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9780735540101

Property : Emanuel Law Outlines

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780735540101

  • ISBN10:

    0735540101

  • Edition: 6th
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2004-06-08
  • Publisher: Wolters Kluwer
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Summary

The most trusted name in law school outlines, Emanuel Law Outlines support your class preparation, provide reference for your outline creation, and supply a comprehensive breakdown of topic matter for your entire study process. Created by Steven Emanuel, these course outlines have been relied on by generations of law students. Each title includes both capsule and detailed versions of the critical issues and key topics you must know to master the course. Also included are exam questions with model answers, an alpha-list of cases, and a cross reference table of cases for all of the leading casebooks. Emanuel Law Outline Features: & 1 outline choice among law students Comprehensive review of all major topics Capsule summary of all topics Cross-reference table of cases Time-saving format Great for exam prep

Table of Contents

Preface xxxix
Casebook Correlation Chart xli
Capsule Summary 1(1)
Introduction
``Property'' Generally
1(1)
General definition
1(1)
Real and personal property
1(1)
Possession vs. title
1(1)
Possession
1(1)
Title
1(1)
Law and equity
1(1)
Bundle of rights
1(1)
Sources of Property Law
2(1)
Cases
2(1)
Statutes
2(1)
Restatements and model acts
2(1)
Possession and Transfer of Personal Property
Rights of Possessors
3(7)
Rights from possession generally
3(1)
Wild Animals (ferae naturae)
3(1)
What constitutes ``possession''
3(1)
Return to natural state
4(1)
Finders of lost articles
4(1)
Possession derived from trespass
4(1)
Measure of damages
4(1)
Article lost by possessor
5(1)
What constitutes acquisition
5(1)
Conflict with the owner of real estate
5(1)
Treasure trove
6(1)
Ownership of bodily tissues
7(1)
Adverse possession
8(2)
Accession
10(1)
Concept of accession generally
10(1)
Bona Fide Purchasers
11(1)
Nature of problem
11(1)
General rule
11(1)
Exceptions
11(1)
``Voidable'' title
11(1)
Estoppel
11(1)
Bailments
12(4)
What constitutes a bailment
12(1)
Creation of bailment
12(1)
Physical control
12(1)
Intent to possess
13(1)
Rights and duties of bailee
13(1)
Duty during custody
13(1)
Duty to redeliver
14(1)
Contractual limitations on liability
14(1)
Burden of proof
15(1)
Gifts
16(11)
Definition of gift
16(1)
Present transfer
16(1)
Inter vivos vs. causa mortis gift
16(1)
Requirements
16(1)
Delivery
16(1)
Rationale
16(1)
Delivery through third person
16(1)
Symbolic and constructive delivery
17(1)
Property already in donee's possession
18(1)
Written instrument
18(1)
Gifts causa mortis
19(1)
Declaration of trust
20(1)
Donor's intent to give
21(1)
Intent to make present gift
21(1)
Present gift of future enjoyment
21(1)
Acceptance
22(1)
Donee unaware
22(1)
Special problems of bank accounts
22(1)
Right of survivor
22(1)
Rights of parties inter vivos
23(1)
Quiz Yourself on Possession & Transfer of Personal Property
24(3)
Adverse Possession
Introduction
27(1)
Purpose of Doctrine
27(1)
Barring of stale claims
27(1)
Gaining title by adverse possession
27(1)
Clearing titles to land
27(1)
Scope of this chapter
27(1)
Components of adverse possession
28(1)
Physical Requirements
28(2)
Summary
28(1)
``Open, notorious, and visible''
28(1)
Effect of actual notice by owner
28(1)
Measured against typical owner's conduct
28(1)
Exclusive possession
29(1)
Actual possession
29(1)
Percentage of land used
29(1)
Occupation by tenant of adverse possessor
29(1)
Possession of sub-surface minerals
29(1)
Distinguished from constructive possession
30(1)
Payment of taxes
30(1)
Mental Requirements
30(4)
``Hostile'' possession
30(1)
Possession by tenant
30(1)
Measured by objective evidence
30(1)
``Claim of right''
31(1)
Boundary disputes and other mistakes
32(1)
Majority view
32(1)
Agreement on boundaries
32(1)
Oral grants of land
32(1)
Continued occupancy by grantor
33(1)
Co-tenants
33(1)
Tenant's hostility to landlord
33(1)
Repudiation or disclaimer
33(1)
Holdover tenant
34(1)
Continuity of Possession
34(3)
The continuity requirement generally
34(1)
Abandonment
34(1)
Seasonal possession
34(1)
Interruption by owner
34(1)
Bringing of lawsuit
34(1)
Entry by owner
35(1)
Interruption by non-owner
35(1)
Ouster by second adverse possessor
35(1)
Tacking
35(1)
Tacking allowed where privity exists
35(1)
Parol description not agreeing with deed
36(1)
Ouster or abandonment
36(1)
Tacking on owner's side
36(1)
Length of Time Required
37(3)
Statutory period
37(1)
Disabilities
37(1)
Disability must exist at time adverse possession began
37(1)
Types of disability
37(1)
Statutes giving grace period
37(1)
Criticism of disability statutes
38(1)
Successors in interest
38(1)
Tacking on both sides
39(1)
Some states don't allow conveyances
39(1)
Effect on future interests
39(1)
Future interest created after entry of possessor
39(1)
Interest already existing at time of entry
39(1)
Rights of Adverse Possessor
40(3)
Rights before end of statutory period
40(1)
Suit against third person
40(1)
Relations with owner
40(1)
Rights after expiration of statutory period
40(1)
Possessor gains good title
40(1)
Easements may not be extinguished
40(1)
Not valid against interest of government
40(1)
Not recordable
41(1)
Hard to prove marketability
41(1)
Transferred like any other title
41(1)
Scope of property obtained
42(1)
Property actually occupied
42(1)
Constructive adverse possession
42(1)
Conflicts Between Possessors
43(6)
Nature of problem
43(1)
``First in time, first in right''
43(1)
Passage by gift or will
43(1)
Remedy of ejectment
43(1)
Quiz Yourself on Adverse Possession
44(1)
Exam Tips on Adverse Possession
45(4)
Freehold Estates
Introduction
49(3)
Feudalism in brief
49(1)
Nature of feudalism
49(1)
The Statute Quia Emptores
49(1)
Tenure in the United States
49(1)
The concept of ``estate''
50(1)
``Estate'' defined
50(1)
Freehold and non-freehold estates
51(1)
The freehold estates
51(1)
Non-freehold estates
51(1)
Chain of title
52(1)
Grant from U.S. Government
52(1)
Fee Simple
52(6)
Fee simple absolute
52(1)
Restrictions on use
52(1)
Inheritability
52(1)
Words needed to create
53(1)
Fee simple defeasible
53(1)
Fee simple determinable
54(1)
Fee simple subject to condition subsequent
55(1)
Condition subsequent distinguished from fee simple determinable
56(1)
Fee simple subject to executory limitation
57(1)
Defeasible estates other than fee simple
58(1)
The Fee Tail
58(2)
Keeping property in the family
58(1)
The ``fee tail''
59(1)
Words creating fee tail
59(1)
Grant to A ``and his children''
59(1)
Modern U.S. treatment of the fee tail
59(1)
Life Estates
60(9)
General meaning of ``life estate''
60(1)
Ordinary life estate and estate per autre vie
60(1)
Life estate by operation of law
60(1)
Creation of the ordinary life estate
61(1)
Life estate defeasible
61(1)
Difficulty of construction
61(1)
Estate now of limited utility
62(1)
Life estate per autre vie
62(1)
Death of the life tenant
62(1)
Duties and powers of life tenant
63(1)
Duties
63(1)
Life tenant's right to dispose of the property
64(1)
Quiz Yourself on Freehold Estates
64(1)
Exam Tips on Freehold Estates
65(4)
Future Interests
Introduction
69(1)
Five future interests
69(1)
The Possibility of Reverter and the Right of Entry
69(2)
Reversionary interests
69(1)
Possibility of reverter
69(1)
Right of entry
70(1)
Not incident to reversion
70(1)
Alienability
70(1)
Executory interests
71(1)
Reversions
71(1)
Reversions generally
71(1)
Will not necessarily become possessory
71(1)
Distinguishing from possibility of reverter
72(1)
Alienability
72(1)
Remainders
72(12)
Definition
72(1)
Following a term of years
72(1)
Common-law view
72(1)
Remainders distinguished from reversions
72(1)
Created in one other than the grantor
73(1)
Operation of law
73(1)
Successive remainders
73(1)
No remainder following fee simple
73(1)
No remainder after fee simple determinable
73(1)
Two kinds of remainders
73(1)
Why it makes a difference
73(1)
Vested remainders
74(1)
Three types
74(1)
Remainder indefeasibly vested
75(1)
Vested remainder subject to open
75(1)
Vested remainder subject to complete defeasance
75(2)
Contingent remainders
77(1)
Contingent can become vested
77(1)
Condition precedent
77(2)
Unascertained remaindermen
79(1)
Destructibility of contingent remainders
79(1)
Reason for rule of destructibility
80(1)
Ways of destroying a contingent remainder
80(1)
Normal expiration
80(1)
Merger
81(1)
Trustees to preserve contingent remainders
82(1)
The destructibility rule today
83(1)
Alienability of remainders
83(1)
Vested remainders
83(1)
Contingent remainders
84(1)
The Rule in Shelley's Case
84(4)
The Rule summarized
84(1)
Reasons for the Rule
84(1)
Illustration
84(1)
Requirements of the Rule
84(1)
Freehold in ancestor
84(1)
Remainder in heirs or heirs of the body
85(1)
Both equitable or both legal
86(1)
Life estate and remainder separated by other estate
86(1)
Co-tenancy
87(1)
Rule of law, not construction
87(1)
The Rule under modern law
87(1)
Doctrine of Worthier Title
88(2)
General statement of rule
88(1)
The inter vivos branch
88(1)
Common-law statement of rule
88(1)
Practical effect of rule
88(1)
Rule of law, not construction
89(1)
Now generally rule of construction
89(1)
The Statute of Uses and Executory Interests
90(8)
Concept of ``seisin''
90(1)
Common-law restrictions
90(1)
No ``springing'' interests
90(1)
No ``shifting'' interests
90(1)
No gap between estates
91(1)
No contingent remainder supported by a term of years
92(1)
Uses before the Statute of Uses
92(1)
Equity enforces the use
92(1)
Flexibility
92(1)
Bargain and sale
93(1)
Enactment of the Statute of Uses
93(1)
Meaning of Statute
93(1)
Holder of legal title must be seised
93(1)
Conveyancing after the Statute
93(1)
Future interests after the Statute
94(1)
Springing executory interest
94(1)
Shifting executory interest
94(1)
Gap in seisin
94(1)
Contingent remainder following term of years
95(1)
Interest in stranger after fee simple determinable
95(1)
Outwitting the Rule in Shelley's Case
95(1)
Identifying executory interests
95(1)
Use required
95(1)
Cannot be created in grantor
96(1)
Distinguishing between executory interest and remainder
96(1)
Executory interest following fee simple determinable
96(1)
Unexecuted uses
96(1)
Use on a use
96(1)
Active trust
97(1)
The Statute of Uses today
97(1)
Common-law deeds
97(1)
Bargain and sale still possible
98(1)
Alienability
98(1)
Waste
98(3)
The concept of waste generally
98(1)
Life tenant and tenant for years
98(1)
Fee simple determinable
98(1)
Tenants in common and joint tenants
98(1)
Types of waste
98(1)
Voluntary waste
98(1)
Permissive waste
99(1)
Equitable waste
99(1)
Acts constituting waste
99(1)
Cutting up timber
99(1)
Earth and minerals
99(1)
Structural changes
100(1)
Remedies for waste
100(1)
Damages
101(1)
Injunction
101(1)
Forfeiture
101(1)
Sale by judicial order
101(1)
The Rule Against Perpetuities
101(7)
Historical development of Rule
101(1)
Statement of Rule
101(1)
Paraphrase of Rule
102(1)
Judged in advance
102(1)
Interests to which the Rule applies
102(1)
Contingent remainders
102(1)
Vested remainders
102(1)
Reversionary interests not within Rule
103(1)
Executory interests
103(1)
Options to purchase land
103(2)
Meaning of ``lives in being''
105(1)
Measuring lives too numerous
105(1)
Special situations
105(1)
Fertile octogenarian
105(1)
Unborn widow
106(1)
Happening of event
106(1)
Gifts switched from one charity to another
107(1)
Gestation
107(1)
Class gift
107(1)
``Wait and see'' approach
107(1)
Uniform Rule
108(1)
Restraints Upon Alienation
108(13)
General problem
108(1)
Generally void
109(1)
Life estate
109(1)
Indirect restraint
109(1)
Quiz Yourself on Future Interests
109(5)
Exam Tips on Future Interests
114(7)
Marital Estates
The Common-Law System --- Rights During Marriage
121(1)
Introduction
121(1)
The feudal system
121(1)
Tenancy by the entirety
122(1)
Married Women's Property Acts
122(1)
The Common-Law System --- Effect of Divorce
122(3)
The traditional ``title'' view
122(1)
Title in husband's name
122(1)
Co-tenancy
122(1)
Alimony
123(1)
The modern doctrine of ``equitable distribution''
123(1)
Move towards equality of split
123(1)
Factors governing split
123(1)
What property is covered
123(2)
The Common-Law System --- Death of a Spouse
125(2)
The traditional common-law approach (dower and curtesy)
125(1)
Dower
125(1)
Curtesy
125(1)
Abolished in most jurisdictions
126(1)
Practical importance
126(1)
Modern ``elective share'' statutes
126(1)
Effect
126(1)
Personal as well as real property
126(1)
Size of share
126(1)
Property to which share applies
126(1)
Length of marriage irrelevant
127(1)
Community Property
127(4)
Introduction
127(1)
Basic theory
127(1)
Consequence
128(1)
Enactment, then repeal, in other states
128(1)
Not a detailed treatment
128(1)
What is community property
128(1)
Acquired before marriage
128(1)
Acquired by gift or inheritance
128(1)
Income from separate property
128(1)
Income and proceeds from community property
128(1)
Earnings
128(1)
Purchases made on credit
129(1)
Conflict of laws
129(1)
Transformation of status
130(1)
Management
130(1)
Traditional view
130(1)
Greater role for women
130(1)
Divorce
131(1)
Death
131(1)
Uniform Marital Property Act
131(1)
Domestic Partnerships, Same-Sex Marriages, and Other Variations on Traditional Marriage
131(4)
Generally
131(1)
Common-law marriage
131(1)
Cohabitation and domestic partnerships
132(1)
Same-sex domestic partnerships, civil unions and marriages
133(2)
Homestead Exemptions
135(2)
Purpose of homestead exemptions
135(1)
Bankruptcy Law
135(1)
Quiz Yourself on Marital Estates
135(2)
Concurrent Ownership
Joint Tenancy
137(6)
Each tenant owns whole interest
137(1)
Right of survivorship
137(1)
Right of possession
137(1)
Four unities
137(1)
Creation of joint tenancies
138(1)
Source of presumption
138(1)
Modern statutes reverse presumption
138(1)
Ambiguous language
138(1)
Conveyance by A to A and B
139(1)
Personal property
139(1)
Right of survivorship
140(1)
Dower and curtesy do not attach
140(1)
Creditors
140(1)
Severance
140(1)
Conveyance by one joint tenant
140(2)
Granting of mortgage
142(1)
Lease
142(1)
Partition
142(1)
Contract to sell
143(1)
Wrongful act
143(1)
Abolition in a few states
143(1)
Tenancy in Common
143(2)
Nature of tenancy in common
143(1)
Only one unity required
144(1)
No right of survivorship
144(1)
Right to convey or lease
144(1)
Presumption favoring tenancy in common
144(1)
Heirs
144(1)
Coparceny
145(1)
Tenancy by the Entirety
145(3)
Common-law concept of entirety
145(1)
Creation of estate
145(1)
No creation by one spouse
145(1)
Modern view
145(1)
Presumption favoring entirety
145(1)
Conveyance to husband, wife and third person
146(1)
Personal property
146(1)
Indestructibility
146(1)
Right of survivorship
146(1)
No partition
146(1)
Conveyance
146(1)
Rights of creditors
146(1)
Divorce
147(1)
Simultaneous death
147(1)
Management of the property
147(1)
Married Women's Acts
148(1)
Future of tenancy by the entirety
148(1)
Relations Between Co-Tenants
148(5)
Few distinctions among tenancies
148(1)
Possession by one tenant
148(1)
Agreement regarding possession
149(1)
Normally no duty to account
149(1)
Ouster
149(1)
Depletion
150(1)
Premises rented to third party
150(1)
Payments made by one tenant
150(1)
Taxes and mortgage payments
150(1)
Repairs
150(1)
Improvements
150(1)
Acquisition of outstanding interest
151(1)
Partition
151(1)
Partition in kind
151(1)
Partition by sale
152(1)
Agreement not to partition
153(1)
Tax Consequences
153(6)
Tax consequences generally
153(1)
Quiz Yourself on Concurrent Ownership
154(2)
Exam Tips on Concurrent Ownership
156(3)
Landlord and Tenant
Introduction
159(1)
Non-freehold estates
159(1)
Conveyance aspects
159(1)
Independent covenants
159(1)
Destruction of premises
159(1)
Modern tendency
159(1)
Leaseholds distinguished from other interests
160(1)
Hotel guest
160(1)
Parking lots, sign easements
160(1)
The Various Tenancies and Their Creation
160(6)
Statute of Frauds
160(1)
American statutes
160(1)
Lease to commence in future
160(1)
Option to renew
160(1)
Periodic tenancy
161(1)
Effect of non-compliance with Statute
161(1)
Recording of lease
161(1)
The estate for years
161(1)
Term must be certain
161(1)
No notice needed to terminate
161(1)
Maximum duration
162(1)
The periodic tenancy
162(1)
Distinguished from tenancy for years
162(1)
Creation of periodic tenancy
162(1)
Termination of tenancy
163(1)
Tenancy at will
163(1)
No notice for termination
164(1)
How the at-will tenancy arises
164(1)
Lease terminable at the will of only one party
164(1)
Events causing termination
164(1)
Tenancy at sufferance
164(1)
Landlord's right of election
164(1)
Common law takes strict view
164(1)
How landlord exercises option
165(1)
Length and nature of new tenancy
165(1)
Election is binding
166(1)
Tenant's Right of Possession and Enjoyment
166(8)
Tenant's right of possession
166(1)
``American'' view
166(1)
``English'' rule
167(1)
Right of quiet enjoyment
167(1)
Claims of paramount title
168(1)
Ways to violate
168(1)
Remedies
168(1)
Interference by landlord or third person
168(1)
Acts by landlord
169(1)
Persons holding under landlord
169(1)
Actual vs. constructive eviction
170(1)
Destruction of premises
170(1)
Condemnation
170(2)
Illegal use of premises
172(1)
Both parties intend illegal use
172(1)
Landlord knows but does not intend
172(1)
Some but not all uses illegal
172(1)
Violation of building codes
172(1)
Remedies
173(1)
Use subsequently becomes illegal
173(1)
Frustration of purpose
174(1)
Permitted uses
174(1)
Condition of the Premises
174(13)
Common-law view
174(1)
Independent covenants
175(1)
Constructive eviction
175(1)
Duty to vacate
175(1)
Illegality defense
175(1)
Implied warranty of habitability generally
176(1)
Exceptions
176(1)
General warranty of habitability
176(1)
The Javins case
176(1)
Conditions existing prior to entry
177(1)
Conditions arising after tenant enters
178(1)
Standards for determining ``habitability''
178(1)
Building code violations
178(1)
Absence of building code violations
179(1)
Relevance of nature of building
179(1)
Duty to provide security
179(1)
Kinds of leases to which implied warranty applies
179(1)
Residential leases
179(1)
Commercial leases
179(1)
Waiver of warranty by tenant
180(1)
``Boilerplate'' clause
180(1)
Statutes
180(1)
Restatement approach
180(1)
Remedies for breach of implied warranty
181(1)
Right to terminate lease
181(1)
Right to withhold rent
182(1)
Application of rent for repairs
183(1)
Abatement of rent
184(1)
Suit for damages
184(1)
Retaliatory eviction
184(1)
Complaints about housing violations
185(1)
Withholding of rent
185(1)
Joining in tenants' organization
185(1)
Landlord raises rent
185(1)
Commercial leases
186(1)
Dissipation of taint
186(1)
Merits of habitability warranty in general
186(1)
Premises destroyed or suddenly damaged
186(1)
Common-law exception
186(1)
Modern statutes relieve tenant
186(1)
Duty to repair
187(1)
Tort Liability of Landlord and Tenant
187(6)
Tenant's tort liability
187(1)
Extent of duty
187(1)
Liability of landlord
188(1)
Exceptions
188(1)
Concealment or failure to disclose
188(1)
Areas kept under landlord's control
188(1)
Repairs negligently performed
189(1)
Landlord contracts to repair
190(1)
Landlord under legal duty to repair
190(1)
Admission of public
191(1)
General ``reasonable care'' theory
192(1)
Strict liability for latent defects
192(1)
Exculpatory clauses
193(1)
Transfer of landlord's interest
193(1)
Tenant's Duties
193(3)
Duty to pay rent
193(1)
Breach of landlord's duties
193(1)
Termination of lease
193(1)
Termination by landlord
193(1)
Duty to repair
193(1)
Modern change in rule
194(1)
Express promise to repair
194(1)
Destruction or sudden damage
194(1)
Fixtures
195(1)
Right to affix
195(1)
Removal
195(1)
Duty to behave reasonably
196(1)
Landlord's Remedies
196(7)
Security deposits
196(1)
Acceleration clause
197(1)
Eviction
198(1)
Termination during the lease term
198(1)
Hold-over tenant
199(1)
Summary proceedings
199(1)
Self-help
199(1)
Damages for hold-over by tenant
200(1)
Abandonment of premises by tenant
201(1)
Accept surrender
201(1)
Re-letting on tenant's account
202(1)
Right to leave vacant
203(1)
Transfer and Sale by Lessor; Assignment and Subletting by Lessee
203(13)
Right to transfer generally
203(1)
Statute of Frauds
204(1)
Privity of estate
204(1)
Privity of contract
204(1)
Original parties to lease
204(1)
Distinguishing sublease from assignment
205(1)
Covenants running with the land
206(1)
Not necessarily bilateral
206(1)
Meaning of ``touches and concerns''
207(1)
Promises to pay money
207(1)
Promise to make repairs
208(1)
Covenant not to compete
208(1)
Promises relating to duration of the lease
208(1)
Rights of parties after assignment
208(1)
Liability of tenant
208(1)
Tenant's rights against assignee
209(1)
Tenant's right to sue on landlord's promise
209(1)
Liability of assignee
210(1)
Assumption by assignee
211(1)
Review illustrations
211(1)
Transfer by lessor
212(1)
Express assignment of contract right
212(1)
Burdens upon landlord's assignee
212(1)
Attornment by tenant
213(1)
Agreements by the parties about transfer
213(1)
Generally enforced
213(1)
Dumpor's Case
214(1)
Consent not to be unreasonably withheld
215(1)
Waiver by landlord
216(1)
Some Important Legislation
216(15)
Introduction
216(1)
Fair Housing Laws
216(1)
Unintended effect on minorities
216(1)
Race-conscious policies to promote integration
217(1)
State laws
217(1)
Federally-funded housing
217(1)
Eviction
217(1)
Rent control laws
218(1)
How statutes work
218(1)
Constitutionality
218(1)
Restrictions on non-renewal of lease
218(1)
Economic criticism of rent control laws
218(1)
Quiz Yourself on Landlord and Tenant
219(6)
Exam Tips on Landlord and Tenant
225(6)
Easements and Promises Concerning Land
Easements Generally
231(2)
Definition of easement
231(1)
Affirmative easements
231(1)
Negative easement
231(1)
Easements appurtenant vs. easements in gross
231(1)
Appurtenant easement
231(1)
Easement in gross
232(1)
Profit
233(1)
Creation of Easements
233(11)
Four ways to create
233(1)
Express creation
233(1)
Statute of Frauds
233(1)
Words creating
233(1)
Reservation in grantor
234(1)
Creation in stranger to deed
234(1)
Creation by implication
234(1)
Exception to Statute of Frauds
235(1)
Summary of requirements
235(1)
Severance from common owner
235(1)
Prior use
236(1)
Necessity
237(1)
Easement of light and air
238(1)
Easement of necessity
239(1)
Landlocked parcels
239(1)
Common grantor
239(1)
Duration
239(1)
Restatement view
239(1)
Easement by prescription
239(1)
Fiction of ``lost grant''
240(1)
Use of statute of limitations by analogy
240(1)
Disabilities
240(1)
Use must be adverse, not permissive
240(1)
Open and notorious
241(1)
Continuous and uninterrupted
241(1)
Tacking
242(1)
Difficulty of ascertaining
242(1)
Easement by custom
242(1)
Easement by estoppel
243(1)
Tidal lands and the ``public trust'' doctrine
243(1)
Derived from federal law
243(1)
Access to seashore
243(1)
Scope of Easements
244(3)
General rules
244(1)
Expressly created easement
244(1)
Implied easement
244(1)
Prescriptive easement
244(1)
Enlargement by prescription
245(1)
Development of dominant estate
245(1)
Reasonable development contemplated
245(1)
Normal development
245(1)
Use for benefit of additional property
245(1)
Use of servient estate
246(1)
Different location
246(1)
Transfer and Subdivision of Easements
247(3)
Transfer of burden
247(1)
Subdivision
247(1)
Transfer of benefit
247(1)
Transfer of easements appurtenant
247(1)
Sub-division
248(1)
Easements in gross
248(2)
Profits in gross
250(1)
Termination of Easements
250(3)
Introduction
250(1)
Natural expiration
250(1)
Merger
251(1)
Destruction of servient estate
251(1)
Prescription
251(1)
Release
251(1)
Tax sale of servient property
251(1)
Estoppel
251(1)
Abandonment
252(1)
Revocation
253(1)
Licenses
253(3)
Nature of license
253(1)
How license created
254(1)
Attempt to create easement
254(1)
License that could never be easement
254(1)
Intent to make revocable
254(1)
Remedies for wrongful revocation
255(1)
Licensor's right to self-help
255(1)
Exceptions to revocability
255(1)
License coupled with interest
255(1)
Oral license acted upon
255(1)
Covenants Running With Land --- Introduction
256(2)
Covenants generally
256(1)
Distinguished from easements
256(1)
Legal as opposed to equitable relief
256(1)
Distinguished from ordinary legal contract
257(1)
Comparison with landlord-tenant contracts
257(1)
Statute of Frauds
257(1)
Covenants --- Running of Burden and Benefit
258(11)
Summary of requirements for running
258(1)
Enforceable between original parties
258(1)
Intent of parties
258(1)
Horizontal and vertical privity defined
259(1)
``Horizontal privity'' defined
260(1)
``Vertical privity'' defined
260(1)
Horizontal privity
260(1)
Horizontal privity, and the rules for running of burden
260(1)
Horizontal privity, and the rules for running of benefit
261(1)
Vertical privity
262(1)
Burden side
262(2)
Benefit side
264(1)
The ``touch and concern the land'' requirement
264(1)
Running of benefit, under the traditional rule
264(1)
Running of burden, under the traditional rule
265(1)
Restatement Third eliminates rule
266(1)
What constitutes touching and concerning
267(1)
Notice to assignee
268(1)
Covenantor's liability after assignment
269(1)
Covenantee's rights after assignment
269(1)
Equitable Servitudes
269(34)
Building restrictions
269(1)
Tulk v. Moxhay
270(1)
Equitable servitudes
270(1)
Statute of Frauds
271(1)
Acceptance of deed poll
271(1)
Reference to filed plat
271(1)
Implied reciprocal servitude
271(1)
Identification of benefitted land
271(1)
Affirmative covenants
271(1)
Requirements for running
271(1)
Privity
272(1)
Between original parties (horizontal privity)
272(1)
Between covenantor and subsequent possessor
272(1)
Between covenantee and his successor
272(1)
The ``touch and concern'' requirement
272(1)
Promisor's land
273(1)
Promisee's land
273(1)
Third Restatement eliminates requirement
273(1)
Running of burden where benefit is in gross
273(1)
Intent to benefit particular land
274(1)
Notice to subsequent purchaser
275(1)
Significance of recording
275(1)
Significance of building plan
275(1)
Enforcement by developer
276(1)
Enforcement by subsequent purchaser from developer
276(1)
Enforcement by prior grantee
277(2)
Re-subdivision by covenantor
279(1)
Land subsequently acquired by developer
279(1)
Requirements for valid building plans
280(1)
Selection of neighbors
281(1)
Restraint on alienation
281(1)
Discrimination laws
282(1)
Restriction to single-family use
282(1)
Restrictions on activities
283(1)
Must be reasonable
283(1)
Distinction between recorded restriction and later-enacted regulation
284(1)
Termination of servitudes
284(1)
Abandonment
284(1)
Merger
285(1)
Equitable defenses
285(1)
Change of neighborhood
285(2)
Government action
287(1)
Summary of the effect of equity on law
287(1)
Quiz Yourself on Easements and Promises Concerning Land
288(5)
Exam Tips on Easements and Promises Concerning Land
293(10)
Zoning and Other Public Land-Use Controls
The ``Taking'' Clause, and Land-Use Controls as Implicit Takings
303(8)
Fifth Amendment's ``taking'' clause
303(1)
Two remedies
304(1)
The taking-regulation distinction
304(1)
General principles
304(1)
Difficult to apply
304(1)
Physical use
305(1)
Diminution in value
305(1)
Denial of all economically viable use of land
306(1)
``Prevention of harm'' or ``noxious use'' rationale
307(1)
Particular types of land use regulation
307(1)
Zoning regulation
307(1)
Other environmental regulation
307(1)
Landmark preservation
307(1)
Tight means-end fit required
307(1)
The ``substantially advance'' requirement
308(1)
The ``rough proportionality'' requirement
308(1)
Significance
309(1)
Remedies for temporary takings
310(1)
Subsequent owner who takes with notice of restriction
311(1)
Zoning --- Generally
311(1)
General nature of zoning
311(1)
Use zoning
311(1)
Density controls
312(1)
Minimum lot size
312(1)
Setbacks
312(1)
Minimum square footage
312(1)
Height limits
312(1)
Legal Limits on Zoning
312(6)
Constitutional limits
312(1)
Procedural due process
313(1)
Administrative action only
313(1)
What process is due
313(1)
Which owners have property interests
313(1)
Referenda and initiatives
314(1)
Substantive due process
314(1)
Broad objectives
314(1)
Family gets special protection
314(1)
Compared with Belle Terre
315(1)
Drastic reduction in value
315(1)
Application to particular landowner
316(1)
Equal protection
316(1)
``Rational relation'' test
316(1)
``Strict scrutiny''
316(1)
Significance of ``strict scrutiny'' standard
317(1)
Burden of proof
317(1)
Aesthetic zoning
317(1)
Zoning --- Administration
318(11)
Zoning administration generally
318(1)
Standard Enabling Act
318(1)
Bodies involved in zoning
318(1)
Local legislature
318(1)
Buildings department
318(1)
Board of adjustment
319(1)
Planning or zoning commission
319(1)
The master plan and its effect
319(1)
Zoning amendments
320(1)
Must not be arbitrary or discriminatory
320(1)
Must conform to plan
320(1)
``Spot zoning'' invalid
320(1)
Variances
321(1)
Standard Act's test
321(1)
Summary of requirements
321(1)
``Unnecessary hardship''
321(1)
Unique to particular lot
322(1)
No harm to surrounding neighborhood
322(1)
Distinction between use and area variance
322(1)
Variances granted too freely
323(1)
The ``special use'' or ``special exception''
323(1)
Two modern discretionary techniques
324(1)
Solutions
324(1)
Cluster zoning
324(1)
Planned Unit Development (PUDs)
324(1)
Other discretionary techniques
325(1)
Floating zones
325(1)
Conditional or ``contract'' zoning
325(1)
Official map statutes
326(1)
Non-conforming uses
326(1)
Constitutional issue
327(1)
Degree of use necessary
327(1)
Change of use
327(1)
Expansion of use
328(1)
Termination of use
328(1)
Amortization
328(1)
Exclusionary Zoning
329(10)
Meaning of ``exclusionary'' zoning
329(1)
Examples of exclusion
329(1)
Federal versus state case law
330(1)
Federal case-law
330(1)
Constitutional argument
330(1)
``Effect'' versus ``purpose''
330(2)
Economic discrimination
332(1)
Impact on family
332(1)
Effect on mentally retarded
332(1)
Federal statutory (Fair Housing Act) suits
332(2)
State case-law
334(1)
Traditional views
334(1)
New cases
334(1)
Mt. Laurel case
334(2)
Cases from other states
336(1)
Statutes in other states
336(1)
Mt. Laurel II
336(1)
Some defenses
337(1)
Remedies
338(1)
Regulation of Subdivision and Growth
339(2)
Subdivision generally
339(1)
Mechanics of subdivision
339(1)
Filing of plat
339(1)
Municipal regulation
339(1)
Types of local regulation
339(1)
Street design
339(1)
Sewers and water mains
339(1)
Dedication of land
339(1)
Park- and school-sites
340(1)
Growth control
340(1)
Municipal growth control plans
340(1)
Legal problems
340(1)
Relevance of welfare of entire region
341(1)
Use of minimum acreage zoning
341(1)
Exclusion of racial minorities or the poor
341(1)
Historical and Environmental Preservation
341(6)
Historical preservation
341(1)
Historic districts
341(1)
Individual landmarks
342(1)
How the laws work
342(1)
The Penn Central case
342(3)
Preservation of open areas
345(1)
Urban park land
345(1)
Wetlands and coastland
345(1)
Floodplain restrictions
346(1)
Federal and state environmental policy statues
346(1)
Eminent Domain
347(8)
Eminent domain generally
347(1)
What constitutes ``public use''
347(1)
Measuring ``just compensation''
348(1)
Quiz Yourself on Zoning and Other Public Land-Use Controls
349(2)
Exam Tips on Zoning and Other Public Land-Use Controls
351(4)
Land Sale Contracts, Mortgages and Deeds
Land Sale Contracts
355(19)
Function of a contract
355(1)
Statute of Frauds
355(1)
Memorandum satisfying
355(1)
Contract for brokerage commission
356(1)
The part performance exception
356(2)
Oral modification and rescission
358(1)
Time for performance
359(1)
Suit for damages
359(1)
Suit at equity
359(2)
Marketable title
361(1)
Implied in contract
361(1)
General definition of ``marketable title''
361(1)
Deducible of record
362(1)
Insurability
362(1)
Defects making title unmarketable
362(2)
Time when title must be marketable
364(1)
The ``gap'' between contract and closing
364(1)
Checking title
365(1)
Checking the survey
365(1)
Physical inspection
365(1)
Procuring financing
365(1)
The closing
366(1)
Mortgage lender
366(1)
Adjustments
366(1)
Tender
366(1)
Remedies for failure to perform
367(1)
Damages
367(1)
Specific performance
367(1)
Two measures not always inconsistent
368(1)
Purchaser's rights to recover deposit
368(1)
The equitable conversion doctrine
368(1)
General meaning of doctrine
369(1)
Effect of party's death
369(1)
Risk of loss
370(1)
Effect of insurance on risk of loss
371(1)
Assignment of contract rights
372(1)
Prohibition on assignment
372(1)
Real estate broker's role
373(1)
Mortgages and Installment Contracts
374(6)
Two devices to secure repayment
374(1)
Nature of a mortgage
374(1)
Key terms
374(1)
Two documents
374(1)
Deed of mortgaged premises
375(1)
Assignment of mortgage
375(1)
Nature of mortgagee's interest
376(1)
No right to prepay
376(1)
Foreclosure
376(3)
Installment contracts
379(1)
Why used
379(1)
Forfeiture
379(1)
Deeds
380(31)
Nature of a deed
380(1)
Doctrine of merger
380(1)
The modern deed generally
381(1)
Description of the property
381(1)
Types of description
381(1)
Interpreting the description
382(2)
Conflicting terms
384(1)
Various formalities
385(1)
Identification of parties
385(1)
Signatures
385(1)
Seal
385(1)
Attestation
385(1)
Acknowledgment
385(1)
Consideration
385(1)
Delivery of the deed
385(1)
Matter of intent
386(1)
Subsequent attempt to revoke
386(1)
Effective on grantor's death
386(1)
Imposition of condition
386(1)
Delivery to a third party (escrows)
387(3)
Acceptance
390(1)
Covenants for title
390(1)
Covenants in ``warranty deed''
390(1)
Six covenants
390(1)
When and how breached
391(1)
Prior knowledge of defect
392(1)
Enforcement by future grantee (running of covenants)
393(1)
Measure of damages
393(1)
Estoppel by deed
394(1)
Warranty of habitability
394(1)
Common law rule
394(1)
Modern trend
394(1)
Use of independent contractors
395(1)
Lender's liability
395(1)
Used homes
395(1)
Commercial buildings
395(1)
Waiver
395(1)
Misrepresentation and concealment
395(1)
Non-disclosure
395(1)
Doctrine of merger
396(1)
Cooperatives and condominiums
397(1)
Cooperative
397(1)
Condominium
397(1)
Quiz Yourself on Land-Sale Contracts, Mortgages and Deeds
398(5)
Exam Tips on Land-Sale Contracts, Mortgages and Deeds
403(8)
The Recording System and Title Assurance
Common-Law Priorities
411(1)
Conflicts in real estate
411(1)
Recording Statutes
412(20)
General function of recording acts
412(1)
Different types of acts
412(1)
Pure race statutes
412(1)
Pure notice statute
412(1)
Race-notice statute
412(1)
Grace period statutes
412(1)
Representing the buyer
413(1)
Grantees from different grantors
413(2)
Mechanics of recording
415(1)
What instruments must be recorded
415(1)
Unrecordable interests
415(1)
Written but unrecordable interests
416(1)
Parties protected
416(1)
Purchaser for value
416(1)
From whom purchased
416(1)
Donee
417(1)
Less than market value
417(1)
Pre-existing debt
417(1)
Promise to pay
418(1)
Partial payment
418(1)
Creditors
418(1)
Unsecured creditors
418(1)
Judgement and attachment creditors
418(1)
Circularity of liens
419(1)
Formal requirements for recording
419(1)
Must record whole chain of title
420(1)
Notice to subsequent claimants
420(1)
Actual notice
420(1)
Record notice
420(1)
Defective document
420(1)
Mechanics of title examination
421(2)
``Chain of title'' problems
423(4)
Inquiry notice
427(1)
Only what search would have disclosed
427(1)
References in record
427(1)
Quitclaim deed in chain
428(1)
Recorded but defective deeds
428(1)
Notice based on possession of property
428(2)
Timing of notice
430(1)
Purchaser from one without notice
431(1)
Title Registration (The Torrens System)
432(2)
Nature of registration
432(1)
Historical background
432(1)
How the System works
432(1)
Conclusiveness of certificate
433(1)
Insurance funds
434(1)
Methods of Title Assurance
434(13)
Various methods
434(1)
Covenants for title
434(1)
Examination by a lawyer
434(1)
Title insurance
435(1)
Practical importance
435(1)
The ``title plant''
435(1)
Scope of coverage
435(1)
Effect on value
436(1)
Zoning and building code violations
436(1)
Duty to make reasonable search
437(1)
Lawyers' insurance funds
437(1)
Damages
438(1)
Proposals for reform
438(1)
Quiz Yourself on The Recording System and Title Assurance
439(4)
Exam Tips on The Recording System and Title Assurance
443(4)
Rights Incident to Land
Nuisance
447(2)
Nuisance generally
447(1)
Public vs. private nuisance
447(1)
Distinguished from trespass
447(1)
Interference with use
447(1)
Inconvenience
447(1)
Defendant's conduct
447(1)
Intentional
447(1)
Unreasonableness
448(1)
Defenses
448(1)
Assumption of risk
448(1)
Remedies
449(1)
Damages
449(1)
Injunction
449(1)
Self-help abatement
449(1)
Lateral and Subjacent Support
449(2)
Nature of interest
449(1)
Ground for liability
450(1)
Subjacent support
451(1)
Water Rights (Including Drainage)
451(4)
Drainage (diffused surface waters)
451(1)
Three theories
451(1)
Water in watercourses (streams and lakes)
452(1)
Nomenclature
452(1)
Common-law riparian rights
452(1)
Prior appropriation doctrine
453(1)
Groundwater
454(1)
Air Rights
455(6)
Airplane flights
455(1)
Direct overflights
455(1)
Flights in adjacent areas
455(1)
Other air-rights issues
455(1)
Right to build tall building
455(1)
Cloud seeding
456(1)
Solar cases
456(1)
Quiz Yourself on Rights Incident to Land
456(2)
Exam Tips on Rights Incident to Land
458(3)
Multistate-Style Exam Questions 461(10)
Multistate-Style Exam Answers 471(10)
Essay Exam Questions and Answers 481(6)
Table of Cases 487(4)
Subject Matter Index 491

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