Racial and Ethnic Relations

by Feagin, Joe R.; Feagin, Clairece Booher

• ISBN13: 9780136747222
• ISBN10: 0136747221
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

For courses in Majority-Minority Relations, Racial and Ethnic Relations, Cultural Diversity, and Multiculturalism in departments of Sociology, Ethnic Studies, Political Science, and Education. A theoretically informed and empirical exploration of the diversity, depth, and significance of racial and ethnic relations in the U.S., this text is organized by racial-ethnic groups rather than by issues. Drawing heavily on a broad range of research sourcesthat dig deep into the what, why, and how of racial and ethnic oppression and conflictit examines 15 major racial and ethnic groups with regard to their incorporation, economic circumstances, political development, and experience with exploitationwith special reference to the assimilation and power conflict (theoretical) perspectives.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	xii
PART I: The Racial and Ethnic Mosaic	1	(64)
1 BASIC CONCEPTS IN THE STUDY OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC RELATIONS	4	(26)
Issues of Race and Racism	4	(7)
Racial Groups and Hierarchies	4	(2)
Ideological Racism	6	(2)
Racial Group	8	(1)
Ancestry and Multiracial Realities	9	(2)
Ethnic Groups	11	(4)
What Is an Ethnic Group?	11	(4)
The Matter of Culture	15	(1)
Prejudice and Stereotypes	15	(3)
Discrimination	18	(10)
Distinguishing Dimensions	18	(1)
Research on Prejudice and Discrimination	19	(1)
Defining Institutional and Individual Discrimination	20	(3)
The Sites and Range of Discrimination	23	(1)
Cumulative and Systemic Discrimination	24	(1)
Responding to Discrimination	25	(1)
Does "Reverse Discrimination" Exist?	26	(2)
Summary	28	(2)
2 ADAPTATION AND CONFLICT: RACIAL AND ETHNIC RELATIONS IN THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE	30	(35)
Racial and Ethnic Hierarchies	30	(2)
Some Basic Questions	32	(1)
Migration and Group Contact	32	(2)
Types of Migration	33	(1)
Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Adaptation	34	(1)
The Initial Contact	34	(1)
Later Adaptation Patterns	34	(1)
Types of Theories	35	(1)
Assimilation and Other Order Perspectives	35	(11)
Robert E. Park	36	(1)
Strages of Assimilation: Milton Gordon	36	(4)
Ethnogenesis and Ethnic Pluralism	40	(1)
Some Problems with Assimilation Theories	41	(2)
Biosocial Perspectives	43	(1)
Emphasizing Migration: Competition Theory	44	(2)
Power-Conflict Theories	46	(17)
The Caste School	46	(1)
Early Class Theories of Racial Relations	46	(1)
Internal Colonialism	47	(1)
A Neo-Marxist Emphasis on Class	48	(1)
Cultural Resistance and Oppositional Culture	49	(2)
Anticolonial Nationalism	51	(1)
Recent Afrocentric Theories	52	(1)
Criticism of Internal Colonialism Theories	53	(1)
The Split Labor Market View: Another Class-Based Theory	53	(1)
Middleman Minorities, Ethnic Enclaves, and Segmented Assimilation	54	(2)
Women and Gendered Racism	56	(1)
The State and Racial Formation	57	(1)
Toward a Comprehensive Theory of Racial Oppression	58	(5)
Summary	63	(2)
Part II: A Nation of Immigrants: An Overview of the Economic and Political Conditions of Selected Racial and Ethnic Groups	65	(441)
Immigration, the Economy, and Government	65	(2)
Commercial Capitalism and the Slave Society: 1607-1865	67	(2)
Colonial Society and Slave Labor	67	(1)
Civil War: The Southern Plantation Oligarchy versus Northern Entrepreneurs	68	(1)
Immigrant Labor in the North	68	(1)
Western Expansion: Native Americans and Mexican Americans	69	(1)
Industrial Capitalism: 1865-1920	69	(2)
Industrial Capitalism and Government Expansion Overseas	69	(1)
African Americans: Exclusion from Western Lands	70	(1)
Southern and Eastern European Immigrants	70	(1)
European Immigrants and Black Americans	70	(1)
Advanced Industrial (Multinational) Capitalism: 1920s-1990s	71	(3)
Mexican Americans	71	(1)
Large Corporations and the U.S. Business Cycle	71	(1)
The Postwar Era: The United States and the World	72	(1)
Government Involvement in Overseas and Asian Immigration	72	(1)
Latin American Immigration and the Sunbelt Boom	73	(1)
Immigration Restrictions	73	(1)
Summary	74	(1)
3 ENGLISH AMERICANS AND THE ANGLO-PROTESTANT CULTURE	75	(28)
The Engilsh Migrations	77	(6)
Some Basic Data	77	(1)
The First Colonial Settlements	77	(3)
Later Migration	80	(1)
Other Protestant Immigrants	81	(1)
The Invention of the "White Race"	82	(1)
Nativist Reactions to the Later European Immigrants	83	(4)
More Fear of Immigrants	84	(1)
Racism and Nativism since 1890	85	(2)
The Dominant Culture and Major U.S. Instituations	87	(12)
Language	87	(2)
Religion and Basic Values	89	(2)
Education	91	(1)
Political and Legal Institutions	92	(1)
Officeholding	93	(1)
Economic Institutions	94	(1)
Direct Participation in the Economy	95	(1)
Contemporary Elites	96	(2)
English Americans as a Group: Economic and Educational Data	98	(1)
English America Today	99	(3)
Summary	102	(1)
4 IRISH AMERICANS	103	(31)
Irish Immigration: An Overview	103	(5)
The Eighteenth-Century Migration	104	(2)
Early Life	106	(2)
Stereotypes	108	(3)
The Ape Image	109	(1)
Changing Attitudes	110	(1)
Protest and Conflict	111	(4)
Early Conflict	111	(1)
Conflict over Workplace Conditions	112	(1)
Conflict with Other Groups	113	(2)
Politics and Political Institutions	115	(6)
Political Organization in the Cities	115	(2)
Pragmatism in Politics	117	(1)
National and International Politics	118	(2)
An Irish Catholic President	120	(1)
The Irish in the Economy	121	(4)
Male and Female Work: The Irish after 1830	122	(2)
Mobility in the Twentieth Century	124	(1)
Recent Successes	124	(1)
Education	125	(1)
Religion	126	(2)
Assimilation Theories and the Irish	128	(4)
Patterns of Structural Assimilation and the Irish	129	(1)
Is There an Irish American Identity Today?	130	(2)
Summary	132	(2)
5 ITALIAN AMERICANS	134	(27)
Italian Immigration	134	(3)
Numbers of Immigrants	135	(1)
Life for the Immigrants	136	(1)
Stereotypes	137	(5)
Myths of Biological Inferiority	138	(2)
The Mafia Myth	140	(1)
Stereotypes and Discrimination	141	(1)
Conflict	142	(2)
More Legalized Killings	143	(1)
Conflict with African Americans	143	(1)
Politics	144	(4)
City Politics	144	(1)
State and National Politics	145	(3)
The Economy	148	(5)
Early Poverty and Discrimination	148	(1)
Unions	149	(1)
Upward Mobility	150	(1)
Recent Decades	151	(1)
Some Persisting Problems	152	(1)
Education	153	(1)
Religion	154	(1)
Assimilation or Ethnogensis?	155	(5)
Structural Assimilation	155	(3)
An Italian Identity?	158	(2)
Summary	160	(1)
6 JEWISH AMERICANS	161	(36)
Migration	162	(2)
From 1500 to World War II	162	(1)
World War II to the Present	163	(1)
Prejudice and Stereotypes	164	(2)
Oppression and Conflict	166	(6)
Organized Anti-Semitism and Hate Crimes	167	(2)
Religious Discrimination and Conflict	169	(1)
Jewish Americans Fight Back	169	(1)
Black-Jewish Relations	170	(2)
Politics	172	(5)
Jewish Americans and the Democratic Party	173	(2)
Unions and Community Organizations	175	(2)
The Economy	177	(6)
Establishing an Economic Niche: "Middleman Minority"?	177	(1)
From the Depression to 1950	178	(2)
From the 1950s to the 1990s	180	(1)
Occupational Mobility	180	(3)
Education	183	(2)
Discriminatory Quotas for Jewish Students	183	(1)
Affirmative Action Programs	184	(1)
Continuing Achievements in Education	184	(1)
Religion and Zionism	185	(4)
Trends in Religious Practice and Identity	187	(1)
Zionism	188	(1)
Assimilation or Pluralism	189	(7)
Patterns of Assimilation	190	(2)
Intermarriage	192	(1)
Recent Immigrants: Strong Jewish Identity	193	(1)
Contemporary Jewish Identity and the Future of the Jewish American Community	194	(2)
Summary	196	(1)
7 NATIVE AMERICANS	197	(39)
Conquest by Europeans and Euro-Americans	198	(7)
Native American Societies: Are They "Tribes"?	199	(1)
Early Cultural Borrowing	199	(1)
Geographical Location and Relocation	200	(1)
The Colonial Period	201	(1)
Treaties, Reservations, and Genocide	201	(2)
Myths about Conflict	203	(1)
White Massacres of Native Americans	204	(1)
Racist Images and Stereotypes	205	(3)
Politics	208	(5)
From the Dawes Act to the New Deal	208	(2)
Fluctuations in Federal Politics	210	(2)
Growing Pressures for Political Participation	212	(1)
Protest and Conflict	213	(6)
Fishing Rights and Land claims	217	(2)
The Economy	219	(7)
Poverty and Land Theft	220	(1)
Land, Minerals, and Industrial Development	221	(1)
Persisting Economic Problems	222	(2)
Recent Economic Developments	224	(2)
Education	226	(2)
Religion	228	(2)
Revitalization Movements as Protest	228	(1)
Questioning Christianity: Oppositional Cultures	229	(1)
Assimilation and Colonialism	230	(4)
Assimilation Perspectives	230	(2)
Power-Conflict Perspectives	232	(2)
Summary	234	(2)
8 AFRICAN AMERICANS	236	(55)
Forced Migration and Slavery	236	(6)
The European Trade in Human Beings	237	(1)
The Lives of Africans under Slavery	238	(2)
Active Slave Resistance	240	(1)
Outside the Rural South	241	(1)
Racist Ideologies and Stereotypes	242	(5)
Seeing African Americans as Inferior: White Stereotypes	243	(1)
The Pseudoscience of "Intelligence" Testing	243	(2)
Contemporary Antiblack Prejudices and Stereotypes	245	(2)
Interracial Conflict	247	(4)
Antiblack Violence	247	(3)
Black Protest against Oppression	250	(1)
The Economy	251	(11)
The Migration North	252	(2)
Economic Changes since the 1940s	254	(1)
Persisting Descrimination in the Workplace	254	(2)
Discrimination in Corporations	256	(1)
Government Action and Inaction on Discrimination	257	(1)
Unemployment, Income, and Poverty	258	(2)
Poor African Americans: An "Underclass"?	260	(1)
Housing Discrimination	261	(1)
Politics and Protest	262	(11)
From Reconstruction to the 1920s	263	(1)
The Limits of Black Progress: Political Discrimination	264	(2)
The Federal Government	266	(1)
The Republican Party's Appeal to White Voters	267	(1)
African American Organization and Protest	268	(3)
Progress and Retreat	271	(1)
New Political Organizations	272	(1)
Education	273	(6)
The Desegregation Struggle	274	(1)
The Current Public School Situation	275	(3)
College Attendance and College Experiences	278	(1)
Religion and Culture	279	(2)
Religion and Protest Movements	280	(1)
Recent Black Immigrants	281	(6)
The Economic and Educational Situations	283	(2)
Racial Experiences and Discrimination	285	(2)
Assimilation for African Americans?	287	(3)
Assimilation Theories	287	(1)
Power-Conflict Perspectives: The Continuing Significance of Racism	288	(2)
Summary	290	(1)
9 MEXICAN AMERICANS	291	(45)
The Conquest Period, 1500-1853	293	(2)
The Texas Revolt: Myth and Reality	293	(1)
California and New Mexico	294	(1)
The Immigration Period	295	(5)
Braceros and Undocumented Workers	296	(2)
The 1986 Immigration Act and Undocumented Immigrants	298	(1)
Population and Location	299	(1)
Stereotypes	300	(3)
Early Images	300	(1)
Modern Stereotypes	301	(2)
Mock Spanish	303	(1)
Violent Conflict	303	(3)
The Early Period	303	(1)
More Attacks by Whites	304	(1)
Protests since the 1960s	305	(1)
The Economy	306	(7)
Persisting Job Discrimination	307	(2)
Unemployment, Poverty, and Income	309	(2)
Is There a Latino Underclass?	311	(2)
Politics	313	(8)
Growing Political Representation	314	(1)
Support for the Major Parties	315	(1)
The Courts	315	(2)
The Chicano Political Movement	317	(1)
Other Organizations and Protest	318	(1)
Unions for Low-Wage Workers	319	(2)
Education	321	(6)
Persisting Educational Problems	322	(1)
Current Educational Issues: Bilingualism and Achievement	323	(4)
Religion	327	(1)
Assimilation or Colonialism?	328	(7)
The Limits of Assimilation	329	(4)
Applying a Power-Conflict Perspective	333	(2)
Summary	335	(1)
10 PUERTO RICAN AND CUBAN AMERICANS	336	(44)
Puerto Ricans	337	(1)
From Spanish to U.S. Rule	337	(2)
Migration to the Mainland	339	(2)
Migration Streams	339	(2)
Prejudice and Stereotypes	341	(4)
Color Coding and White Prejudices	343	(2)
Economic and Related Conditions: The Mainland	345	(5)
Occupation and Unemployment	345	(2)
Employment Discrimination and Other Social Barriers	347	(1)
Industrial Restructuring	348	(1)
Income and Poverty	348	(1)
Housing Problems	349	(1)
Education	350	(3)
Barriers to Social and Economic Mobility	351	(1)
Language	351	(1)
Official English Policies and Spanish Speakers	352	(1)
Politics	353	(2)
Protest	355	(3)
In Puerto Rico	355	(1)
On the Mainland	356	(1)
Community Protest	357	(1)
Religion	358	(1)
Assimilation or Colonialism?	359	(4)
Assimilation Issues	359	(3)
Power-Conflict Views	362	(1)
Cuban Americans	363	(1)
Patterns of Immigration	363	(5)
Early Immigration: 1868-1959	363	(2)
Recent Immigration: 1959 to the Present	365	(1)
The Mariel Immigrants	366	(2)
Intergroup Conflict	368	(2)
Stereotypes and Discrimination	370	(1)
The Economic Situation	371	(2)
Politics	373	(2)
Assimilation or Colonization	375	(3)
Assimilation Issues	375	(2)
A Power-Conflict Perspective	377	(1)
Summary	378	(2)
11 JAPANESE AMERICANS	380	(34)
The Growth of the Asian-Pacific Population	380	(1)
Introduction: Japanese Americans	381	(1)
Migration: An Overview	381	(3)
The Serial Migration of Asians	381	(1)
Early Immigration	382	(1)
Mainland Migration	383	(1)
More Racist Agitation and Restrictions	383	(1)
Stereotypes	384	(4)
War Propaganda	386	(1)
Recent Distortions, Stereotypes, and Omissions	386	(2)
Repression and Violent Attacks	388	(3)
Concentration Camps in the United States	388	(2)
Why the Camps Were Created	390	(1)
Recent Violence	391	(1)
The Political Arena	391	(5)
Compensation Pressures and Political Progress	392	(1)
Government Officials	393	(1)
Politics, Stereotyping, and Competition with Japan	394	(1)
Protest Organizations and Group Pride	395	(1)
The Economy	396	(4)
Finding an Economic Niche	396	(2)
The Postwar Economy	398	(1)
Occupational Mobility and Persisting Barriers	398	(2)
Education	400	(2)
Racism and Segregation	400	(1)
Language Schools and Japanese Educational Progress	401	(1)
Religion	402	(2)
Assimilation Perspectives	404	(8)
A Power-Conflict View	408	(2)
Criticizing the "Model Minority" Stereotype	410	(2)
Summary	412	(2)
12 CHINESE, FILIPINO, KOREAN, VIETNAMESE, AND ASIAN-INDIAN AMERICANS	414	(43)
Migration: An Overview	415	(7)
Chinese Americans	416	(1)
Filipino Americans	417	(1)
Korean Americans	418	(2)
Vietnamese Americans	420	(1)
Asian-Indian Americans	421	(1)
Stereotypes	422	(2)
Specific Images of Asian Americans	422	(2)
Discrimination and Conflict	424	(6)
Hate Crimes	424	(2)
Chinese Americans	426	(1)
Filipino Americans	427	(1)
Korean Americans	428	(1)
Vietnamese Americans	429	(1)
Asian-Indian Americans	430	(1)
Organizing and Activism in the Political Arena	430	(8)
Pan-Asian Organizations and Coalitions	431	(2)
Chinese Americans	433	(1)
Filipino Americans	434	(1)
Korean Americans	435	(1)
Vietnamese Americans	436	(1)
Asian-Indian Americans	437	(1)
The Economy	438	(8)
Chinese Americans	439	(2)
Filipino Americans	441	(2)
Korean Americans	443	(2)
Vietnamese Americans	445	(1)
Asian-Indian Americans	446	(1)
Education	446	(4)
High Achievement Amid Persisting Problems	447	(1)
Educational Attainment	448	(2)
Controversy in Higher Education	450	(1)
Assimilation for Asian Americans	450	(6)
Assimilation Views	450	(4)
Some Questions from a Power-Conflict Perspective	454	(2)
Summary	456	(1)
13 THE FUTURE OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC RELATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES	457	(17)
Introduction	457	(1)
A Nation of Immigrants	458	(4)
The Melting Pot: Early Images of Immigrant Incorporation	462	(1)
Contemporary Cultural Diversity Issues	463	(3)
Equality and a Pluralistic Democracy	466	(5)
An Egalitarian Society?	466	(2)
Racial Discrimination: The 1990s and Beyond	468	(3)
Conclusion: An Increasingly Balkanized Nation?	471	(3)
14 COLONIALISM AND POST-COLONIALISM: THE GLOBAL EXPANSION OF RACISM	474	(32)
Colonialism and Racism	475	(1)
The History and Legacy of Colonialism	476	(3)
To Whom Does Southern Africa Belong?	479	(6)
Formation of the State and Apartheid	480	(2)
Opposition to Apartheid	482	(1)
The Future of South Africa	483	(2)
Brazil: The Legacy of Slavery and the Illusion of Equality	485	(4)
A Racial Democracy	486	(2)
A Century of Lies?	488	(1)
Colonialism and Colonizer in France: The Violence of Exclusion	489	(5)
The Character of French Colonialism	489	(1)
Immigrants and Racism	490	(4)
Racial-Ethnic Relations in the Post-Soviet World: The Case of Russia	494	(4)
"Ethnic Cleansing" in Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia	498	(3)
Ties to Other European Powers	499	(2)
The Future of Colonialism and Post-Colonialism	501	(3)
Summary	504	(2)
GLOSSARY	506	(4)
NOTES	510	(44)
PHOTO CREDITS	554	(1)
INDEX	555