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| Preface | p. xv |
| Acknowledgments | p. xvii |
| About the Author | p. xix |
| Probation and Parole in Criminal Justice | p. 1 |
| The Reality of Criminal Justice | p. 1 |
| American Criminal Justice | p. 3 |
| What Is a Crime? Who Is a Criminal? | p. 5 |
| Index Crimes | p. 6 |
| Responding to Crime | p. 7 |
| Classical View | p. 8 |
| Neoclassicalism | p. 10 |
| Positive View | p. 11 |
| The American System of Criminal Justice | p. 12 |
| Entering the System | p. 12 |
| Pretrial Court Appearances | p. 13 |
| Pretrial Hearings | p. 13 |
| Trial or Guilty Plea | p. 14 |
| Sentencing | p. 15 |
| Appeals | p. 16 |
| Probation and Parole: Why Bother? | p. 16 |
| Key Terms | |
| Internet Connections | |
| Review Questions | |
| Probation | |
| Juvenile Court and Juvenile Justice | p. 20 |
| The History of the Juvenile Court | p. 20 |
| Houses of Refuge and Orphan Asylums | p. 21 |
| The Child Savers | p. 22 |
| The Juvenile Court Emerges | p. 22 |
| Procedures in the Juvenile Court | p. 25 |
| Intake | p. 26 |
| Preliminary Hearing | p. 31 |
| Adjudicatory Hearing | p. 35 |
| Predisposition Report | p. 36 |
| Disposition Hearing | p. 36 |
| Status Offenders | p. 51 |
| Juvenile Court Judges | p. 53 |
| Juveniles in Criminal Court | p. 54 |
| Blended Sentence | p. 57 |
| Legal Decisions | p. 57 |
| Key Terms | |
| Internet Connections | |
| Review Questions | |
| Juvenile Probation, Institutions, and Aftercare | p. 61 |
| Juvenile Dispositions and Their Administration | p. 61 |
| Probation Supervision | p. 62 |
| Day Treatment | p. 69 |
| The Group Home | p. 70 |
| Residential Treatment Center | p. 71 |
| Training School | p. 75 |
| The Youth Authority | p. 78 |
| Aftercare and Parole | p. 82 |
| Administration of Juvenile Services | p. 88 |
| In the Criminal Court | p. 89 |
| Key Terms | |
| Internet Connections | |
| Review Questions | |
| Probation and the Courts: History and Administration | p. 91 |
| Court Systems: Federal and State | p. 91 |
| Jurisdiction | p. 91 |
| The State Courts | p. 92 |
| Federal Courts | p. 94 |
| Probation History | p. 96 |
| Early Probation and John Augustus | p. 96 |
| Early Probation Statutes | p. 97 |
| Probation at the Turn of the Twentieth Century | p. 97 |
| Administration of Probation | p. 98 |
| Granting Probation | p. 103 |
| Conditions of Probation | p. 105 |
| Length of Supervision | p. 109 |
| Violation of Probation | p. 111 |
| Preliminary/Probable Cause Hearing | p. 114 |
| Revocation Hearing | p. 115 |
| Street Time | p. 117 |
| Legal Decisions | p. 118 |
| Conditions of Probation | p. 118 |
| Probation Violation and the Three Theories of Probation | p. 119 |
| Key Terms | |
| Internet Connections | |
| Review Questions | |
| Sentencing and the Presentence Investigation (PSI) | p. 123 |
| Requiring a PSI Report | p. 123 |
| Purposes of a PSI Report | p. 123 |
| Content of a PSI Report | p. 127 |
| Gathering Information for the PSI | p. 128 |
| Interviews | p. 128 |
| Review of Records and Reports | p. 129 |
| Short- and Long-Form PSI Reports | p. 130 |
| Sentencing Guidelines, Mandatory Sentences, and the Classical PSI | p. 135 |
| Plea Bargaining and the Pre-Plea Investigation | p. 164 |
| Confidentiality of the PSI Report | p. 166 |
| Criticism of the PSI Report | p. 167 |
| Key Terms | |
| Internet Connections | |
| Review Questions | |
| Parole | |
| American Prisons and Community-Based Corrections | p. 174 |
| America's Prison Crisis | p. 174 |
| Origins of the American System of Prisons | p. 176 |
| Pennsylvania: Walnut Street and Other Early Prisons | p. 177 |
| Pennsylvania After Walnut Street | p. 179 |
| Auburn System | p. 180 |
| Convict Labor | p. 181 |
| The Big House | p. 184 |
| Corrections | p. 185 |
| Correctional Institutions: Divisions, Rebellions, and Riots | p. 185 |
| Attica | p. 188 |
| Just Deserts: Contemporary Correctional Institutions | p. 190 |
| Infectious Diseases | p. 192 |
| Drug-abusing and Mentally Ill Inmates | p. 193 |
| Prison Violence | p. 194 |
| Prisons and the Courts | p. 196 |
| Community-Based Corrections | p. 197 |
| Prisons for Profit | p. 200 |
| Key Terms | |
| Internet Connections | |
| Review Questions | |
| Parole and the Indeterminate Sentence | p. 205 |
| Transportation to America | p. 205 |
| Maconochie and Norfolk Island | p. 206 |
| Crofton and the Irish System | p. 206 |
| Developments in the United States | p. 207 |
| Elmira Reformatory | p. 207 |
| Indeterminate Sentence and Parole | p. 208 |
| Positivism Reemerges as the Medical Model | p. 209 |
| Indeterminate and Determinate Sentencing | p. 213 |
| Determinate Sentencing, Prosecutorial Discretion, and Disparate Justice | p. 216 |
| The "Why?" of Parole | p. 218 |
| Key Terms | |
| Internet Connections | |
| Review Questions | |
| Parole Administration and Services | p. 222 |
| Administration of Parole Services | p. 222 |
| Conditional Release | p. 223 |
| The Parole Board | p. 224 |
| Parole Board Procedures | p. 226 |
| Victim Participation | p. 232 |
| Parole Board Procedures | p. 234 |
| Parole Board Guidelines | p. 234 |
| Parole Services-Institutional | p. 235 |
| Parole Services-Field | p. 241 |
| Conditions of Parole | p. 245 |
| Length of Supervision | p. 245 |
| Violation of Parole/Conditional Release | p. 250 |
| Preliminary Hearing | p. 254 |
| Revocation Hearing | p. 257 |
| Street Time | p. 261 |
| Parole Services: Executive Clemency | p. 262 |
| Reprieve | p. 263 |
| Commutation | p. 263 |
| Pardon | p. 263 |
| Legal Decisions Affecting Parole | p. 267 |
| Parole Release and Parole Hearings | p. 267 |
| Parole Violation and the Three Theories of Parole | p. 269 |
| Parole Board Liability | p. 271 |
| Key Terms | |
| Internet Connections | |
| Review Questions | |
| Rehabilitation and Supervision in Probation and Parole | |
| Rehabilitation: Theory and Practice | p. 276 |
| Theory | p. 276 |
| Psychoanalytic Theory | p. 277 |
| Stages of Psychological Development | p. 277 |
| Crime and the Superego | p. 279 |
| Psychoanalytic Treatment | p. 280 |
| Social Casework | p. 281 |
| Assessment | p. 282 |
| Evaluation | p. 283 |
| Intervention | p. 284 |
| Learning Theory/Behavior Modification | p. 286 |
| Reality Therapy | p. 291 |
| Group Work | p. 293 |
| Sociological Theory | p. 295 |
| Anomie | p. 295 |
| Differential Association | p. 296 |
| Delinquent Subcultures | p. 297 |
| Neutralization | p. 298 |
| Differential/Limited Opportunity | p. 299 |
| Social Control Theory | p. 300 |
| Drift | p. 301 |
| Labeling | p. 301 |
| Conflict Theory | p. 302 |
| Key Terms | |
| Internet Connections | |
| Review Questions | |
| Probation and Parole Officers | p. 305 |
| The Tasks of Probation/Parole Officers | p. 305 |
| Probation/Parole Officer Roles and Agency Models | p. 306 |
| The Probation/Parole Officer as an Agent of Rehabilitation | p. 308 |
| The Probation/Parole Officer as Broker or Advocate | p. 309 |
| The Probation/Parole Officer as Law Enforcement Agent | p. 309 |
| Should Probation/Parole Officers Make Arrests and Carry Firearms? | p. 313 |
| Probation and Parole Officers: The Powers of Search and Seizure | p. 317 |
| Selecting Probation and Parole Officers | p. 318 |
| Personal Qualities | p. 319 |
| Volunteers | p. 320 |
| Probation/Parole Officer Legal Liability | p. 324 |
| Key Terms | |
| Internet Connections | |
| Review Questions | |
| Probation and Parole Supervision | p. 326 |
| Classification in Probation and Parole | p. 326 |
| Risk/Needs Assessment | p. 326 |
| Probation/Parole Supervision | p. 331 |
| Case Assignment | p. 332 |
| Initial Interview | p. 333 |
| Pretrial Supervision | p. 338 |
| Ongoing Supervision | p. 341 |
| Offender Employment | p. 346 |
| The Stigma of Conviction | p. 349 |
| Restorative and Community Justice | p. 353 |
| Restorative Justice | p. 353 |
| Community Justice/"Broken Windows" | p. 356 |
| Key Terms | |
| Internet Connections | |
| Review Questions | |
| Special Problems and Programs in Probation and Parole | p. 360 |
| Substance-Abusing Clients | p. 360 |
| Methadone Treatment | p. 361 |
| Behavior Modification | p. 362 |
| Therapeutic Community | p. 363 |
| Chemical Dependency Programs | p. 365 |
| Alcoholics and Narcotics Anonymous | p. 365 |
| Drug Testing | p. 367 |
| HIV/AIDS | p. 369 |
| Federal HIV/AIDS Specialists | p. 370 |
| New York State Division of Parole AIDS Caseloads | p. 370 |
| Sex Offenders | p. 371 |
| Texas Sex Offender Caseload | p. 374 |
| Hunt County Sex Offender Unit | p. 374 |
| Maricopa County Sex Offender Program | p. 376 |
| Jefferson County Juvenile Sex Offender Unit | p. 376 |
| New Haven Sex Offender Intensive Supervision Unit | p. 377 |
| Orange County Probation Department Adult Sex Offender Unit | p. 379 |
| Intoxicated Drivers | p. 380 |
| Nassau County DWI Unit | p. 380 |
| Offenders Who Are Mentally Retarded | p. 381 |
| Cuyahoga County (Cleveland), Ohio, Mentally Retarded Offender Unit | p. 381 |
| Erie County Special Probation Services | p. 381 |
| Gang Intervention Unit | p. 382 |
| Restitution and Community Service | p. 383 |
| Community Service | p. 384 |
| Probation/Parole Fees | p. 386 |
| Discussion | p. 387 |
| Work Release | p. 389 |
| Halfway Houses | p. 390 |
| Massachusetts Halfway Houses, Inc. | p. 392 |
| St. Leonard's House | p. 392 |
| Hopper Home | p. 393 |
| Interstate Adult and Juvenile Compacts | p. 393 |
| Key Terms | |
| Internet Connections | |
| Review Questions | |
| Intermediate Punishments | p. 402 |
| Intensive Probation/Parole Supervision | p. 404 |
| Florida Community Control | p. 404 |
| Georgia Intensive Probation Supervision | p. 405 |
| Cook County (Chicago, Illinois) Juvenile Intensive Probation Supervision | p. 405 |
| New York and Colorado | p. 406 |
| Somerset County (Pennsylvania) Day Report Intensive Probation Program | p. 406 |
| Lucas County (Toledo, Ohio) Juvenile Intensive Probation Supervision | p. 407 |
| Dauphin County (Pennsylvania) Intensive Juvenile Probation | p. 407 |
| Texas Intensive Supervision Program | p. 407 |
| Intensive Supervision: Research Findings | p. 409 |
| California | p. 409 |
| Georgia | p. 410 |
| Louisiana | p. 411 |
| Minnesota | p. 411 |
| New Jersey | p. 412 |
| New York | p. 412 |
| Ohio | p. 413 |
| Washington State | p. 413 |
| Wisconsin | p. 414 |
| Discussion | p. 415 |
| Electronic Monitoring | p. 418 |
| Discussion | p. 422 |
| Shock Probation/Parole | p. 423 |
| Shock Incarceration/Boot Camp | p. 423 |
| Discussion | p. 427 |
| Day Reporting Centers | p. 431 |
| Key Terms | |
| Internet Connections | |
| Review Questions | |
| Probation and Parole in the Twenty-First Century | p. 433 |
| Probation and Parole: Success or Failure? | p. 433 |
| Felony Probation | p. 436 |
| Goals of Probation and Parole | p. 437 |
| Where Have We Been, Where Are We Now, and Where Are We Going? | p. 440 |
| Key Terms | |
| Internet Connections | |
| Review Questions | |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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