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9780205685912

Psychology and Life

by ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780205685912

  • ISBN10:

    0205685919

  • Edition: 19th
  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2009-07-12
  • Publisher: Pearson
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List Price: $193.33

Summary

This classic text emphasizes the science of psychology, with a special focus on applying psychology to students' daily lives.

Now available in a special edition tied to the award-winning “Discovering Psychology” video series, produced by WGBH Boston with the American Psychological Association. Author Phil Zimbardo narrates the video series, as leading researchers, practitioners, and theorists probe the mysteries of the mind and body and bring psychology to life for introductory students. Each new copy of the text comes packaged — at no additional cost — with access to MyPsychLab, an online tool that includes links to the “Discovering Psychology” videos, as well as interactive viewing activities tied to the videos.

Students can go to MyPsychLab to launch the videos and then either complete the viewing activities in their textbook or do the assignments online. There’s also an Index of Multimedia that makes it easy for instructors to find and launch specific video segments for classroom presentation.

Psychology and Life continues to provide a rigorous, research-centered survey of the discipline while offering students special features and learning aids that will spark their interest and excite their imaginations.

Author Biography

Richard J. Gerrig is a professor of psychology at Stony Brook University. Before joining the Stony Brook faculty, Gerrig taught at Yale University, where he was awarded the Lex Hixon Prize for teaching excellence in the social sciences. Gerrig’s research on cognitive psychological aspects of language use has been widely published. One line of work examines the mental processes that underlie efficient communication. A second research program considers the cognitive and emotional changes readers experience when they are transported to the worlds of stories. His book Experiencing Narrative Worlds was published by Yale University Press. Gerrig is a Fellow of both the American Psychological Association and the Association for Psychological Science. He is also an associate editor of Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. Gerrig is the proud father of Alexandra, who at age 18 provides substantial and valuable advice about many aspects of psychology and life. Life on Long Island is greatly enhanced by the guidance and support of Timothy Peterson.

 

P hilip G. Zimbardo is an emeritus professor of psychology at Stanford University, where he has taught since 1968, after earlier teaching at Yale University, New York University, and Columbia University. He also continues to teach att he Naval Post Graduate School in Monterey. Zimbardo is internationally recognized as the “voice and face of contemporary psychology” through his widely seen PBS-TV series, Discovering Psychology, his media appearances, best-selling trade books on shyness, and his classic research, The Stanford Prison Experiment. His current research interests are in the domain of experimental social psychology, with a scattered emphasis on everything interesting to study from shyness to time perspective, persuasion, cults, madness, violence, vandalism, political psychology, and terrorism. Zimbardo has been a prolific, innovative researcher across a number of fields in social and general psychology, with more than 300 professional articles and chapters and 50 books to his credit. To recognize the breadth of his research achievements, the American Psychological Association presented Zimbardo with the Ernest Hilgard Award for lifetime contributions to general psychology. He has also won the Vaclav Havel Foundation Award for his body of research on the human condition. Zimbardo has been President of the Western Psychological Association (twice), President of the American Psychological Association, Chair of the Council of Scientific Society Presidents (CSSP), and now Chair of the Western Psychological Foundation and Director of the Center for Interdisciplinary Policy, Education, and Research on Terrorism. He is most excited about the publication of his new trade book in March 2007 (Random House), which he has been working on intensely for the past several years. Its domain is the psychology of evil; its provocative title: “The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil.”

Table of Contents

BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS:

Chapter 1: Psychology and Life 

Chapter 2: Research Methods In Psychology 

Chapter 3: The Biological and Evolutionary Bases Of Behavior

Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception

Chapter 5: Mind, Consciousness, and Alternate States 

Chapter 6: Learning and Behavior Analysis

Chapter 7: Memory

Chapter 8: Cognitive Processes 

Chapter 9: Intelligence and Intelligence Assessment

Chapter 10: Human Development Across The Life Span

Chapter 11: Motivation 

Chapter 12: Emotion, Stress, and Health

Chapter 13: Understanding Human Personality 

Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders  

Chapter 15: Therapies For Psychological Disorders

Chapter 16: Social Psychology

 

FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS:

 

1. PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE

 

    WHAT MAKES PSYCHOLOGY UNIQUE?

            Definitions

            The Goals of Psychology

            Critical Thinking in Your Life: Why Do Friendships End?

    THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY

            Psychology’s Historical Foundations

            Women as Pioneering Researchers

            Perspectives on Psychology

    WHAT PSYCHOLOGISTS DO

            Psychology in Your Life: In What Ways Do Psychologists Participate in the Legal System?

    HOW TO USE THIS TEXT

            Study Strategies

            Study Techniques

            Recapping Main Points

            Key Terms

            Practice Test

            Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide

 

2. RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY

 

    THE PROCESS OF RESEARCH

            Observer Biases and Operational Definitions

            Experimental Methods: Alternative Explanations and the Need for Controls

            Correlational Methods

            Subliminal Influence?

            Psychology in Your Life: Can Survey Research Affect Your Attitudes?

    PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT

            Achieving Reliability and Validity

            Self-Report Measures

            Behavioral Measures and Observations

    ETHICAL ISSUES IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL RESEARCH

            Informed Consent

            Risk/Gain Assessment

            Intentional Deception

            Debriefing

            Issues in Animal Research

    BECOMING A WISER RESEARCH CONSUMER

            Critical Thinking in Your Life: Why is Skill with Numbers Important?

            Recapping Main Points

            Key Terms

            Practice Test

            Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide

 

STATISTICAL SUPPLEMENT

 

    UNDERSTANDING STATISTICS: ANALYZING DATA AND FORMING CONCLUSIONS

    ANALYZING THE DATA

            Descriptive Statistics

            Inferential Statistics

    BECOMING A WISE CONSUMER OF STATISTICS

            Key Terms

 

3. THE BIOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY BASES OF BEHAVIOR

 

    HEREDITY AND BEHAVIOR

            Evolution and Natural Selection

            Variation in the Human Genotype

    THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ACTION

            The Neuron

            Action Potentials

            Synaptic Transmission

            Neurotransmitters and Their Functions

            Critical Thinking in Your Life: What Does "It's Genetic" Mean?

    BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR

            Eavesdropping on the Brain

            The Nervous System

            Brain Structures and Their Functions

            Hemispheric Lateralization

            The Endocrine System

            Plasticity and Neurogenesis: Our Changing Brains

            Psychology in Your Life: How Does Your Brain Determine Trust?

            Recapping Main Points

            Key Terms

            Practice Test

            Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide

 

4. SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

 

    SENSORY KNOWLEDGE OF THE WORLD

            The Proximal and Distal Stimuli

            Psychophysics

            From Physical Events to Mental Events

    THE VISUAL SYSTEM

            The Human Eye

            The Pupil and the Lens

            The Retina

            Processes in the Brain

            Seeing Color

    HEARING

            The Physics of Sound

            Psychological Dimensions of Sound

            The Physiology of Hearing

    YOUR OTHER SENSES

            Smell

            Taste

            Touch and Skin Senses

            The Vestibular and Kinesthetic Senses

            Pain

            Psychology in Your Life: What is Eating "Hot" Food Painful?

    ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESSES IN PERCEPTION

            Attentional Processes

            Principles of Perceptual Grouping

            Spatial and Temporal Integration

            Motion Perception

            Depth Perception

            Perceptual Constancies

            Illusions

            Critical Thinking in Your Life: Are Drivers Distracted When They Use Their Cell Phones?

    IDENTIFICATION AND RECOGNITION PROCESSES

            Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processes

            The Influence of Contexts and Expectations

            Final Lessons

            Recapping Main Points

            Key Terms

            Practice Test

            Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide

 

5. MIND, CONSCIOUSNESS, AND ALTERNATE STATES

 

    THE CONTENTS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

            Awareness and Consciousness

            Studying the Contents of Consciousness

    THE FUNCTIONS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

            The Uses of Consciousness

            Studying the Functions of Consciousness

    SLEEP AND DREAMS

            Circadian Rhythms

            The Sleep Cycle

            Why Sleep?

            Sleep Disorders

            Dreams: Theater of the Mind

            Psychology in Your Life: Are You a Morning Type or an Evening Type?

    ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

            Lucid Dreaming

            Hypnosis

            Meditation

    MIND-ALTERING DRUGS

            Dependence and Addiction

            Varieties of Psychoactive Drugs

            Critical Thinking in Your Life: What Can We Learn from "The Munchies"?

            Recapping Main Points

            Key Terms

            Practice Test

            Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide

 

6. LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS

 

    THE STUDY OF LEARNING

            What Is Learning?

            Behaviorism and Behavior Analysis

    CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: LEARNING PREDICTABLE SIGNALS

            Pavlov’s Surprising Observation

            Processes of Conditioning

            Focus on Acquisition

            Applications of Classical Conditioning

            Psychology in Your Life: How Does Classical Conditioning Affect Cancer Treatment?

    OPERANT CONDITIONING: LEARNING ABOUT CONSEQUENCES

            The Law of Effect

            Experimental Analysis of Behavior

            Reinforcement Contingencies

            Properties of Reinforcers

            Schedules of Reinforcement

            Shaping

            Critical Thinking in Your Life: To Spank or Not to Spank?

    BIOLOGY AND LEARNING

            Instinctual Drift

            Taste-Aversion Learning

    COGNITIVE INFLUENCES ON LEARNING

            Comparative Cognition

            Observational Learning

            Recapping Main Points

            Key Terms

            Practice Test

            Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide

 

7. MEMORY

 

    WHAT IS MEMORY?

            Functions of Memory

            An Overview of Memory Processes

    MEMORY USE FOR THE SHORT-TERM

            Iconic Memory

            Short-Term Memory

            Working Memory

    LONG-TERM MEMORY: ENCODING AND RETRIEVAL

            Retrieval Cues

            Context and Encoding

            The Processes of Encoding and Retrieval

            Why We Forget

            Improving Memory for Unstructured Information

            Metamemory

            Critical Thinking in Your Life: How Can Memory Research Help Your Prepare for Exams?

    STRUCTURES IN LONG-TERM MEMORY

            Memory Structures

            Remembering as a Reconstructive Process

    BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MEMORY

            Searching for the Engram

            Memory Disorders

            Brain Imaging

            Psychology in Your Life: Why Does Alzheimer's Disease Affect Memory?

            Recapping Main Points

            Key Terms

            Practice Test

            Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide

 

8. COGNITIVE PROCESSES

 

    STUDYING COGNITION

            Discovering the Processes of Mind

            Mental Processes and Mental Resources

    LANGUAGE USE

            Language Production

            Language Understanding

            Language and Evolution

            Language, Thought, and Culture

            Psychology in Your Life: Why and How Do People Lie?

    VISUAL COGNITION

            Using Visual Representations

            Combining Verbal and Visual Representations

    PROBLEM SOLVING AND REASONING

            Problem Solving

            Deductive Reasoning

            Inductive Reasoning

    JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING

            Heuristics and Judgment

            The Psychology of Decision Making

            Critical Thinking in Your Life: Can Political Experts Predict the Future?

            Recapping Main Points

            Key Terms

            Practice Test

            Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide

 

9. INTELLIGENCE AND INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENT

 

    WHAT IS ASSESSMENT?

            History of Assessment

            Basic Features of Formal Assessment

    INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENT

            The Origins of Intelligence Testing

            IQ Tests

            Extremes of Intelligence

            Critical Thinking in Your Life: Can You Trust Assessment on the Web?

    THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE

            Psychometric Theories of Intelligence

            Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

            Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences and Emotional Intelligence

    THE POLITICS OF INTELLIGENCE

            The History of Group Comparisons

            Heredity and IQ

            Environments and IQ

            Culture and the Validity of IQ Tests

    CREATIVITY

            Assessing Creativity and the Link to Intelligence

            Extremes of Creativity     

            Psychology in Your Life: How Can You Become More Creative?

    ASSESSMENT AND SOCIETY

            Recapping Main Points

            Key Terms

            Practice Test

            Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide

 

10. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN

 

    STUDYING DEVELOPMENT

    PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN

            Prenatal and Childhood Development

            Physical Development in Adolescence

            Physical Changes in Adulthood

    COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN

            Piaget’s Insights Into Mental Development

            Contemporary Perspectives on Early Cognitive Development

            Cognitive Development in Adulthood

            Psychology in Your Life: Will Your Brain Work Differently as You Age?

    ACQUIRING LANGUAGE

            Perceiving Speech and Perceiving Words

            Learning Word Meanings

            Acquiring Grammar

    SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN

            Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

            Social Development in Childhood

            Social Development in Adolescence

            Social Development in Adulthood

            Critical Thinking in Your Life: How Does Day Care Affect Children's Development?

    SEX AND GENDER DIFFERENCES

            Sex Differences

            Gender Identity and Gender Roles

    MORAL DEVELOPMENT

            Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning

            Gender and Cultural Perspectives on Moral Reasoning

    LEARNING TO AGE SUCCESSFULLY

            Recapping Main Points

            Key Terms

            Practice Test

            Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide

 

11. MOTIVATION

 

    UNDERSTANDING MOTIVATION

            Functions of Motivational Concepts

            Sources of Motivation

            A Hierarchy of Needs

    EATING

            The Physiology of Eating

            The Psychology of Eating

            Psychology in Your Life: How Does the Presence of Others Influence Your Eating?

    SEXUAL BEHAVIORS

            Nonhuman Sexual Behaviors

            Human Sexual Arousal and Response

            The Evolution of Sexual Behaviors

            Sexual Norms

            Homosexuality

    MOTIVATION FOR PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENT

            Need for Achievement

            Attributions for Success and Failure

            Work and Organizational Psychology

            Critical Thinking in Your Life: How Does Motivation Affect Academic Achievement?

            Recapping Main Points

            Key Terms

            Practice Test

            Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide

 

12. EMOTION, STRESS, AND HEALTH

 

    EMOTIONS

            Basic Emotions and Culture

            Theories of Emotion

            The Impact of Mood and Emotions

            Subjective Well-Being

            Psychology in Your Life: Can You Accurately Predict Your Future Emotions?

    STRESS OF LIVING

            Physiological Stress Reactions

            Psychological Stress Reactions

            Coping with Stress

            Positive Effects of Stress

    HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY

            The Biopsychosocial Model of Health

            Health Promotion

            Treatment

            Personality and Health

            Job Burnout and the Health-Care System

            A Toast to Your Health

            Critical Thinking in Your Life: Can Health Psychology Help You Get More Exercise?

            Recapping Main Points

            Key Terms

            Practice Test

            Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide

 

13. UNDERSTANDING HUMAN PERSONALITY

 

    TYPE AND TRAIT PERSONALITY THEORIES

            Categorizing by Types

            Describing with Traits

            Traits and Heritability

            Do Traits Predict Behaviors?

            Evaluation of Type and Trait Theories

    PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES

            Freudian Psychoanalysis

            Evaluation of Freudian Theory

            Extending Psychodynamic Theories

            Psychology in Your Life: Why Are Some People Shy?

    HUMANISTIC THEORIES

            Features of Humanistic Theories

            Evaluation of Humanistic Theories

    SOCIAL-LEARNING AND COGNITIVE THEORIES

            Rotter's Expectancy Theory

            Mischel’s Cognitive-Affective Personality Theory

            Bandura’s Cognitive Social-Learning Theory

            Cantor’s Social Intelligence Theory

            Evaluation of Social-Learning and Cognitive Theories

    SELF THEORIES

            Dynamic Aspects of Self-Concepts

            Self-Esteem

            The Cultural Construction of Self

            Evaluation of Self Theories

    COMPARING PERSONALITY THEORIES

            Critical Thinking in Your Life: How is Personality Conveyed in Cyberspace?

    ASSESSING PERSONALITY

            Objective Tests

            Projective Tests

            Recapping Main Points

            Key Terms

            Practice Test

            Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide

 

 

14. PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

 

    THE NATURE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

            Deciding What Is Abnormal

            The Problem of Objectivity

            Classifying Psychological Disorders

            The Etiology of Psychopathology

            Critical Thinking in Your Life: How Do Disorders Enter DSM?

    ANXIETY DISORDERS

            Generalized Anxiety Disorder

            Panic Disorder

            Phobias

            Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

            Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

            Causes of Anxiety Disorders

    MOOD DISORDERS

            Major Depressive Disorder

            Bipolar Disorder

            Causes of Mood Disorders

            Gender Differences in Depression

            Suicide

            Psychology in Your Life: How Can We Pinpoint Interactions of Nature and Nurture?

    PERSONALITY DISORDERS

            Borderline Personality Disorder

            Antisocial Personality Disorder

    SOMATOFORM AND DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

            Somatoform Disorders

            Dissociative Disorders

    SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERS

            Major Types of Schizophrenia

            Causes of Schizophrenia

    PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF CHILDHOOD

            Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

            Autistic Disorder

    THE STIGMA OF MENTAL ILLNESS

            Recapping Main Points

            Key Terms

            Practice Test

            Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide

 

15. THERAPIES FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

 

    THE THERAPEUTIC CONTEXT

            Goals and Major Therapies

            Therapists and Therapeutic Settings

            Diversity Issues in Psychotherapy

            Historical Perspectives on Institutional Treatment

    PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPIES

            Freudian Psychoanalysis

            Later Psychodynamic Therapies

            Psychology in Your Life: Are Lives Haunted by Repressed Memories?

    BEHAVIOR THERAPIES

            Counterconditioning

            Contingency Management

            Social-Learning Therapy

            Generalization Techniques

    COGNITIVE THERAPIES

            Changing False Beliefs

            Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

    HUMANISTIC THERAPIES

            Client-Centered Therapy

            Gestalt Therapy

    GROUP THERAPIES

            Couple and Family Therapy

            Community Support Groups

    BIOMEDICAL THERAPIES

            Drug Therapy

            Psychosurgery

            ECT and rTMS

            Critical Thinking in Your Life: Does Therapy Affect Brain Activity?

    TREATMENT EVALUATION AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES

            Evaluating Therapeutic Effectiveness

            Prevention Strategies

            Recapping Main Points

            Key Terms

            Practice Test

            Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide

 

16. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

 

    CONSTRUCTING SOCIAL REALITY

            The Origins of Attribution Theory

            The Fundamental Attribution Error

            Self-Serving Biases

            Expectations and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

    THE POWER OF THE SITUATION

            Roles and Rules

            Social Norms

            Conformity

            Decision Making in Groups

            Obedience to Authority

    ATTITUDES, ATTITUDE CHANGE, AND ACTION

            Attitudes and Behaviors

            Processes of Persuasion

            Persuasion by Your Own Actions

            Compliance

    PREJUDICE

            Origins of Prejudice

            Effects of Stereotypes

            Reversing Prejudice

    SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS

            Liking

            Loving

            Psychology in Your Life: In What Ways Are You Like a Chameleon?

    AGGRESSION, ALTRUISM, AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR

            Individual Differences in Aggression

            Situational Influences on Aggression

            The Roots of Prosocial Behavior

            The Effects of the Situation on Prosocial Behavior

            Critical Thinking in Your Life: How Can You Get People to Volunteer?

    A PERSONAL ENDNOTE

            Recapping Main Points

            Key Terms

            Practice Test

            Discovering Psychology Viewing Guide

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