Psychology Applied to Modern Life Adjustment in the 21st Century

by Weiten, Wayne; Lloyd, Margaret A.

• ISBN13: 9780534608590
• ISBN10: 0534608590
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-06-27
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Filled with comprehensive, balanced coverage of classic and contemporary research, relevant examples, and engaging applications, Weiten and Lloyd's text shows students how psychology helps them understand themselves and the world, and uses psychological principles to illuminate the variety of opportunities they have in their lives and their future careers. While professors cite this best-selling book for its academic credibility and the authors' ability to stay current with ''hot topics,'' students say it's one text they just don't want to stop reading. Students and instructors alike find the text and associated workbook to be a highly readable, engaging, visually appealing package that provides a wealth of material they can put to use every day.

Table of Contents

PART ONE The Dynamics of Adjustment
Adjusting to Modern Life	1	(31)
The Paradox of Progress	2	(3)
The Search for Direction	5	(6)
Self-Help Books
The Approach of This Textbook
The Psychology of Adjustment	11	(1)
What Is Psychology?
What Is Adjustment?
The Scientific Approach to Behavior	12	(7)
The Commitment to Empiricism
Advantages of the Scientific Approach
Experimental Research: Looking for Causes
Correlational Research: Looking for Links
The Roots of Happiness: An Empirical Analysis	19	(5)
What Isn't Very Important?
What Is Somewhat Important?
What Is Very Important?
Conclusions
Application: Improving Academic Performance	24	(6)
Developing Sound Study Habits
Improving Your Reading
Getting More Out of Lectures
Applying Memory Principles
Chapter 1 Review	30	(1)
Practice Test	31	(1)
Theories of Personality	32	(38)
The Nature of Personality	34	(1)
What Is Personality?
What Are Personality Traits?
Psychodynamic Perspectives	35	(9)
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
Jung's Analytical Psychology
Adler's Individual Psychology
Evaluating Psychodynamic Perspectives
Behavioral Perspectives	44	(7)
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning
Skinner's Operant Conditioning
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
Evaluating Behavioral Perspectives
Humanistic Perspectives	51	(4)
Rogers's Person-Centered Theory
Maslow's Theory of Self-Actualization
Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives
Biological Perspectives	55	(4)
Eysenck's Theory
Recent Research in Behavioral Genetics
The Evolutionary Approach to Personality
Evaluating Biological Perspectives
A Contemporary Empirical Approach: Terror Management Theory	59	(3)
Essentials of Terror Management Theory
Applications of Terror Management Theory
An Epilogue on Theoretical Diversity	62	(2)
Application: Assessing Your Personality	64	(4)
Key Concepts in Psychological Testing
Self-Report Inventories
Projective Tests
Chapter 2 Review	68	(1)
Practice Test	69	(1)
Stress and Its Effects	70	(34)
The Nature of Stress	72	(3)
Stress Is an Everyday Event
Stress Lies in the Eye of the Beholder
Stress May Be Embedded in the Environment
Stress May Be Self-Imposed
Stress Is Influenced by Culture
Major Types of Stress	75	(6)
Frustration
Conflict
Change
Pressure
Responding to Stress	81	(8)
Emotional Responses
Physiological Responses
Behavioral Responses
The Potential Effects of Stress	89	(5)
Impaired Task Performance
Disruption of Cognitive Functioning
Burnout
Posttraumatic Stress Disorders
Psychological Problems and Disorders
Physical Illness
Positive Effects
Factors Influencing Stress Tolerance	94	(3)
Social Support
Hardiness
Optimism
Application: Monitoring Your Stress	97	(5)
Problems with the SRRS
The Life Experiences Survey
A Cautionary Note
Chapter 3 Review	102	(1)
Practice Test	103	(1)
Coping Processes	104	(34)
The Concept of Coping	106	(1)
Common Coping Patterns of Limited Value	107	(6)
Giving Up
Striking Out at Others
Indulging Yourself
Blaming Yourself
Using Defensive Coping
The Nature of Constructive Coping	113	(2)
Appraisal-Focused Constructive Coping	115	(3)
Ellis's Rational Thinking
Humor as a Stress Reducer
Positive Reinterpretation
Problem-Focused Constructive Coping	118	(7)
Using Systematic Problem Solving
Seeking Help
Using Time More Effectively
Improving Self-Control
Emotion-Focused Constructive Coping	125	(5)
Enhancing Emotional Intelligence
Releasing Pent-Up Emotions
Managing Hostility and Forgiving Others
Meditating
Using Relaxation Procedures
Application: Achieving Self-Control	130	(6)
Specifying Your Target Behavior
Gathering Baseline Data
Designing Your Program
Executing and Evaluating Your Program
Ending Your Program
Chapter 4 Review	136	(1)
Practice Test	137	(1)
PART TWO The Interpersonal Realm
The Self	138	(32)
Self-Concept	140	(6)
The Nature of the Self-Concept
Self-Discrepancies
Factors Shaping the Self-Concept
Self-Esteem	146	(6)
The Importance of Self-Esteem
The Development of Self-Esteem
Ethnicity, Gender, and Self-Esteem
Basic Principles of Self-Perception	152	(6)
Cognitive Processes
Self-Attributions
Explanatory Style
Motives Guiding Self-Understanding
Methods of Self-Enhancement
Self-Regulation	158	(3)
Self-Efficacy
Self-Defeating Behavior
Self-Presentation	161	(4)
Impression Management
Self-Monitoring
Application: Building Self-Esteem	165	(3)
Chapter 5 Review	168	(1)
Practice Test	169	(1)
Social Thinking and Social Influence	170	(30)
Forming Impressions of Others	172	(9)
Key Sources of Information
Snap Judgments Versus Systematic Judgments
Attributions
Perceiver Expectations
Cognitive Distortions
Key Themes in Person Perception
The Problem of Prejudice	181	(4)
``Old-Fashioned'' Versus Modern Discrimination
Causes of Prejudice
Reducing Prejudice
The Power of Persuasion	185	(5)
The Elements of the Persuasion Process
The Whys of Persuasion
The Power of Social Pressure	190	(5)
Conformity and Compliance Pressures
Pressure from Authority Figures
Culture and Social Influence
Application: Seeing Through Compliance Tactics	195	(3)
The Consistency Principle
The Reciprocity Principle
The Scarcity Principle
Chapter 6 Review	198	(1)
Practice Test	199	(1)
Interpersonal Communication	200	(34)
The Process of Interpersonal Communication	202	(3)
Components of the Communication Process
Technology and Interpersonal Communication
Communication and Adjustment
Nonverbal Communication	205	(8)
General Principles
Elements of Nonverbal Communication
Detecting Deception
The Significance of Nonverbal Communication
Toward More Effective Communication	213	(6)
Creating a Positive Interpersonal Climate
Conversational Skills
Self-Disclosure
Effective Listening
Communication Problems	219	(2)
Communication Apprehension
Barriers to Effective Communication
Interpersonal Conflict	221	(6)
Beliefs About Conflict
Types of Conflict
Styles of Managing Conflict
Dealing Constructively with Conflict
Public Communication in an Adversarial Culture
Application: Developing an Assertive Communication Style	227	(5)
The Nature of Assertiveness
Steps in Assertiveness Training
Chapter 7 Review	232	(1)
Practice Test	233	(1)
Friendship and Love	234	(34)
Perspectives on Close Relationships	236	(3)
The Ingredients of Close Relationships
Culture and Relationships
The Internet and Relationships
Initial Attraction and Relationship Development	239	(9)
Initial Encounters
Getting Acquainted
Established Relationships
Friendship	248	(2)
What Makes a Good Friend?
Gender Differences in Friendship
Romantic Love	250	(10)
Sexual Orientation and Love
Gender Differences Regarding Love
Theories of Love
The Course of Romantic Love
Application: Overcoming Loneliness	260	(6)
The Nature of Loneliness
Prevalence of Loneliness
The Roots of Loneliness
Correlates of Loneliness
Conquering Loneliness
Chapter 8 Review	266	(1)
Practice Test	267	(1)
Marriage and Intimate Relationships	268	(34)
Challenges to the Traditional Model of Marriage	270	(2)
Moving Toward Marriage	272	(3)
The Motivation to Marry
Selecting a Mate
Predictors of Marital Success
Marital Adjustment Across the Family Life Cycle	275	(4)
Between Families: The Unattached Young Adult
Joining Together: The Newly Married Couple
Family with Young Children
Family with Adolescent Children
Launching Children into the Adult World
The Family in Later Life
Vulnerable Areas in Marital Adjustment	279	(6)
Gaps in Role Expectations
Work and Career Issues
Financial Difficulties
Inadequate Communication
Divorce	285	(5)
Increasing Rate of Divorce
Deciding on a Divorce
Adjusting to Divorce
Effects of Divorce on Children
Remarriage
Alternatives to Marriage	290	(5)
Remaining Single
Cohabitation
Gay Relationships
Application: Understanding Intimate Violence	295	(5)
Date Rape
Partner Abuse
Chapter 9 Review	300	(1)
Practice Test	301	(1)
PART THREE Developmental Transitions
Gender and Behavior	302	(34)
Gender Stereotypes	304	(2)
Gender Similarities and Differences	306	(5)
Cognitive Abilities
Personality Traits and Social Behavior
Psychological Disorders
Putting Gender Differences in Perspective
Biological Origins of Gender Differences	311	(2)
Evolutionary Explanations
Brain Organization
Hormonal Influences
Environmental Origins of Gender Differences	313	(5)
Processes in Gender-Role Socialization
Sources of Gender-Role Socialization
Gender Roles	318	(8)
Role Expectations for Males
Problems with the Male Role
Role Expectations for Females
Problems with the Female Role
Sexism: A Special Problem for Females
Gender in the Past and in the Future	326	(3)
Why Are Gender Roles Changing?
Alternatives to Traditional Gender Roles
A Gender-Free Society?
Application: Bridging the Gender Gap in Communication	329	(5)
The Clash of Two ``Cultures''
Instrumental and Expressive Styles
Common Mixed-Gender Communication Problems
Toward a ``Shared Language''
Chapter 10 Review	334	(1)
Practice Test	335	(1)
Development in Adolescence and Adulthood	336	(36)
The Transition of Adolescence	338	(7)
Physical Changes
Cognitive Changes
Personality Changes
Adolescent Suicide
The Expanse of Adulthood	345	(7)
Early Adulthood (From About Age 20 to 40)
Middle Adulthood (From About Age 40 to 65)
Late Adulthood (After Age 65)
Aging: A Gradual Process	352	(6)
Physical Changes
Cognitive Changes
Personality Changes
Death and Dying	358	(4)
Attitudes About Death
The Process of Dying
Bereavement and Grieving
Application: Becoming an Effective Parent	362	(8)
Maternal Behavior and Infant-Mother Attachment
Day Care and Attachment
Dimensions of Childrearing
Correlates of Parenting Styles
Rearing Adolescents
Toward Effective Parenting
Using Punishment Effectively
Chapter 11 Review	370	(1)
Practice Test	371	(1)
Careers and Work	372	(34)
Choosing a Career	374	(4)
Examining Personal Characteristics and Family Influences
Researching Job Characteristics
Using Psychological Tests for Career Decisions
Taking Important Considerations into Account
Models of Career Choice and Development	378	(4)
Holland's Trait Measurement and Matching Model
Super's Developmental Model
Women's Career Development
The Changing World of Work	382	(5)
Workplace Trends
Education and Earnings
The Changing Workforce
Coping with Occupational Hazards	387	(8)
Job Stress
Sexual Harassment
Unemployment
Balancing Work and Other Spheres of Life	395	(4)
Workaholism
Work and Family Roles
Leisure and Recreation
Application: Getting Ahead in the Job Game	399	(5)
Putting Together a Resume
Finding Companies You Want to Work For
Landing an Interview
Polishing Your Interview Technique
Chapter 12 Review	404	(1)
Practice Test	405	(1)
Development and Expression of Sexuality	406	(36)
Becoming a Sexual Person	408	(10)
Key Aspects of Sexual Identity
Physiological Influences
Psychosocial Influences
Gender Differences in Sexual Socialization
Sexual Orientation
Interaction in Sexual Relationships	418	(1)
Motives for Engaging in Sex
Communicating About Sex
The Human Sexual Response	419	(3)
The Sexual Response Cycle
Gender Differences in Patterns of Orgasm
Sexual Expression	422	(2)
Fantasy
Kissing and Touching
Self-Stimulation
Oral and Anal Sex
Intercourse
Patterns of Sexual Behavior	424	(5)
Sex in the Age of AIDS
Early Sexual Experiences
Sex in Committed Relationships
Infidelity in Committed Relationships
Practical Issues in Sexual Activity	429	(5)
Contraception
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Application: Enhancing Sexual Relationships	434	(6)
General Suggestions
Understanding Sexual Dysfunction
Coping with Specific Problems
Chapter 13 Review	440	(1)
Practice Test	441	(1)
PART FOUR Mental and Physical Health
Psychology and Physical Health	442	(38)
Stress, Personality, and Illness	445	(7)
Personality, Emotions, and Heart Disease
Stress and Cancer
Stress and Other Diseases
Stress and Immune Functioning
Conclusions
Habits, Lifestyles, and Health	452	(17)
Smoking
Drinking
Overeating
Poor Nutrition
Lack of Exercise
Behavior and AIDS
Reactions to Illness	469	(3)
The Decision to Seek Treatment
The Sick Role
Communicating with Health Providers
Adherence to Medical Advice
Application: Understanding the Effects of Drugs	472	(6)
Drug-Related Concepts
Narcotics
Sedatives
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
Marijuana
Ecstasy (MDMA)
Chapter 14 Review	478	(1)
Practice Test	479	(1)
Psychological Disorders	480	(36)
Abnormal Behavior: Myths and Realities	482	(5)
The Medical Model Applied to Abnormal Behavior
Criteria of Abnormal Behavior
Psychodiagnosis: The Classification of Disorders
The Prevalence of Psychological Disorders
Anxiety Disorders	487	(4)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Phobic Disorder
Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Etiology of Anxiety Disorders
Somatoform Disorders	491	(3)
Somatization Disorder
Conversion Disorder
Hypochondriasis
Etiology of Somatoform Disorders
Dissociative Disorders	494	(2)
Dissociative Amnesia and Fugue
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Etiology of Dissociative Disorders
Mood Disorders	496	(6)
Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Etiology of Mood Disorders
Schizophrenic Disorders	502	(6)
General Symptoms
Subtypes
Course and Outcome
Etiology of Schizophrenia
Psychological Disorders and the Law	508	(1)
Insanity
Involuntary Commitment
Application: Understanding Eating Disorders	509	(5)
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
History and Prevalence
Etiology of Eating Disorders
Course and Outcome
Chapter 15 Review	514	(1)
Practice Test	515	(1)
Psychotherapy	516	(37)
The Elements of the Treatment Process	518	(4)
Treatments: How Many Types Are There?
Clients: Who Seeks Therapy?
Therapists: Who Provides Professional Treatment?
Insight Therapies	522	(10)
Psychoanalysis
Client-Centered Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
Group Therapy
Evaluating Insight Therapies
Therapy and the Recovered Memories Controversy
Behavior Therapies	532	(4)
General Principles
Systematic Desensitization
Aversion Therapy
Social Skills Training
Evaluating Behavior Therapies
Biomedical Therapies	536	(5)
Treatment with Drugs
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Current Trends and Issues in Treatment	541	(3)
Grappling with the Constraints of Managed Care
Blending Approaches to Treatment
Increasing Multicultural Sensitivity in Treatment
Application: Looking for a Therapist	544	(6)
When Should You Seek Professional Treatment?
Where Do You Find Therapeutic Services?
Is the Therapist's Profession Important?
Is the Therapist's Gender Important?
Is Therapy Always Expensive?
Is the Therapist's Theoretical Approach Important?
What If There Isn't Any Progress?
What Is Therapy Like?
Chapter 16 Review	550	(1)
Practice Test	551	(2)
Glossary	553	(6)
References	559	(52)
Credits	611	(8)
Name Index	619	(18)
Subject Index	637