Prinicples of Environmental Engineering and Science

by Davis, MacKenzie L.

• ISBN13: 9780072921861
• ISBN10: 0072921862
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-07-11
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math

Summary

Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science by Mackenzie Davis and Susan Masten is intended for a course in introductory environmental engineering for sophomore- or junior-level students. The emphasis of this new text is on engineering principles rather than on engineering design. The concept of mass balance is carried throughout the text as a tool for problem solving, and the text boasts extensive coverage of chemistry, biology, and hydrology than other books have. The chemistry review in Chapter 2 and coverage of ethics will aid students in better understanding the engineering topics presented in the book.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Acknowledgments	xiv
About the Authors	xv
About the Cover Artist	xvi
Introduction	1	(30)
What is Environmental Science?	2	(1)
Natural Science	2	(1)
Environmental Science	2	(1)
Quantitative Environmental Science	2	(1)
What is Environmental Engineering?	3	(1)
Engineering	3	(1)
Environmental Engineering	3	(1)
Historical Perspective	3	(1)
How Environmental Engineers and Environmental Scientists Work Together	4	(1)
Introduction to Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science	5	(1)
Where Do We Start?	5	(1)
A Short Outline of This Book	5	(1)
Le Systeme International d'Unites	6	(1)
Environmental Systems Overview	6	(7)
Systems as Such	6	(1)
Water Resource Management System	7	(4)
Air Resource Management System	11	(1)
Solid Waste Management	11	(2)
Multimedia Systems	13	(1)
Sustainability	13	(1)
Environmental Legislation and Regulation	13	(12)
Environmental Policy	14	(1)
Wildlife and Habitat Protection	14	(1)
Water Quality Management	14	(4)
Air Quality Management	18	(3)
Noise Pollution Control	21	(1)
Solid Waste Management	22	(1)
Hazardous Waste Management	23	(1)
Atomic Energy and Radiation Management	24	(1)
Environmental Ethics	25	(6)
Case 1: To Add or Not to Add	26	(1)
Case 2: You Can't Do Everything At Once	26	(1)
Chapter Review	27	(1)
Discussion Questions	27	(2)
Additional Reading	29	(1)
References	29	(2)
Chemistry	31	(56)
Introduction	32	(1)
Basic Chemical Concepts	32	(27)
Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table	32	(1)
Chemical Bonds and Intermolecular Forces	33	(2)
The Mole, Molar Units, and Activity Units	35	(1)
Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry	36	(7)
Chemical Equilibrium	43	(12)
Reaction Kinetics	55	(4)
Organic Chemistry	59	(3)
Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes	60	(1)
Aryl (Aromatic) Compounds	61	(1)
Functional Groups and Classes of Compounds	62	(1)
Water Chemistry	62	(11)
Physical Properties of Water	62	(1)
States of Solution Impurities	63	(1)
Concentration Units in Aqueous Solutions or Suspensions	64	(3)
Buffers	67	(6)
Soil Chemistry	73	(1)
Atmospheric Chemistry	74	(13)
Fundamentals of Gases	76	(2)
Chapter Review	78	(1)
Problems	79	(5)
Discussion Questions	84	(1)
Additional Reading	84	(1)
Reference	85	(2)
Materials and Energy Balances	87	(42)
Introduction	88	(1)
Unifying Theories	88	(1)
Conservation of Matter	88	(1)
Conservation of Energy	88	(1)
Conservation of Matter and Energy	88	(1)
Materials Balances	88	(24)
Fundamentals	88	(2)
Time as a Factor	90	(1)
More Complex Systems	91	(2)
Efficiency	93	(4)
The State of Mixing	97	(2)
Including Reactions	99	(4)
Reactors	103	(1)
Reactor Analysis	104	(8)
Energy Balances	112	(17)
First Law of Thermodynamics	112	(1)
Fundamentals	112	(8)
Second Law of Thermodynamics	120	(2)
Chapter Review	122	(1)
Problems	123	(4)
Discussion Questions	127	(1)
Additional Reading	127	(1)
References	127	(2)
Ecosystems	129	(40)
Introduction	130	(1)
Human Influences on Ecosystems	130	(1)
Energy and Mass Flow	131	(7)
Bioaccumulation	136	(2)
Nutrient Cycles	138	(6)
Carbon Cycle	138	(2)
Nitrogen Cycle	140	(1)
Phosphorus Cycle	141	(2)
Sulfur Cycle	143	(1)
Population Dynamics	144	(11)
Bacterial Population Growth	145	(3)
Animal Population Dynamics	148	(4)
Human Population Dynamics	152	(3)
Lakes: An Example of Mass and Energy Cycling in an Ecosystem	155	(9)
Stratification and Turnover in Deep Lakes	156	(2)
Biological Zones	158	(1)
Lake Productivity	159	(3)
Eutrophication	162	(2)
Environmental Laws to Protect Ecosystems	164	(5)
Chapter Review	164	(1)
Problems	165	(2)
Discussion Questions	167	(1)
Additional Reading	167	(1)
References	168	(1)
Risk Perception, Assessment, and Management	169	(20)
Introduction	170	(1)
Risk Perception	170	(3)
Risk Assessment	173	(12)
Data Collection and Evaluation	173	(1)
Toxicity Assessment	174	(5)
Exposure Assessment	179	(5)
Risk Characterization	184	(1)
Risk Management	185	(4)
Chapter Review	186	(1)
Problems	186	(1)
Discussion Questions	187	(1)
Additional Reading	188	(1)
References	188	(1)
Hydrology	189	(32)
Fundamentals of Hydrology	190	(8)
The Hydrological Cycle	190	(8)
Measurement of Precipitation, Evaporation, Infiltration, and Streamflow	198	(10)
Precipitation	198	(2)
Evaporation	200	(3)
Infiltration	203	(3)
Streamflow	206	(2)
Groundwater Hydrology	208	(5)
Aquifers	209	(4)
Groundwater Flow	213	(4)
Surface Water and Groundwater as a Water Supply	217	(4)
Chapter Review	218	(1)
Problems	219	(1)
Discussion Questions	220	(1)
Additional Reading	220	(1)
Geological and Soil Resources	221	(44)
Introduction	222	(1)
The Rock Cycle	222	(1)
Mineral Concentration	223	(1)
Igneous Activity	223	(1)
Weathering	223	(1)
Sedimentary Processes	223	(1)
Precipitation	223	(1)
Rock and Mineral Resources	224	(5)
Reserves	224	(1)
Environmental Impacts	225	(2)
Resource Conservation	227	(2)
Energy Resources	229	(13)
Coal Formation	230	(1)
Petroleum Formation	230	(1)
Fossil Fuel Reserves	231	(1)
Nuclear Energy	232	(1)
Environmental Impacts	233	(3)
Terrain Effects	236	(1)
Alternative Energy Sources	236	(3)
Energy Conservation	239	(3)
Soil Formation and Properties	242	(9)
Weathering	242	(1)
Soil Components	242	(5)
Soil Properties	247	(4)
Soil Resources	251	(2)
Energy Storage	251	(1)
Plant Production	251	(2)
Parameters of Sustainability	253	(3)
Nutrient Cycling	253	(1)
Soil Acidity	254	(1)
Soil Salinity	254	(1)
Texture and Structure	255	(1)
Soil Conservation	256	(9)
Soil Management	256	(1)
Soil Erosion	256	(4)
Chapter Review	260	(1)
Problems	261	(2)
Discussion Questions	263	(1)
Additional Reading	264	(1)
References	264	(1)
Water Quality Management	265	(58)
Introduction	266	(1)
Water Pollutants and Their Sources	266	(5)
Point Sources	266	(1)
Nonpoint Sources	267	(1)
Oxygen-Demanding Material	267	(1)
Nutrients	267	(1)
Pathogenic Organisms	268	(1)
Suspended Solids	268	(1)
Salts	268	(1)
Toxic Metals and Toxic Organic Compounds	269	(1)
Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals	269	(1)
Arsenic	270	(1)
Heat	271	(1)
Water Quality Management in Rivers	271	(27)
Effect of Oxygen-Demanding Wastes on Rivers	272	(1)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand	272	(4)
Laboratory Measurement of Biochemical Oxygen Demand	276	(3)
Additional Notes on Biochemical Oxygen Demand	279	(1)
Nitrogen Oxidation	280	(2)
DO Sag Curve	282	(15)
Effect of Nutrients on Water Quality in Rivers	297	(1)
Water Quality Management in Lakes	298	(9)
Control of Phosphorus in Lakes	298	(4)
Acidification of Lakes	302	(5)
Water Quality in Estuaries	307	(2)
Water Quality in Oceans	309	(3)
Groundwater Quality	312	(11)
Contaminant Migration in Groundwaters	312	(4)
Chapter Review	316	(1)
Problems	317	(3)
Discussion Questions	320	(1)
Additional Reading	321	(1)
References	321	(2)
Water Treatment	323	(48)
Introduction	324	(6)
Water Quality	325	(1)
Physical Characteristics	326	(1)
Chemical Characteristics	326	(1)
Microbiological Characteristics	326	(1)
Radiological Characteristics	327	(1)
Water Quality Standards	327	(1)
Water Classification and Treatment Systems	328	(2)
Rapid Mixing, Flocculation, and Coagulation	330	(7)
Colloid Stability and Destabilization	330	(1)
Coagulants	331	(3)
Mixing and Flocculation	334	(3)
Softening	337	(10)
Hardness	337	(5)
Lime--Soda Softening	342	(3)
Ion-Exchange Softening	345	(2)
Sedimentation	347	(4)
Overview	347	(1)
Determination of Settling Velocity (vs)	348	(2)
Determination of Overflow Rate (vo)	350	(1)
Filtration	351	(3)
Disinfection	354	(3)
Disinfection Kinetics	354	(1)
Disinfectants and Disinfection By-Products	355	(1)
Chlorine Reactions in Water	356	(1)
Chlorine Dioxide	356	(1)
Ozonation	357	(1)
Ultraviolet Radiation	357	(1)
Other Treatment Processes for Drinking Water	357	(2)
Membrane Processes	357	(1)
Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)	358	(1)
Carbon Adsorption	358	(1)
Aeration	358	(1)
Water Plant Residuals Management	359	(12)
Mass-Balance Analysis	360	(1)
Sludge Treatment	361	(4)
Ultimate Disposal	365	(1)
Chapter Review	366	(1)
Problems	367	(2)
Discussion Questions	369	(1)
Additional Reading	369	(1)
References	370	(1)
Wastewater Treatment	371	(64)
Introduction	372	(1)
Characteristics of Domestic Wastewater	372	(3)
Physical Characteristics	372	(1)
Chemical Characteristics	373	(1)
Characteristics of Industrial Wastewater	373	(2)
On-Site Disposal Systems	375	(8)
Alternative On-Site Treatment and Disposal Systems with Water	375	(3)
On-Site Treatment and Disposal Systems for Unfavorable Site Conditions	378	(3)
Other On-Site Treatment and Disposal Options	381	(1)
Alternative On-Site Treatment--Disposal Systems Without Water	381	(2)
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems	383	(1)
Pretreatment of Industrial Wastes	383	(1)
Unit Operations of Pretreatment	384	(6)
Bar Racks	384	(1)
Grit Chambers	384	(2)
Comminutors	386	(1)
Equalization	386	(4)
Primary Treatment	390	(1)
Unit Processes of Secondary Treatment	391	(21)
Overview	391	(1)
Role of Microorganisms	391	(1)
Classification of Microorganisms	391	(1)
Some Organisms of Interest in Wastewater Treatment	392	(1)
Bacterial Biochemistry	392	(1)
Decomposition of Waste	393	(2)
Population Dynamics	395	(1)
Trickling Filters	396	(2)
Activated Sludge	398	(11)
Oxidation Ponds	409	(2)
Rotating Biological Contractors	411	(1)
Disinfection	412	(1)
Advanced Wastewater Treatment	413	(3)
Filtration	413	(1)
Carbon Adsorption	413	(1)
Phosphorus Removal	414	(1)
Nitrogen Control	415	(1)
Land Treatment	416	(2)
Slow Rate	416	(1)
Overland Flow	417	(1)
Rapid Infiltration	418	(1)
Sludge Treatment	418	(9)
Sources and Characteristics of Various Sludges	418	(1)
Solids Computations	419	(2)
Sludge Treatment Processes	421	(6)
Sludge Disposal	427	(8)
Ultimate Disposal	427	(1)
Land Spreading	427	(1)
Landfilling	427	(1)
Dedicated Land Disposal (DLD)	427	(1)
Utilization	427	(1)
Sludge Disposal Regulations	428	(1)
Chapter Review	428	(1)
Problems	429	(3)
Discussion Questions	432	(1)
Additional Reading	432	(1)
References	433	(2)
Air Pollution	435	(54)
Air Pollution Perspective	436	(1)
Fundamentals	436	(1)
Pressure Relationships and Units of Measure	436	(1)
Relativity	436	(1)
Adiabatic Expansion and Compression	437	(1)
Air Pollution Standards	437	(3)
Effects of Air Pollutants	440	(7)
Effects on Materials	440	(1)
Effects on Vegetation	441	(2)
Effects on Health	443	(4)
Origin and Fate of Air Pollutants	447	(4)
Carbon Monoxide	447	(1)
Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)	448	(1)
Lead	448	(1)
Nitrogen Dioxide	448	(1)
Photochemical Oxidants	449	(1)
Sulfur Oxides	449	(2)
Particulates	451	(1)
Micro and Macro Air Pollution	451	(7)
Indoor Air Pollution	451	(3)
Acid Rain	454	(1)
Ozone Depletion	455	(2)
Global Warming	457	(1)
Air Pollution Meteorology	458	(6)
The Atmospheric Engine	458	(1)
Turbulence	459	(1)
Stability	460	(2)
Terrain Effects	462	(2)
Atmospheric Dispersion	464	(7)
Factors Affecting Dispersion of Air Pollutants	464	(1)
Dispersion Modeling	465	(6)
Indoor Air Quality Model	471	(1)
Air Pollution Control of Stationary Sources	472	(9)
Gaseous Pollutants	472	(4)
Flue Gas Desulfurization	476	(1)
Control Technologies for Nitrogen Oxides	476	(1)
Particulate Pollutants	477	(4)
Air Pollution Control of Mobile Sources	481	(2)
Engine Fundamentals	481	(1)
Control of Automobile Emissions	482	(1)
Waste Minimization	483	(6)
Chapter Review	484	(1)
Problems	485	(1)
Discussion Questions	486	(1)
Additional Reading	486	(1)
References	487	(2)
Solid Waste Engineering	489	(36)
Perspective	490	(1)
Magnitude of the Problem	490	(1)
Characteristics of Solid Waste	491	(3)
Solid Waste Management	494	(1)
Solid Waste Collection	494	(1)
Waste as Resource	495	(7)
Background and Perspective	495	(2)
Green Chemistry and Green Engineering	497	(1)
Recycling	497	(3)
Composting	500	(1)
Source Reduction	501	(1)
Solid Waste Reduction	502	(5)
Combustion Processes	502	(2)
Types of Incinerators	504	(2)
Public Health and Environmental Issues	506	(1)
Other Thermal Treatment Processes	507	(1)
Disposal by Sanitary Landfill	507	(18)
Site Selection	508	(1)
Operation	509	(2)
Environmental Considerations	511	(1)
Leachate	511	(4)
Methane and Other Gas Production	515	(3)
Landfill Design	518	(1)
Landfill Closure	519	(1)
Chapter Review	519	(1)
Problems	520	(1)
Discussion Questions	521	(1)
Additional Reading	522	(1)
References	522	(3)
Hazardous Waste Management	525	(52)
The Hazard	526	(2)
Dioxins and PCBs	526	(2)
EPA's Hazardous Waste Designation System	528	(1)
RCRA and HSWA	529	(7)
Congressional Actions on Hazardous Waste	529	(1)
Cradle-to-Grave Concept	529	(2)
Generator Requirements	531	(1)
Transporter Regulations	532	(1)
Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Requirements	533	(2)
Underground Storage Tanks	535	(1)
Cercla and Sara	536	(3)
The Superfund Law	536	(1)
The National Priority List	536	(1)
The Hazard Ranking System	536	(1)
The National Contingency Plan	537	(1)
Liability	538	(1)
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act	538	(1)
Hazardous Waste Management	539	(4)
Waste Minimization	539	(3)
Waste Exchange	542	(1)
Recycling	542	(1)
Treatment Technologies	543	(17)
Biological Treatment	543	(2)
Chemical Treatment	545	(3)
Physical/Chemical Treatment	548	(5)
Incineration	553	(6)
Stabilization-Solidification	559	(1)
Land Disposal	560	(4)
Deep Well Injection	560	(1)
Land Treatment	560	(1)
The Secure Landfill	560	(4)
Groundwater Contamination and Remediation	564	(13)
The Process of Contamination	564	(1)
EPA's Groundwater Remediation Procedure	564	(2)
Mitigation and Treatment	566	(2)
Chapter Review	568	(1)
Problems	569	(4)
Discussion Questions	573	(1)
Additional Reading	574	(1)
References	574	(3)
Agriculture and the Environment	577	(22)
Introduction	578	(1)
Depletion of Surface and Groundwater Resources	578	(2)
Water Use	578	(1)
Land Subsidence	579	(1)
Soil Erosion	580	(3)
Water Quality	583	(8)
Salinization	583	(2)
Nutrients	585	(2)
Pesticides	587	(4)
Air Quality	591	(2)
Particulate Emissions	591	(1)
Ammonia Emissions	591	(1)
Malodorous Compounds	591	(1)
Greenhouse Gases	592	(1)
Effects on the Ozone Layer	593	(1)
Pesticides	593	(1)
Animal Waste Management	593	(6)
Manure Handling and Storage	593	(1)
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations	594	(1)
Best Management Practices	594	(1)
Manure Application	595	(1)
Chapter Review	595	(1)
Problems	596	(1)
Discussion Questions	597	(1)
Additional Reading	598	(1)
References	598	(1)
Noise Pollution	599	(44)
Introduction	600	(9)
Properties of Sound Waves	601	(1)
Sound Power and Intensity	602	(1)
Levels and the Decibel	603	(2)
Characterization of Noise	605	(4)
Effects of Noise on People	609	(11)
The Hearing Mechanism	609	(3)
Normal Hearing	612	(2)
Hearing Impairment	614	(2)
Damage-Risk Criteria	616	(1)
Speech Interference	616	(1)
Annoyance	617	(1)
Sleep Interference	618	(1)
Effects on Performance	619	(1)
Acoustic Privacy	620	(1)
Rating Systems	620	(2)
Goals of a Noise-Rating System	620	(1)
The LN Concept	620	(1)
The Leq Concept	621	(1)
Community Noise Sources and Criteria	622	(4)
Transportation Noise	622	(1)
Other Internal Combustion Engines	623	(1)
Construction Noise	624	(1)
Zoning and Siting Considerations	625	(1)
Levels to Protect Health and Welfare	626	(1)
Transmission of Sound Outdoors	626	(7)
Inverse Square Law	626	(2)
Radiation Fields of a Sound Source	628	(1)
Directivity	628	(1)
Airborne Transmission	629	(4)
Traffic Noise Prediction	633	(1)
Leq Prediction	633	(1)
Ldn Prediction	633	(1)
Noise Control	633	(10)
Source-Path-Receiver Concept	633	(1)
Control of Noise Source by Design	634	(1)
Noise Control in the Transmission Path	635	(2)
Control of Noise Source by Redress	637	(1)
Protect the Receiver	637	(1)
Chapter Review	638	(1)
Problems	639	(2)
Discussion Questions	641	(1)
Additional Reading	642	(1)
References	642	(1)
Ionizing Radiation	643	(48)
Fundamentals	644	(10)
Atomic Structure	644	(1)
Radioactivity and Radiation	645	(2)
Radioactive Decay	647	(3)
Radioisotopes	650	(1)
Fission	650	(1)
The Production of X-Rays	651	(2)
Radiation Dose	653	(1)
Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation	654	(7)
Sequential Pattern of Biological Effects	655	(1)
Determinants of Biological Effects	655	(2)
Acute Effects	657	(1)
Relation of Dose to Type of Acute Radiation Syndrome	657	(1)
Delayed Effects	657	(2)
Genetic Effects	659	(2)
Radiation Standards	661	(2)
Radiation Exposure	663	(2)
External and Internal Radiation Hazards	663	(1)
Natural Background	663	(2)
X-Rays	665	(1)
Radionuclides	665	(1)
Nuclear Reactor Operations	665	(1)
Radioactive Wastes	665	(1)
Radiation Protection	665	(7)
Reduction of External Radiation Hazards	666	(4)
Reduction of Internal Radiation Hazards	670	(2)
Radioactive Waste	672	(9)
Types of Waste	672	(1)
Management of High-Level Radioactive Waste	672	(1)
Waste Isolation Pilot Plant	672	(1)
Management of Low-Level Radioactive Waste	673	(3)
Long-Term Management and Containment	676	(2)
Chapter Review	678	(1)
Problems	679	(1)
Discussion Questions	680	(1)
Additional Reading	680	(1)
References	680	(1)
Appendix
A Properties of Air, Water, and Selected Chemicals	681	(10)
Index	691