Public Speaking : An Audience-Centered Approach

by Beebe, Steven A.; Beebe, Susan J.

• ISBN13: 9780205295593
• ISBN10: 0205295592
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-09-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Public Speaking: An Audience-Centered Approach brings theory and practice together in an understandable and applicable manner. Its distinctive and popular approach emphasizes the importance of analyzing and considering the audience at every point along the way, with marginal icons highlighting audience-related discussions. This model of public speaking serves as a foundation as the text guides students through the step-by-step process of public speaking, focuses their attention on the importance and dynamics of diverse audiences, and narrows the gap between the classroom and the real world. Book jacket.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Introduction to Public Speaking	3	(14)
Why Study Public Speaking	4	(1)
Empowerment	4	(1)
Employment	4	(1)
Public Speaking and Conversation	5	(2)
Public Speaking Is More Planned	6	(1)
Public Speaking Is More Formal	6	(1)
The Roles of Public Speakers and Audiences Are More Clearly Defined	7	(1)
The Communication Process	7	(3)
Communication as Action	8	(1)
Communication as Interaction	9	(1)
Communication as Transaction	10	(1)
The Rich Heritage of Public Speaking's	10	(2)
Speaker's Homepage: The Power of the Internet	12	(1)
Public Speaking and Diversity	13	(1)
Summary	14	(3)
Overview of the Speechmaking Process	17	(24)
Improving Your Confidence as Speaker	18	(5)
Understanding Your Nervousness	19	(1)
Building Your Confidence	20	(3)
Speaker's Homepage: Resources to Help Manage Your Speaking Anxiety	23	(1)
Preparing Your First Speech: An Overview of the Speechmaking Process	24	(12)
Consider Your Audience	25	(1)
Select and Narrow Your Topic	26	(1)
Determine Your Purpose	27	(1)
Develop Your Central Idea	28	(1)
Generate the Main Ideas	29	(1)
Gather Verbal and Visual Supporting Material	30	(1)
Organize Your Speech	31	(3)
Rehearse Your Speech	34	(1)
Deliver Your Speech	35	(1)
Summary	36	(5)
Ethics and Free Speech	41	(14)
Speaking Freely	43	(1)
Speaking Ethically	44	(5)
Have a Clear, Responsible Goal	45	(1)
Use Sound Evidence and Reasoning	45	(1)
Be Sensitive to and Tolerant of Differences	46	(1)
Be Honest	46	(1)
Avoid Plagiarism	47	(2)
Speaker's Homepage: Ethics and Free Speech	49	(1)
Listening Ethically	50	(2)
Communicate Your Expectation and Feedback	50	(1)
Be Sensitive to and Tolerant of Differences	51	(1)
Listen Critically	51	(1)
Summary	52	(3)
Listening	55	(26)
Stages in Listening	56	(3)
Selecting	57	(1)
Attending	57	(1)
Understanding	58	(1)
Remembering	58	(1)
Barriers of Effective Listening	59	(3)
Information Overload	59	(1)
Personal Concerns	60	(1)
Outside Distractions	60	(1)
Prejudice	61	(1)
Watching Speech Rate and Thought Rate Differences	61	(1)
Becoming a Better Listener	62	(6)
Adapt to the Speaker's Delivery	63	(1)
Listen with Your Eyes as Well as Your Ears	63	(1)
Avoid Jumping to Conclusions	64	(1)
Be a Selfish Listener	64	(1)
Listen for Major Ideas	64	(1)
Identifying Your Listening Goal	65	(1)
Practice Listening	66	(1)
Become an Active Listener	67	(1)
Improving Your Note-Taking Skills	68	(1)
Listening and Critical Thinking	69	(1)
Speaker's Homepage: Practicing Your Critical Listening Skills	70	(1)
Analyzing and Evaluating Speeches	71	(4)
Giving Feedback to Others	72	(2)
Giving Feedback to Yourself	74	(1)
Summary	75	(6)
Analyzing Your Audience	81	(28)
Becoming an Audience-Centered Speaker	82	(1)
What Is Audience Analysis?	83	(1)
Analyzing Your Audience Before You Speak	84	(15)
Demographic Analysis	84	(6)
Attitudinal Analysis	90	(4)
Environmental Analysis	94	(2)
Gathering Information about Your audience	96	(3)
Speaker's Homepage: Using the Internet to Gather Information About Your Audience	99	(1)
Adapting to Your Audience as You Speak	100	(3)
Identifying Nonverbal Audience Cues	100	(1)
Responding to Nonverbal Cues	101	(2)
Analyzing Your Audience After You Speak	103	(1)
Nonverbal Responses	103	(1)
Verbal Responses	104	(1)
Survey Responses	104	(1)
Behavioral Responses	104	(1)
Summary	104	(5)
Developing Your Speech	109	(24)
Select and Narrow Your Topic	110	(6)
Guidelines for Selecting a Topic	111	(2)
Strategies for Selecting a Topic	113	(3)
Speaker's Homepage: Using the Web to Prime Your Creative Pump for a Speech Topic	116	(2)
Narrowing the Topic	117	(1)
Determine Your Purpose	118	(4)
General Purpose	118	(2)
Specific Purpose	120	(2)
Develop Your Central Idea	122	(2)
A Complete Declarative Statement	123	(1)
Specific Language	123	(1)
A Single Idea	123	(1)
An Audience-Centered Idea	124	(1)
Generate and Preview Your Main Ideas	124	(4)
Generating Your Main Ideas	125	(2)
Previewing Your Main Ideas	127	(1)
Meanwhile, Back at the Computer...	128	(1)
Summary	128	(5)
Gathering Supporting Material	133	(30)
Personal Knowledge and Experience	134	(1)
The Internet	135	(5)
The World Wide Web	135	(1)
Accessing the Web	135	(3)
Evaluating Web Resources	138	(2)
Speaker's Homepage: Evaluating Websites	140	(1)
Library Resources	141	(7)
Books	142	(1)
Periodicals	143	(1)
Full-Text Databases	144	(1)
Newspapers	145	(1)
Reference Resources	145	(2)
Government Documents	147	(1)
Special Services	147	(1)
Interviews	148	(4)
Determine the Purpose of the Interview	149	(1)
Setting Up the Interview	149	(1)
Planning the Interview	149	(2)
Conducting the Interview	151	(1)
Following Up the Interview	152	(1)
Resources From Special-Interest Groups and Organizations	152	(1)
Research Strategies	152	(7)
Develop a Preliminary Bibliography	153	(2)
Locate Resources	155	(1)
Consider the Potential Usefulness of Resources	156	(1)
Take Notes	156	(1)
Identify Possible Visual Aids	157	(2)
Summary	159	(4)
Supporting Your Speech	163	(24)
Illustrations	164	(4)
Brief Illustrations	165	(1)
Extended Illustrations	166	(1)
Hypothetical Illustrations	166	(1)
Using Illustrations Effectively	167	(1)
Descriptions and Explanations	168	(2)
Describing	168	(1)
Explaining How	168	(1)
Explaining Why	169	(1)
Using Descriptions and Explanations Effectively	169	(1)
Definitions	170	(1)
Definitions by Classification	170	(1)
Operational Definitions	170	(1)
Using Definitions Effectively	170	(1)
Analogies	171	(3)
Literal Analogies	171	(2)
Figurative Analogies	173	(1)
Using Analogies Effectively	173	(1)
Statistics	174	(4)
Using Statistics as Support	174	(1)
Using Statistics Effectively	175	(3)
Opinions	178	(4)
Expert Testimony	178	(1)
Lay Testimony	179	(1)
Literary Quotations	179	(1)
Using Opinions Effectively	180	(2)
Speaker's Homepage: Using the Internet to Find Interesting Supporting Material	182	(1)
Selecting the Best Supporting Material	183	(1)
Summary	183	(4)
Organizing Your Speech	187	(26)
Organizing Your Main Ideas	189	(8)
Ordering Ideas Chronologically	190	(1)
Organizing Ideas Topically	191	(2)
Arranging Ideas Spatially	193	(1)
Organizing Ideas to Show Cause and Effect	194	(1)
Organizing Ideas by Problem and Solution	194	(2)
Acknowledging Cultural Differences in Organization	196	(1)
Speaker's Homepage: Internet Resources to Help You Organize Your Speech	197	(1)
Subdividing Your Main Ideas	198	(1)
Integrating Your Supporting Material	198	(2)
Organizing Your Supporting Material	200	(3)
Primacy or Recency	200	(1)
Specificity	201	(1)
Complexity	201	(1)
``Soft'' to ``Hard'' Evidence	202	(1)
Developing Signposts	203	(5)
Transitions	203	(2)
Previews	205	(1)
Summaries	206	(2)
Supplementing Signposts With Visual Aids	208	(1)
Summary	208	(5)
Introducing and Concluding Your Speech	213	(24)
Purposes of Introductions	214	(4)
Get the Audience's Attention	215	(1)
Introduce the Subject	215	(1)
Give the Audience a Reason to Listen	216	(1)
Establish Your Credibility	216	(1)
Preview Your Main Ideas	217	(1)
Effective Introductions	218	(8)
Illustrations or Anecdotes	219	(1)
Startling Facts or Statistics	220	(1)
Quotations	220	(1)
Humor	221	(1)
Questions	222	(1)
References to Historical Events	223	(1)
References to Recent Events	224	(1)
Personal References	224	(1)
References to the Occasion	225	(1)
References to Preceding Speeches	225	(1)
Speaker's Homepage: Using the Web to Find an Attention-Catching Introduction	226	(1)
Purposes of Conclusions	227	(3)
Summarize the Speech	227	(1)
Reemphasize the Central Idea in a Memorable Way	228	(1)
Motivate the Audience to Respond	228	(1)
Provide Closure	229	(1)
Effective Conclusions	230	(2)
Methods Also Used for Introductions	230	(1)
References to the Introduction	231	(1)
Inspirational Appeals or Challenges	232	(1)
Appeals to Action	232	(1)
Summary	233	(4)
Outlining Your Speech	237	(16)
Preparation Outline	238	(7)
Developing a Preparation Outline	238	(3)
Sample Preparation Outline	241	(4)
Speaker's Homepage: Using Internet Resources to Improve Your Outlining Skill	245	(1)
Delivery Outline	246	(4)
Developing a Delivery Outline	246	(1)
Sample Delivery Outline	247	(1)
Speaking Notes	248	(2)
Summary	250	(3)
Using Words Well: Speaker Language and Style	253	(20)
Oral Versus Written Language Style	255	(2)
Oral Style Is More Personal	255	(1)
Oral Style Is Less Formal	255	(1)
Oral Style Is More Repetitious	256	(1)
Using Words Effectively	257	(4)
Use Concrete Words	257	(1)
Use Unbiased Words	257	(2)
Use Vivid Words	259	(1)
Use Simple Words	259	(1)
Use Words Correctly	260	(1)
Crafting Memorable Word Structures	261	(5)
Creating Figurative Images	262	(1)
Creating Drama	262	(1)
Creating Cadence	263	(3)
Speaker's Homepage: Using Internet Resources to Polish Your Spoken Prose	266	(2)
Analyzing a Memorable Word Structure	266	(2)
Tips for Using Language Effectively	268	(1)
Summary	268	(5)
Delivering Your Speech	273	(30)
Rehearsing Your Speech	274	(1)
Importance of Delivery	275	(2)
The Role of Nonverbal Behavior in Delivery	275	(1)
Communicating Emotions and Attitudes	276	(1)
Audiences Believe What They See	276	(1)
Methods of Delivery	277	(4)
Manuscript Speaking	277	(1)
Memorized Speaking	278	(1)
Impromptu Speaking	278	(2)
Extemporaneous Speaking	280	(1)
Characteristics of Effective Delivery	281	(12)
Body Language	281	(5)
Eye Contact	286	(1)
Facial Expression	287	(1)
Vocal Delivery	287	(6)
Personal Appearance	293	(1)
Audience Diversity and Delivery	293	(1)
Speaker's Homepage: Net Resources to Help You Evaluate Speaker Delivery	294	(1)
Rehearsing Your Speech: Some Final Tips	295	(1)
Delivering Your Speech	296	(2)
Adapting Your Speech Delivery for Television	298	(1)
Summary	299	(4)
Visual Aids	303	(28)
Why Use Visual Aids?	304	(2)
Types of Visual Aids	306	(12)
Three-Dimensional Visual Aids	306	(2)
Two-Dimensional Visual Aids	308	(8)
Audiovisual Aids	316	(2)
Guidelines for Developing Visual Aids	318	(2)
Make Them Easy to See	318	(1)
Keep Them Simple	318	(1)
Select the Right Visual Aids	319	(1)
Prepare Polished Visual Aids	320	(1)
Speaker's Homepage: Using the Internet as a Source for Visuals for Your Speech	320	(1)
Do Not Use Dangerous or Illegal Visual Aids	320	(1)
Guidelines for Using Visual Aids	321	(5)
Rehearse with Your Visual Aids	321	(1)
Have Eye Contact with Your Audience, Not Your Visual Aids	322	(1)
Explain Your Visual Aids	322	(1)
Do Not Pass Objects Among Your Audience	322	(1)
Use Animals with Caution	323	(1)
Use Handouts Effectively	323	(1)
Time Your Visuals to Control Your Audience's Attention	324	(1)
Use Technology Effectively	324	(1)
Remember Murphy's Law	325	(1)
Summary	326	(5)
Speaking to Inform	331	(24)
Goals of Informative Speaking	332	(1)
Types of Informative Speeches	333	(7)
Speeches About Objects	334	(1)
Speeches About Procedures	335	(1)
Speeches About People	336	(1)
Speeches About Events	337	(1)
Speeches About Ideas	338	(2)
Strategies for Informing Your Listener	340	(4)
Strategies to Explain New Ideas	340	(1)
Strategies to Clarify Complex Processes	341	(1)
Strategies to Change Common Misconceptions	342	(2)
Speaker's Homepage: What's Happening Now: Finding Late-Breaking News and Information for Your Speech	344	(1)
Making Your Informative Speech Memorable	345	(5)
Present Information That Relates to Your Listeners	345	(1)
Establish a Motive for Your Audience to Listen to You	346	(1)
Build in Redundancy	346	(1)
Use Simple Ideas Rather Than Complex Ones	346	(1)
Reinforce Key Ideas Verbally	347	(1)
Reinforce Key Ideas Nonverbally	347	(1)
Pace Your Information Flow	347	(1)
Relate New Information to Old	348	(1)
Create Memorable Visual Aids	348	(2)
Summary	350	(5)
Principles of Persuasive Speaking	355	(24)
What Is Persuasion?	357	(2)
Motivating Listeners	359	(7)
Using Dissonance to Motivate Listeners	359	(3)
Using Needs to Motivate Listeners	362	(2)
Using Positive Motivation	364	(1)
Using Negative Motivation	364	(2)
Developing Your Persuasive Speech	366	(6)
Choosing a Persuasive Speech Topic	367	(1)
Developing Your Purpose	368	(4)
Putting Persuasive Principles into Practice	372	(1)
Summary	373	(1)
Speaker's Homepage: Finding Out About Congressional Legislation for Persuasive Speeches	374	(5)
Strategies for Speaking Persuasively	379	(36)
Establishing Credibility	380	(3)
Enhancing Your Credibility	381	(2)
Using Logic and Evidence to Persuade	383	(9)
Understanding Types of Reasoning	383	(4)
Persuading the Diverse Audience	387	(1)
Supporting Your Reasoning with Evidence	388	(1)
Avoiding Faulty Reasoning: Ethical Issues	389	(3)
Using Emotion to Persuade	392	(1)
Speaker's Homepage: Information Triage---Identifying Reasoning Fallacies	393	(4)
Tips for Using Emotion to Persuade	395	(1)
Using Emotional Appeals: Ethical Issues	396	(1)
Strategies for Adapting Ideas to People and People to Ideas	397	(3)
Persuading the Receptive Audience	398	(1)
Persuading the Neutral Audience	399	(1)
Persuading the Unreceptive Audience	399	(1)
Strategies for Organizing Persuasive Messages	400	(10)
Problem---Solution	401	(1)
Refutation	402	(1)
Cause and Effect	403	(1)
The Motivated Sequence	404	(6)
Summary	410	(5)
Special-Occasion Speaking	415	(16)
Public Speaking in the Workplace	416	(2)
Reports	416	(1)
Public-Relations Speeches	417	(1)
Ceremonial Speaking	418	(2)
Introductions	418	(1)
Toasts	419	(1)
Speaker's Homepage: A Toast To You and Yours: Tips for Making Toasts	420	(6)
Award Presentations	420	(1)
Nominations	421	(1)
Acceptances	422	(1)
Keynote Addresses	423	(1)
Commencement Addresses	424	(1)
Commemorative Addresses and Tributes	424	(1)
Eulogies	425	(1)
After-Dinner Speaking	426	(1)
Summary	427	(4)
Speaking in Small Groups	431	(2)
Solving Problems in Groups	433	(1)
Identify and Define the Problem	433	(1)
Analyze the Problem	434	(1)
Generate Possible Solutions	434	(1)
Select the Best Solution	435	(1)
Test and Implement the Solution	436	(1)
Tips for Participating in Small Groups	436	(1)
Come Prepared for Group Discussions	436	(1)
Do Not Suggest Solutions before Analyzing the Problem	437	(1)
Evaluate Evidence	437	(1)
Help Summarize the Group's Progress	437	(1)
Listen and Respond Courteously to Others	437	(1)
Help Manage Conflict	437	(1)
Using the Power of Technology in Groups	438	(1)
Leadership in Small Groups	439	(1)
Leadership Responsibilities	439	(1)
Leadership Styles	439	(2)
Managing Meetings	441	(1)
How to Give Meetings Structure	442	(1)
How to Foster Group Interaction	443	(1)
Speaker's Homepage: Using Parliamentary Procedures to Give Structure to Large Groups	444	(1)
Presenting Group Recommendations	445	(1)
Symposium Presentation	446	(1)
Forum Presentation	446	(1)
Panel Discussion	446	(1)
Written Report	446	(1)
Tips for Planning a Group Presentation	447	(1)
Summary	448	(5)
Epilogue	453
Appendix A: The Classical Tradition of Rhetoric	A-1
The Earliest Teachers of Rhetoric	A-1
Beginning of the Greek Tradition: The Sophists	A-2
Plato	A-3
Aristotle	A-4
The Roman Tradition	A-6
Conclusion	A-7
Appendix B: Suggested Speech Topics	A-10
Informative Speech Topics	A-10
Persuasive Speech Topics	A-13
Appendix C: Preparing Visual Aids for Presentations	A-14
Storyboarding	A-14
Designing Your Visual Aids	A-16
Keep Your Graphics Simple	A-16
Include a Manageable Amount of Information	A-16
Group Related Elements into Visual Units	A-17
Repeat Elements to Unify Your Presentation	A-18
Vary Your Typefaces and Point Sizes Judiciously	A-19
Choosing a Typeface	A-19
Choosing Type Sizes	A-20
Use Color to Create a Mood and Sustain Attention	A-20
Using Black and White Effectively	A-20
Using PowerPoint and Other Graphic Programs	A-21
Walkthrough: Preparing a Visual Display with PowerPoint	A-23
Publishing the Web	A-25
Appendix D: Speeches for Analysis and Discussion	A-27
``I Have a Dream,''	A-27
Martin Luther King, Jr.
``The Danger of Model Immunology,''	A-30
Nancy Riffe
``The American Drug Cartel,''	A-32
Mike Wagner
``Schadenfreude,''	A-35
Karon Bowers
Notes	N-1
Index	I-1