foundations	296	(1)
5.3 Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundations	297	(6)
5.4 Differential Settlement of Mats	303	(1)
5.5 Field Settlement Observations for Mat Foundations	304	(3)
5.6 Compensated Foundations	307	(3)
5.7 Structural Design of Mat Foundations	310	(20)
Problems	330	(3)
References	333	(1)
SIX Lateral Earth Pressure	334	(53)
6.1 Introduction	334	(1)
6.2 Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest	335	(5)
Active Pressure	340	(22)
6.3 Rankine Active Earth Pressure	340	(7)
6.4 Rankine Active Earth Pressure for Inclined Backfill	347	(3)
6.5 Coulomb's Active Earth Pressure	350	(8)
6.6 Active Earth Pressure for Earthquake Conditions	358	(5)
6.7 Lateral Earth Pressure Due to Surcharge	363	(2)
6.8 Active Pressure for Wall Rotation About Top--Braced Cut	365	(2)
6.9 Active Earth Pressure for Translation of Retaining Wall--Granular Backfill	367	(5)
Passive Pressure	372	(15)
6.10 Rankine Passive Earth Pressure	372	(5)
6.11 Rankine Passive Earth Pressure--Inclined Backfill	377	(1)
6.12 Coulomb's Passive Earth Pressure	378	(2)
6.13 Comments on the Failure Surface Assumption for Coulomb's Pressure Calculations	380	(3)
Problems	383	(3)
References	386	(1)
Retaining Walls	387	(66)
7.1 Introduction	387	(2)
Gravity and Cantilever Walls	389	(35)
7.2 Proportioning Retaining Walls	389	(1)
7.3 Application of Lateral Earth Pressure Theories to Design	390	(2)
7.4 Stability Checks	392	(19)
7.5 Other Types of Possible Retaining-Wall Failure	411	(4)
7.6 Comments Relating to Stability	415	(3)
7.7 Drainage From the Backfill of the Retaining Wall	418	(1)
7.8 Provision of Joints in Retaining-Wall Construction	419	(1)
7.9 Gravity Retaining-Wall Design for Earthquake Conditions	420	(4)
Mechanically Stabilized Retaining Walls	424	(29)
7.10 General Design Considerations	424	(1)
7.11 Retaining Walls with Metallic Strip Reinforcement	424	(8)
7.12 Step-by-Step Design Procedure (Metallic Strip Reinforcement)	432	(6)
7.13 Retaining Walls with Geotextile Reinforcement	438	(5)
7.14 Retaining Walls with Geogrid Reinforcement	443	(4)
7.15 General Comments	447	(1)
Problems	448	(3)
References	451	(2)
EIGHT Sheet Pile Structures	453	(111)
8.1 Introduction	453	(2)
Sheet Pile Walls	455	(64)
8.2 Construction Methods	455	(2)
8.3 Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls--General	457	(1)
8.4 Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Sandy Soils	458	(6)
8.5 Special Cases for Cantilever Walls (Penetrating a Sandy Soil)	464	(5)
8.6 Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Clay	469	(4)
8.7 Special Cases for Cantilever Walls (Penetrating Clay)	473	(3)
8.8 Anchored Sheet Pile Wall--General	476	(1)
8.9 Free Earth Support Method for Penetration into Sandy Soil	480	(6)
8.10 Design Charts for Free Earth Support Method (Penetration into Sandy Soil)	480	(6)
8.11 Moment Reduction for Anchored Sheet Pile Walls	486	(4)
8.12 Free Earth Support Method for Penetration of Clay	490	(3)
8.13 Computational Pressure Diagram Method (for Penetration into Sandy Soil)	493	(4)
8.14 Fixed Earth Support Method for Penetration into Sandy Soil	497	(4)
8.15 Field Observations for Anchored Sheet Pile Walls	501	(3)
8.16 Anchors--General	504	(2)
8.17 Holding Capacity of Anchor Plates and Beams in Sand	506	(9)
8.18 Ultimate Resistance of Anchor Plates and Beams in Clay (phi=0 Condition)	515	(4)
8.19 Ultimate Resistance of Tie Backs	519	(1)
Braced Cuts	519	(45)
8.20 Braced Cuts--General	519	(2)
8.21 Pressure Envelope for Braced-Cut Design	521	(4)
8.22 Design of Various Components of a Braced Cut	525	(9)
8.23 Bottom Heaving of a Cut in Clay	534	(5)
8.24 Stability of the Bottom of a Cut in Sand	539	(3)
8.25 Lateral Yielding of Sheet Piles and Ground Settlement	542	(4)
8.26 Case Studies of Braced Cuts	546	(10)
Problems	556	(5)
References	561	(3)
NINE Pile Foundations	564	(110)
9.1 Introduction	564	(2)
9.2 Types of Piles and Their Structural Characteristics	566	(8)
9.3 Estimating Pile Length	574	(1)
9.4 Installation of Piles	575	(3)
9.5 Load Transfer Mechanism	578	(3)
9.6 Equations for Estimating Pile Capacity	581	(3)
9.7 Meyerhof's Method--Estimation of Q(p)	584	(3)
9.8 Vesic's Method--Estimation of Q(P)	587	(1)
9.9 Janbu's Method--Estimation of Q(P)	588	(1)
9.10 Coyle and Castello's Method--Estimation of Q(p) in Sand	589	(1)
9.11 Frictional Resistance (Q(s)) in Sand	590	(3)
9.12 Frictional (Skin) Resistance in Clay	593	(4)
9.13 General Comments and Allowable Pile Capacity	597	(1)
9.14 Point Bearing Capacity of Piles Resting on Rock	598	(7)
9.15 Pile Load Tests	605	(3)
9.16 Comparison of Theory with Field Load Test Results	608	(7)
9.17 Settlement of Piles	615	(3)
9.18 Pullout Resistance of Piles	618	(5)
9.19 Laterally Loaded Piles	623	(14)
9.20 Pile-Driving Formulad	637	(6)
9.21 Negative Skin Friction	643	(5)
Group Piles	648	(26)
9.22 Group Efficiency	648	(7)
9.23 Ultimate Capacity of Group Piles in Saturated Clay	655	(2)
9.24 Piles in Rock	657	(2)
9.25 Consolidation Settlement of Group Piles	659	(4)
9.26 Elastic Settlement of Group Piples	663	(1)
9.27 Uplift Capacity of Group Piles	664	(2)
9.28 Problems	666	(4)
References	670	(4)
TEN Drilled-Shaft and Caisson Foundations	674	(54)
10.1 Introduction	674	(1)
Drilled Shafts	675	(40)
10.2 Types of Drilled Shafts	675	(1)
10.3 Construction Procedures	676	(3)
10.4 Other Design Considerations	679	(1)
10.5 Load Transfer Mechanism	680	(2)
10.6 Estimation of Load-Bearing Capacity--General	682	(1)
10.7 Drilled Shafts in Sand--Load-Bearing Capacity	683	(12)
10.8 Drilled Shafts in Clay- Load Bearing Capacity	695	(7)
10.9 Settlement of Drilled Shafts at Working Load	702	(2)
10.10 Uplit Capacity of Drilled Shafts	704	(5)
10.11 Lateral Load- Carrying Capacity	709	(2)
10.12 Drilled Shafts Extending into Rock	711	(4)
Caissons	715	(13)
10.13 Types of Caissons	715	(3)
10.14 Thickness of Concreate Seal in Open Caissons	718	(4)
10.15 Problems	722	(5)
10.16 References	727	(1)
ELEVEN Foundations on Difficult Soils	728	(36)
11.1 Introduction	728	(1)
Collapsible Soil	728	(11)
11.2 Definition and Types of Collapsible Soil	728	(1)
11.3 Physical Parameters for Identification	729	(4)
11.4 Procedure for Calculating Collapse Settlement	733	(1)
11.5 Foundation Design in Soils Not Susceptible to Wetting	734	(2)
11.6 Foundation Design in Soils Susceptible to Wetting	736	(1)
11.7 Case Histories of Stabilization of Collapsible Soil	737	(2)
Expansive Soils	739	(18)
11.8 Expansive Soils- General	739	(1)
11.9 Laboratary Measurement of Swell	740	(6)
11.10 Classification of Expansive Soil Based on Index Tests	746	(1)
11.11 Foundation Consideration for Expansive Soils	746	(1)
11.12 Construction on Expansive Soils	752	(5)
Sanitary Landfills	757	(7)
11.13 Sanitary Landfills- General	757	(1)
11.14 Settlement of Sanitary Landfills	757	(2)
Problems	759	(2)
References	761	(3)
TWELVE Soil Improvement and Ground Modification	764	(65)
12.1 Introduction	764	(1)
12.2 Compaction- General Principles	765	(3)
12.3 One- Point Method of Obtaining y d (max)	768	(4)
12.4 Correction for Compaction of Soils with Oversized Particles	772	(1)
12.5 Field Compaction	772	(5)
12.6 Compaction Control for City Hydraulic Barriers	777	(4)
12.7 Vibroflotation	781	(7)
12.8 Precompression- General Considerations	788	(8)
12.9 Sand Drains	796	(7)
12.10 An Example of a Sand Drain Application	803	(4)
12.11 Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVDs)	807	(1)
12.12 Lime Stabilization	807	(6)
12.13 Cement Stabilization	813	(2)
12.14 Fly Ash Stabilization	815	(1)
12.15 Stone Columns	815	(4)
12.16 Sand Compaction Piles	819	(1)
12.17 Dynamic Compaction	820	(5)
Problems	825	(2)
References	827	(2)
APPENDICES	829	(21)
Appendix A Conversion Factors	829	(3)
A.1 Conversion Factors from English to SI Units	829	(1)
A.2 Conversion Factors from SI to English Units	830	(2)
Appendix B Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations	832	(4)
Appendix C Sheet Pile Sections	836	(2)
Appendix D Pile Foundations	838	(2)
Appendix E Design Curves for Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVDs)	846	(4)
Answers to Selected Problems	850	(5)
Index	855