Gaussian beams | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 2 |
The paraxial wave equation | p. 1 |
Gaussian beam functions and the complex beam parameter, q | p. 2 |
Some Gaussian beam properties | p. 3 |
The phase term: Gouy phase | p. 5 |
Simple transformation properties of the complex beam parameter | p. 6 |
Matrix formulation of paraxial ray optics: ABCD rule | p. 8 |
Further reading | p. 10 |
Problems | p. 11 |
Optical resonators - geometrical properties | p. 13 |
Introduction | p. 13 |
The two-mirror standing wave cavity | p. 13 |
Stability | p. 15 |
Solution for an arbitrary two-mirror stable cavity | p. 17 |
Higher-order modes | p. 19 |
Resonant frequencies | p. 21 |
The traveling wave (ring) cavity | p. 23 |
Astigmatism in a ring cavity | p. 26 |
Mode matching | p. 30 |
Beam quality characterization: the M2 parameter | p. 32 |
Further reading | p. 34 |
Problems | p. 35 |
Energy relations in optical cavities | p. 36 |
Introduction | p. 36 |
Reflection and transmission at an interface | p. 36 |
Reflected fields from standing wave cavity | p. 37 |
Internal (circulating) field in a standing wave cavity | p. 38 |
Reflected and internal intensities | p. 39 |
The resonant character of the reflected and circulating intensities | p. 40 |
Impedance matching | p. 41 |
Fields and intensities in ring cavity | p. 44 |
A novel "reflective" coupling scheme using a tilted wedge | p. 45 |
Photon lifetime | p. 46 |
The quality factor, Q | p. 47 |
Relation between Q and finesse | p. 47 |
Alternative representation of cavity loss | p. 48 |
Experimental determination of cavity parameters | p. 48 |
Further reading | p. 50 |
Problems | p. 51 |
Optical cavity as frequency discriminator | p. 53 |
Introduction | p. 53 |
A simple example | p. 53 |
Side of resonance discriminant | p. 55 |
The manipulation of polarized beams: the Jones calculus | p. 56 |
The polarization technique | p. 58 |
Frequency modulation | p. 61 |
The Pound-Drever-Hall approach | p. 63 |
Frequency response of a cavity-based discriminator | p. 67 |
Further reading | p. 70 |
Problems | p. 70 |
Laser gain and some of its consequences | p. 72 |
Introduction | p. 72 |
The wave equation | p. 72 |
The interaction term | p. 73 |
The rotating wave approximation | p. 74 |
Density matrix of two-level system | p. 75 |
The classical Bloch equation | p. 77 |
Radiative and collision-induced damping | p. 79 |
The atomic susceptibility and optical gain | p. 84 |
The Einstein A and B coefficients | p. 88 |
Doppler broadening: an example of inhomogeneous broadening | p. 92 |
Comments on saturation | p. 94 |
Further reading | p. 98 |
Problems | p. 98 |
Laser oscillation and pumping mechanisms | p. 100 |
Introduction | p. 100 |
The condition for laser oscillation | p. 100 |
The power output of a laser | p. 101 |
Pumping in three-level and four-level laser systems | p. 103 |
Laser oscillation frequencies and pulling | p. 106 |
Inhomogeneous broadening and multimode behavior | p. 107 |
Spatial hole burning | p. 109 |
Some consequences of the photon model for laser radiation | p. 110 |
The photon statistics of laser radiation | p. 112 |
The ultimate linewidth of a laser | p. 117 |
Further reading | p. 119 |
Problems | p. 119 |
Descriptions of specific CW laser systems | p. 121 |
Introduction | p. 121 |
The He-Ne laser | p. 121 |
The argon ion laser | p. 123 |
The continuous wave organic dye laser | p. 126 |
The titanium-sapphire laser | p. 130 |
The CW neodymium-yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser | p. 132 |
The YAG non-planar ring oscillator: a novel ring laser geometry | p. 134 |
Diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) YAG lasers | p. 135 |
Further reading | p. 136 |
Laser gain in a semiconductor | p. 137 |
Introduction | p. 137 |
Solid state physics background | p. 137 |
Optical gain in a semiconductor | p. 148 |
Further reading | p. 157 |
Problems | p. 157 |
Semiconductor diode lasers | p. 159 |
Introduction | p. 159 |
The homojunction semiconductor laser | p. 159 |
The double heterostructure laser | p. 162 |
Quantum well lasers | p. 167 |
Distributed feedback lasers | p. 173 |
The rate equations and relaxation oscillations | p. 179 |
Diode laser frequency control and linewidth | p. 187 |
External cavity diode lasers (ECDLs) | p. 192 |
Semiconductor laser amplifiers and injection locking | p. 202 |
Miscellaneous characteristics of semiconductor lasers | p. 208 |
Further reading | p. 210 |
Problems | p. 210 |
Mode-locked lasers and frequency metrology | p. 212 |
Introduction | p. 212 |
Theory of mode locking | p. 212 |
Mode locking techniques | p. 217 |
Dispersion and its compensation | p. 221 |
The mode-locked Ti-sapphire laser | p. 225 |
Frequency metrology using a femtosecond laser | p. 228 |
The carrier envelope offset | p. 230 |
Further reading | p. 233 |
Problems | p. 233 |
Laser frequency stabilization and control systems | p. 235 |
Introduction | p. 235 |
Laser frequency stabilization - a first look | p. 235 |
The effect of the loop filter | p. 237 |
Elementary noise considerations | p. 238 |
Some linear system theory | p. 241 |
The stability of a linear system | p. 245 |
Negative feedback | p. 247 |
Some actual control systems | p. 256 |
Temperature stabilization | p. 262 |
Laser frequency stabilization | p. 266 |
Optical fiber phase noise and its cancellation | p. 275 |
Characterization of laser frequency stability | p. 277 |
Frequency locking to a noisy resonance | p. 283 |
Further reading | p. 285 |
Problems | p. 285 |
Atomic and molecular discriminants | p. 287 |
Introduction | p. 287 |
Sub-Doppler saturation spectroscopy | p. 287 |
Sub-Doppler dichroic atomic vapour laser locking (sub-Doppler DAVLL) and polarization spectroscopy | p. 293 |
An example of a side-of-line atomic discriminant | p. 298 |
Further reading | p. 299 |
Problems | p. 299 |
Nonlinear optics | p. 301 |
Introduction | p. 301 |
Anisotropic crystals | p. 301 |
Second harmonic generation | p. 309 |
Birefringent phase matching | p. 314 |
Quasi-phase-matching | p. 320 |
Second harmonic generation using a focused beam | p. 325 |
Second harmonic generation in a cavity | p. 332 |
Sum-frequency generation | p. 337 |
Parametric interactions | p. 338 |
Further reading | p. 351 |
Problems | p. 351 |
Frequency and amplitude modulation | p. 352 |
Introduction | p. 352 |
The linear electro-optic effect | p. 352 |
Bulk electro-optic modulators | p. 354 |
Traveling wave electro-optic modulators | p. 359 |
Acousto-optic modulators | p. 360 |
Further reading | p. 372 |
Problems | p. 372 |
References | p. 374 |
Index | p. 378 |
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