The Properties of Petroleum Fluids

by McCain, William D., Jr.

• ISBN13: 9780878143351
• ISBN10: 0878143351
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1990-04-01
• Publisher: Pennwell Corp

Table of Contents

Nomenclature	xv
Preface	xxxvii
Components of Naturally Occurring Petroleum Fluids	1	(45)
Organic Chemistry	3	(9)
Structural Theory
Chemical Bonding
Naming Organic Chemicals
Hydrocarbons
Homologous Series
Alkanes	12	(6)
Nomenclature of Alkanes
Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkanes
Alkenes	18	(4)
Nomenclature of Alkenes
Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkenes
Alkadienes, Alkatrienes, and Alkatetraenes	22	(1)
Alkynes	22	(2)
Nomenclature of Alkynes
Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkynes
Cycloaliphatic Hydrocarbons	24	(4)
Cycloalkanes
Condensed Rings
Cycloalkenes and Cycloalkadienes
Aromatics	28	(5)
Benzene
Benzene Bonds
Nomenclature of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Physical and Chemical Properties of the Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Cycloalkanoaromatics	33	(1)
Other Organic Compounds	34	(1)
Nonhydrocarbon Components of Petroleum	35	(5)
Sulfur Compounds
Oxygen Compounds
Nitrogen Compounds
Organometallic Compounds
Resins and Asphaltenes	40	(1)
Classification of Crude Oils	40	(2)
Physical Classification
Chemical Classification
Exercises	42	(3)
General References	45	(1)
Phase Behavior	46	(44)
Pure Substances	47	(14)
Phase Diagram for a Pure Substance
Use of Phase Diagrams
Vapor Pressure of a Pure Substance
Pressure-Volume Diagram for a Pure Substance
Density-Temperature Diagram for a Pure Substance
Two-Component Mixtures	61	(12)
Phase Diagrams of Two-Component Mixtures
Pressure-Volume Diagram for a Two-Component Mixture
Composition Diagrams
Three-Component Mixtures	73	(10)
Ternary Diagrams
Three-Component Phase Diagrams
Uses of Ternary Diagrams
Multicomponent Mixtures	83	(1)
Exercises	84	(5)
References	89	(1)
Equations of State	90	(39)
The Ideal Gas	90	(10)
Boyle's Equation
Charles' Equation
Avogadro's Law
The Equation of State for an Ideal Gas
Density of an Ideal Gas
Kinetic Theory of Gases
Mixtures of Ideal Gases	100	(4)
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
Amagat's Law of Partial Volumes
Apparent Molecular Weight of a Gas Mixture
Specific Gravity of a Gas
Behavior of Real Gases	104	(18)
The Compressibility Equation of State
The Law of Corresponding States
The Compressibility Equation of State for Gas Mixtures
Exercises	122	(6)
References	128	(1)
Other Equations of State For Real Gases	129	(18)
van der Waals Equation of State	129	(1)
Other Equations of State in the ``Spirit of van der Waals''	130	(2)
Equations of State at the Critical Point	132	(1)
The Virial Equation of State	133	(4)
The Beattie-Bridgeman Equation of State	137	(3)
The Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equation of State Recent Developments in Equations of State
Redlich-Kwong Equation of State	140	(4)
Peng-Robinson Equation of State
Mixing Rules
Exercises	144	(1)
References	145	(1)
General References	146	(1)
The Five Reservoir Fluids	147	(18)
Multicomponent Phase Diagrams	147	(1)
The Five Reservoir Fluids	148	(1)
Identification of Fluid Type
Black Oils	149	(2)
Black Oil Phase Diagram
Comments
Field Identification of Black Oils
Laboratory Analysis of Black Oils
Volatile Oils	151	(3)
Volatile Oil Phase Diagram
Comments
Field Identification of Volatile Oils
Laboratory Analysis of Volatile Oils
Retrograde Gases	154	(1)
Retrograde Gas Phase Diagram
Field Identification of Retrograde Gases
Laboratory Analysis of Retrograde Gases
Comments
Wet Gases	155	(2)
Wet Gas Phase Diagram
Comments
Field Identification of Wet Gases
Dry Gases	157	(2)
Dry Gas Phase Diagram
Comments
Exercises	159	(5)
References	164	(1)
Properties of Dry Gases	165	(30)
Standard Conditions	165	(2)
Dry Gases	167	(20)
Gas Formation Volume Factor
The Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility of Gas
The Coefficient of Viscosity of Gas
Heating Value	187	(3)
Joule-Thomson Effect	190	(1)
Exercises	191	(3)
References	194	(1)
Properties of Wet Gases	195	(29)
Recombination of Surface Fluids--Compositions Known	195	(6)
Surface Compositions Known
Separator Compositions Known
Recombination of Surface Fluids--Compositions Unknown	201	(9)
Separator Gas and Stock-Tank Vent Gas Properties Known
Properties of Stock-Tank Gas Unknown
Formation Volume Factor of Wet Gas	210	(5)
Surface Compositions Known
Compositions Unknown
Plant Products	215	(2)
Retrograde Gases	217	(1)
Exercises	218	(5)
References	223	(1)
Properties of Black Oils--Definitions	224	(23)
Specific Gravity of a Liquid	224	(1)
Formation Volume Factor of Oil	225	(2)
Solution Gas-Oil Ratio	227	(2)
Total Formation Volume Factor	229	(2)
The Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility of Oil	231	(5)
Pressures Above the Bubble-Point Pressure
Pressures Below the Bubble-Point Pressure
Coefficient of Viscosity of Oil	236	(1)
Coefficient of Isobaric Thermal Expansion of a Liquid	237	(2)
Interfacial Tension	239	(1)
Volatile Oils	240	(2)
Exercises	242	(4)
Reference	246	(1)
Properties of Black Oils--Field Data	247	(10)
Black Oil Reservoirs--Initial Reservoir Pressure	247	(1)
Black Oil Reservoirs--Gas Production Trends	248	(1)
Black Oil Reservoirs--Pressure Trends	248	(1)
Fluid Properties from Production-Pressure History	249	(2)
Adjustment of Surface Gas Data	251	(2)
Volatile Oils	253	(1)
Retrograde Gases	253	(1)
Exercises	254	(2)
Reference	256	(1)
Properties of Black Oils--Reservoir Fluid Studies	257	(39)
Collection of Reservoir Oil Samples	258	(1)
Reservoir Fluid Study	258	(22)
Compositions
Flash Vaporization
Differential Vaporization
Separator Tests
Oil Viscosity
Gas Viscosity
Reservoir Fluid Properties from Reservoir Fluid Study	280	(12)
Selection of Separator Conditions
Formation Volume Factor of Oil
Solution Gas
Oil Ratio
Formation Volume Factor of Gas
Total Formation Volume Factor
Viscosities
Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility of Oil
Exercises	292	(3)
References	295	(1)
Properties of Black Oils--Correlations	296	(51)
Bubble-Point Pressure	296	(2)
Solution Gas-Oil Ratio	298	(1)
Density of a Liquid	299	(18)
Calculation of Liquid Density Using Ideal-Solution Principles
Calculation of Reservoir Liquid Density at Saturation Pressure Using Ideal-Solution Principles
Calculation of Reservoir Liquid Density at Pressures Above the Bubble Point
Formation Volume Factor of Oil	317	(5)
Estimation of Formation Volume Factor of Oil at Saturation Pressure Using Ideal-Solution Principles
Estimation of Formation Volume Factor of Oil at Saturation Pressure by Correlation
Estimation of Formation Volume Factor of Oil at Pressures Above the Bubble-Point Pressure
Adjustment of Formation Volume Factor of Oil and Solution Gas- Oil Ratio for Field Derived Bubble-Point Pressure	322	(1)
Total Formation Volume Factor	323	(3)
The Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility of Oil	326	(2)
Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility of Oil at Pressures Above Bubble-Point Pressure
Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility at Pressures Below Bubble-Point Pressure
The Coefficient of Viscosity of Oil	328	(5)
Estimation of Oil Viscosity at Bubble-Point Pressure and Below
Estimation of Oil Viscosity at Pressures Above Bubble-Point Pressure
Interfacial Tension	333	(5)
Liquid-Gas Interfacial Tension, Pure Substances
Liquid-Gas Interfacial Tension, Hydrocarbon Mixtures
Exercises	338	(7)
References	345	(2)
Gas-Liquid Equilibria	347	(27)
Ideal Solutions	348	(6)
Raoult's Equation
Dalton's Equation
Compositions and Quantities of the Equilibrium Gas and Liquid Phases of an Ideal Solution
Calculation of the Bubble-Point Pressure of an Ideal Liquid Solution
Calculation of the Dew-Point Pressure of an Ideal Gas Solution
Nonideal Solutions	354	(8)
Compositions and Quantities of the Equilibrium Gas and Liquid Phases of a Real Solution
Calculation of the Bubble-Point Pressure of a Real Liquid
Calculation of the Dew-Point Pressure of a Real Gas
Flash Vaporization	362	(1)
Differential Vaporization	363	(7)
Calculation Procedure, Final Pressure Known
Calculation Procedure, Number of Moles to be Vaporized Known
Exercises	370	(3)
Reference	373	(1)
Surface Separation	374	(21)
Surface Separator Calculations for Black Oils	374	(9)
Separator Calculations for Other Reservoir Fluid Types	383	(2)
K-factors for Separator Calculations	385	(1)
Exercises	386	(8)
Reference	394	(1)
Equilibrium-Ratio Correlations	395	(19)
Convergence Pressure	396	(8)
Definition of Convergence Pressure
Estimation of Convergence Pressure
Effect of Inaccurate Values of Equilibrium Ratios	404	(2)
Correlating and Smoothing K-factors	406	(5)
Exercises	411	(2)
References	413	(1)
Gas-Liquid Equilibria Calculations with Equations of State	414	(24)
Pure Substances	414	(11)
Chemical Potential
The Fugacity
Fugacity Coefficient
Example of State Calculation for a Pure Substance
Mixtures	425	(11)
Chemical Potential
Fugacity Coefficient
Example of State Calculation for Mixtures
Exercises	436	(1)
References	437	(1)
General References	437	(1)
Properties of Oilfield Waters	438	(36)
Composition of Oilfield Waters	438	(6)
Bubble-Point Pressure of Oilfield Waters	444	(1)
Formation Volume Factor of Oilfield Waters	444	(5)
Density of Oilfield Waters	449	(1)
Solubility of Natural Gas in Water	450	(1)
The Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility of Water	451	(5)
The Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility of Water at Pressures Above the Bubble Point
The Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility of Water at Pressures Below the Bubble Point
The Coefficient of Viscosity of Oilfield Waters	456	(5)
Solubility of Water in Natural Gas	461	(2)
Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon Liquid	463	(1)
Resistivity of Oilfield Waters	464	(1)
Interfacial Tension	464	(3)
Interfacial Tension of Water-Hydrocarbon Gas
Interfacial Tension of Water-Hydrocarbon Liquid
Exercises	467	(5)
References	472	(1)
General References	473	(1)
Gas Hydrates	474	(17)
Gas Hydrate Formation	474	(1)
Conditions for Gas Hydrate Formation	475	(6)
Inhibition of Gas Hydrate Formation	481	(2)
Gas Hydrate Formation Caused by Reduction of Pressure	483	(2)
Exercises	485	(3)
Reference	488	(1)
General Reference	489	(2)
Appendix A	491	(18)
Appendix B	509	(25)
Index	534