Principles Of Physics: A Calculus-Based Text w/ Physics Now

by Serway, Raymond A.; Jewett, John W.

• ISBN13: 9780534491437
• ISBN10: 053449143X
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-02-23
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

This successful text was the first to address the latest teaching and learning trends as suggested by the Introductory University Physics Project (IUPP) guidelines. PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICS features a concise approach to traditional topics, an early introduction to modern physics, integration of physics education research pedagogies, as well as the integration of contemporary topics throughout the text. This revision of PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICS also contains text/media integration unlike no other through the PhysicsNow online assessment, tutorial, and course management system.

Table of Contents

An Invitation to Physics	1	(3)
Introduction and Vectors	4	(30)
Standards of Length, Mass, and Time	5	(3)
Dimensional Analysis	8	(1)
Conversion of Units	9	(1)
Order-of-Magnitude Calculations	10	(1)
Significant Figures	11	(1)
Coordinate Systems	12	(2)
Vectors and Scalars	14	(1)
Some Properties of Vectors	15	(2)
Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors	17	(5)
Modeling, Alternative Representations, and Problem-Solving Strategy	22	(12)
CONTEXT 1 Alternative-Fuel Vehicles	34	(189)
Motion in One Dimension	37	(32)
Average Velocity	38	(3)
Instantaneous Velocity	41	(4)
Analysis Models---The Particle Under Constant Velocity	45	(2)
Acceleration	47	(3)
Motion Diagrams	50	(1)
The Particle Under Constant Acceleration	51	(4)
Freely Falling Objects	55	(4)
Context Connection---Acceleration Required by Consumers	59	(10)
Motion in Two Dimensions	69	(27)
The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors	69	(2)
Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration	71	(2)
Projectile Motion	73	(6)
The Particle in Uniform Circular Motion	79	(3)
Tangential and Radial Acceleration	82	(1)
Relative Velocity	83	(3)
Context Connection---Lateral Acceleration of Automobiles	86	(10)
The Laws of Motion	96	(29)
The Concept of Force	97	(1)
Newton's First Law	98	(2)
Mass	100	(1)
Newton's Second Law---The Particle Under a Net Force	101	(2)
The Gravitational Force and Weight	103	(1)
Newton's Third Law	104	(3)
Applications of Newton's Laws	107	(7)
Context Connection --- Forces on Automobiles	114	(11)
More Applications of Newton's Laws	125	(31)
Forces of Friction	126	(6)
Newton's Second Law Applied to a Particle in Uniform Circular Motion	132	(6)
Nonuniform Circular Motion	138	(2)
Motion in the Presence of Velocity-Dependent Resistive Forces	140	(3)
The Fundamental Forces of Nature	143	(2)
Context Connection --- Drag Coefficients of Automobiles	145	(11)
Energy and Energy Transfer	156	(32)
Systems and Environments	157	(1)
Work Done by a Constant Force	157	(3)
The Scalar Product of Two Vectors	160	(2)
Work Done by a Varying Force	162	(4)
Kinetic Energy and the Work--Kinetic Energy Theorem	166	(3)
The Nonisolated System	169	(4)
Situations Involving Kinetic Friction	173	(4)
Power	177	(2)
Context Connection---Horsepower Ratings of Automobiles	179	(9)
Potential Energy	188	(35)
Potential Energy of a System	188	(2)
The Isolated System	190	(5)
Conservative and Nonconservative Forces	195	(5)
Conservative Forces and Potential Energy	200	(2)
The Nonisolated System in Steady State	202	(1)
Potential Energy for Gravitational and Electric Forces	203	(3)
Energy Diagrams and Stability of Equilibrium	206	(1)
Context Connection---Potential Energy in Fuels	207	(16)
Conclusion Present and Future Possibilities	220	(3)
CONTEXT 2 Mission to Mars	223	(148)
Momentum and Collisions	226	(33)
Linear Momentum and Its Conservation	227	(4)
Impulse and Momentum	231	(2)
Collisions	233	(6)
Two-Dimensional Collisions	239	(3)
The Center of Mass	242	(3)
Motion of a System of Particles	245	(3)
Context Connection --- Rocket Propulsion	248	(11)
Relativity	259	(32)
The Principle of Newtonian Relativity	260	(2)
The Michelson--Morley Experiment	262	(1)
Einstein's Principle of Relativity	263	(1)
Consequences of Special Relativity	264	(8)
The Lorentz Transformation Equations	272	(3)
Relativistic Momentum and the Relativistic Form of Newton's Laws	275	(1)
Relativistic Energy	276	(3)
Mass and Energy	279	(1)
General Relativity	280	(3)
Context Connection---From Mars to the Stars	283	(8)
Rotational Motion	291	(46)
Angular Position, Speed, and Acceleration	292	(3)
Rotational Kinematics: The Rigid Object Under Constant Angular Acceleration	295	(1)
Relations Between Rotational and Translational Quantities	296	(2)
Rotational Kinetic Energy	298	(5)
Torque and the Vector Product	303	(3)
The Rigid Object in Equilibrium	306	(3)
The Rigid Object Under a Net Torque	309	(4)
Angular Momentum	313	(3)
Conservation of Angular Momentum	316	(3)
Precessional Motion of Gyroscopes	319	(1)
Rolling Motion of Rigid Objects	320	(3)
Context Connection---Turning the Spacecraft	323	(14)
Gravity, Planetary Orbits, and the Hydrogen Atom	337	(34)
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation Revisited	338	(3)
Structural Models	341	(1)
Kepler's Laws	342	(3)
Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite Motion	345	(6)
Atomic Spectra and the Bohr Theory of Hydrogen	351	(6)
Context Connection---Changing from a Circular to an Elliptical Orbit	357	(14)
Conclusion A Successful Mission Plan	367	(4)
CONTEXT 3 Earthquakes	371	(91)
Oscillatory Motion	373	(27)
Motion of a Particle Attached to a Spring	374	(1)
Mathematical Representation of Simple Harmonic Motion	375	(6)
Energy Considerations in Simple Harmonic Motion	381	(3)
The Simple Pendulum	384	(2)
The Physical Pendulum	386	(1)
Damped Oscillations	387	(2)
Forced Oscillations	389	(1)
Context Connection---Resonance in Structures	390	(10)
Mechanical Waves	400	(32)
Propagation of a Disturbance	401	(2)
The Wave Model	403	(2)
The Traveling Wave	405	(3)
The Speed of Transverse Waves of Strings	408	(3)
Reflection and Transmission of Waves	411	(2)
Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Waves on Strings	413	(2)
Sound Waves	415	(2)
The Doppler Effect	417	(4)
Context Connection---Seismic Waves	421	(11)
Superposition and Standing Waves	432	(30)
The Principle of Superposition	433	(1)
Interference of Waves	434	(3)
Standing Waves	437	(3)
Standing Waves in Strings	440	(3)
Standing Waves in Air Columns	443	(3)
Beats: Interference in Time	446	(2)
Nonsinusoidal Wave Patterns	448	(2)
Context Connection---Building on Antinodes	450	(12)
Conclusion Minimizing the Risk	459	(3)
CONTEXT 4 Search for the Titanic	462	(35)
Fluid Mechanics	464	(33)
Pressure	465	(1)
Variation of Pressure with Depth	466	(4)
Pressure Measurements	470	(1)
Buoyant Forces and Archimedes's Principle	470	(5)
Fluid Dynamics	475	(1)
Streamlines and the Continuity Equation for Fluids	476	(2)
Bernoulli's Equation	478	(2)
Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics	480	(1)
Context Connection---A Near Miss Even Before Leaving Southampton	481	(16)
Conclusion Finding and Visiting the Titanic	493	(4)
CONTEXT 5 Global Warming	497	(104)
Temperature and the Kinetic Theory of Gases	499	(32)
Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics	500	(1)
Thermometers and Temperature Scales	501	(4)
Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids	505	(5)
Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas	510	(3)
The Kinetic Theory of Gases	513	(5)
Distribution of Molecular Speeds	518	(2)
Context Connection---The Atmospheric Lapse Rate	520	(11)
Energy in Thermal Processes: The First Law of Thermodynamics	531	(41)
Heat and Internal Energy	532	(1)
Specific Heat	533	(3)
Latent Heat and Phase Changes	536	(3)
Work in Thermodynamic Processes	539	(3)
The First Law of Thermodynamics	542	(2)
Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics	544	(3)
Molar Specific Heats of Ideal Gases	547	(3)
Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas	550	(1)
Molar Specific Heats and the Equipartition of Energy	551	(3)
Energy Transfer Mechanisms in Thermal Processes	554	(4)
Context Connection --- Energy Balance for the Earth	558	(14)
Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics	572	(29)
Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics	573	(2)
Reversible and Irreversible Processes	575	(1)
The Carnot Engine	575	(3)
Heat Pumps and Refrigerators	578	(1)
An Alternative Statement of the Second Law	579	(1)
Entropy	580	(3)
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics	583	(2)
Entropy Changes in Irreversible Processes	585	(2)
Context Connection---The Atmosphere as a Heat Engine	587	(14)
Conclusion Predicting the Earth's Surface Temperature	597	(4)
CONTEXT 6 Lightning	601	(124)
Electric Forces and Electric Fields	603	(39)
Historical Overview	604	(1)
Properties of Electric Charges	604	(2)
Insulators and Conductors	606	(2)
Coulomb's Law	608	(3)
Electric Fields	611	(5)
Electric Field Lines	616	(2)
Motion of Charged Particles in a Uniform Electric Field	618	(3)
Electric Flux	621	(3)
Gauss's Law	624	(2)
Application of Gauss's Law to Symmetric Charge Distributions	626	(4)
Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium	630	(1)
Context Connection---The Atmospheric Electric Field	631	(11)
Electric Potential and Capacitance	642	(41)
Potential Difference and Electric Potential	643	(2)
Potential Differences in a Uniform Electric Field	645	(2)
Electric Potential and Electric Potential Energy Due to Point Charges	647	(3)
Obtaining Electric Field from Electric Potential	650	(2)
Electric Potential Due to Continuous Charge Distributions	652	(3)
Electric Potential of a Charged Conductor	655	(1)
Capacitance	656	(4)
Combinations of Capacitors	660	(4)
Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor	664	(3)
Capacitors with Dielectrics	667	(5)
Context Connection---The Atmosphere as a Capacitor	672	(11)
Current and Direct Current Circuits	683	(42)
Electric Current	684	(3)
Resistance and Ohm's Law	687	(4)
Superconductors	691	(1)
A Structural Model for Electrical Conduction	692	(4)
Electric Energy and Power	696	(3)
Sources of emf	699	(1)
Resistors in Series and in Parallel	700	(5)
Kirchhoff's Rules	705	(3)
RC Circuits	708	(4)
Context Connection---The Atmosphere as a Conductor	712	(13)
Conclusion Determining the Number of Lightning Strikes	723	(2)
CONTEXT 7 Magnetic Levitation Vehicles	725	(79)
Magnetic Forces and Magnetic Fields	727	(38)
Historical Overview	728	(1)
The Magnetic Field	728	(4)
Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field	732	(3)
Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field	735	(3)
Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor	738	(3)
Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field	741	(2)
The Biot--Savart Law	743	(3)
The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors	746	(1)
Ampere's Law	747	(3)
The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid	750	(2)
Magnetism in Matter	752	(1)
Context Connection---The Attractive Model for Magnetic Levitation	753	(12)
Faraday's Law and Inductance	765	(39)
Faraday's Law of Induction	765	(5)
Motional emf	770	(5)
Lenz's Law	775	(3)
Induced emfs and Electric Fields	778	(2)
Self-Inductance	780	(2)
RL Circuits	782	(3)
Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field	785	(2)
Context Connection---The Repulsive Model for Magnetic Levitation	787	(17)
Conclusion Lifting, Propelling, and Braking the Vehicle	801	(3)
CONTEXT 8 Lasers	804	(131)
Electromagnetic Waves	806	(33)
Displacement Current and the Generalized Ampere's Law	807	(1)
Maxwell's Equations	808	(2)
Electromagnetic Waves	810	(4)
Hertz's Discoveries	814	(4)
Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves	818	(2)
Momentum and Radiation Pressure	820	(2)
The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves	822	(2)
Polarization	824	(2)
Context Connection---The Special Properties of Laser Light	826	(13)
Reflection and Refraction of Light	839	(28)
The Nature of Light	840	(1)
The Ray Model in Geometric Optics	841	(1)
The Wave Under Reflection	842	(3)
The Wave Under Refraction	845	(5)
Dispersion and Prisms	850	(1)
Huygens's Principle	851	(2)
Total Internal Reflection	853	(2)
Context Connection---Optical Fibers	855	(12)
Image Formation by Mirrors and Lenses	867	(31)
Images Formed by Flat Mirrors	868	(3)
Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors	871	(7)
Images Formed by Refraction	878	(3)
Thin Lenses	881	(7)
Context Connection---Medical Fiberscopes	888	(10)
Wave Optics	898	(37)
Conditions for Interference	899	(1)
Young's Double-Slit Experiment	899	(2)
Light Waves in Interference	901	(3)
Change of Phase Due to Reflection	904	(1)
Interference in Thin Films	905	(4)
Diffraction Patterns	909	(3)
Resolution of Single-Slit and Circular Apertures	912	(3)
The Diffraction Grating	915	(3)
Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals	918	(2)
Context Connection---Holography	920	(15)
Conclusion Using Lasers to Record and Read Digital Information	931	(4)
Context 9 The Cosmic Connection	935
Quantum Physics	937	(46)
Blackbody Radiation and Planck's Theory	938	(4)
The Photoelectric Effect	942	(5)
The Compton Effect	947	(2)
Photons and Electromagnetic Waves	949	(1)
The Wave Properties of Particles	950	(4)
The Quantum Particle	954	(3)
The Double-Slit Experiment Revisited	957	(2)
The Uncertainty Principle	959	(2)
An Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics	961	(2)
A Particle in a Box	963	(3)
The Quantum Particle Under Boundary Conditions	966	(1)
The Schrodinger Equation	967	(3)
Tunneling Through a Potential Energy Barrier	970	(3)
Context Connection---The Cosmic Temperature	973	(10)
Atomic Physics	983	(33)
Early Structural Models of the Atom	984	(1)
The Hydrogen Atom Revisited	985	(2)
The Wave Functions for Hydrogen	987	(4)
Physical Interpretation of the Quantum Numbers	991	(6)
The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table	997	(6)
More on Atomic Spectra: Visible and X-Ray	1003	(4)
Context Connection---Atoms in Space	1007	(9)
Nuclear Physics	1016	(32)
Some Properties of Nuclei	1017	(6)
Binding Energy	1023	(2)
Radioactivity	1025	(4)
The Radioactive Decay Processes	1029	(6)
Nuclear Reactions	1035	(1)
Context Connection---The Engine of the Stars	1036	(12)
Particle Physics	1048
The Fundamental Forces in Nature	1049	(1)
Positrons and Other Antiparticles	1050	(3)
Mesons and the Beginning of Particle Physics	1053	(2)
Classification of Particles	1055	(2)
Conservation Laws	1057	(3)
Strange Particles and Strangeness	1060	(1)
Measuring Particle Lifetimes	1061	(2)
Finding Patterns in the Particles	1063	(2)
Quarks	1065	(3)
Colored Quarks	1068	(2)
The Standard Model	1070	(2)
Context Connection---Investigating the Smallest System to Understand the Largest	1072
Conclusion Problems and Perspectives	1086
Appendix A Tables	1	(12)
Conversion Factors	1	(1)
Symbols, Dimensions, and Units of Physical Quantities	2	(2)
Table of Atomic Masses	4	(9)
Appendix B Mathematics Review	13	(17)
Scientific Notation	13	(1)
Algebra	14	(5)
Geometry	19	(1)
Trigonometry	20	(2)
Series Expansions	22	(1)
Differential Calculus	22	(2)
Integral Calculus	24	(3)
Propagation of Uncertainty	27	(3)
Appendix C Periodic Table of the Elements	30	(2)
Appendix D SI Units	32	(1)
SI Base Units	32	(1)
Some Derived SI Units	32	(1)
Appendix E Nobel Prizes	33	(5)
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems	38
Index	1