Radar Signal Analysis and Processing Using Matlab

by Mahafza; Bassem R.

• ISBN13: 9781420066432
• ISBN10: 1420066439
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-06-19
• Publisher: Chapman & Hall/

Summary

Offering radar-related software for the analysis and design of radar waveform and signal processing, Radar Signal Analysis and Processing Using MATLAB ® provides a comprehensive source of theoretical and practical information on radar signals, signal analysis, and radar signal processing with companion MATLAB ® code.After an overview of radar systems operation and design, the book reviews elements of signal theory relevant to radar detection and radar signal processing, along with random variables and processes. The author then presents the unique characteristic of the matched filter and develops a general formula for the output of the matched filter that is valid for any waveform. He analyzes several analog waveforms, including the linear frequency modulation pulse and stepped frequency waveforms, as well as unmodulated pulse-train, binary, polyphase, and frequency codes. The book explores radar target detection and pulse integration, emphasizing theconstant false alarm rate. It also covers the stretch processor, the moving target indicator, radar Doppler processing, beamforming, and adaptive array processing.Using configurable MATLAB code, this book demonstrates how to apply signal processing to radar applications. It includes many examples and problems to illustrate the practical application of the theory.

Table of Contents

Preface
Radar Systems - An Overview	p. 1
Range Measurements	p. 1
Range Resolution	p. 3
Doppler Frequency	p. 5
Coherence	p. 10
The Radar Equation	p. 10
Surveillance Radar Equation	p. 16
Radar Cross Section	p. 20
RCS Dependency on Aspect Angle and Frequency	p. 21
RCS Dependency on Polarization	p. 26
Radar Equation with Jamming	p. 31
Noise Figure	p. 35
Effects of the Earth's Surface on the Radar Equation	p. 40
Earth's Atmosphere	p. 41
Refraction	p. 42
Four-Third Earth Model	p. 47
Ground Reflection	p. 47
The Pattern Propagation Factor - Flat Earth	p. 53
The Pattern Propagation Factor - Spherical Earth	p. 58
Diffraction	p. 61
Atmospheric Attenuation	p. 65
MATLAB Program Listings	p. 66
MATLAB Function "range_resolution.m"	p. 66
MATLAB Function "radar_eq.m"	p. 67
MATLAB Function "power_aperrture.m"	p. 68
MATLAB Function "range_red_factor.m"	p. 69
MATLAB Function "ref_coef.m"	p. 70
MATLAB Function "divergence.m"	p. 71
MATLAB Function "surf_rough.m"	p. 72
MATLAB Function "multipath.m"	p. 72
MATLAB Function "diffraction.m"	p. 74
MATLAB Program "airyz01.m"	p. 76
MATLAb Program "fig_31_32.m"	p. 76
Problems	p. 77
Linear Systems and Complex Signal Representation	p. 83
Signal and System Classifications	p. 83
The Fourier Transform	p. 84
Systems Classification	p. 85
Linear and Nonlinear Systems	p. 85
Time Invariant and Time Varying Systems	p. 86
Stable and Nonstable Systems	p. 86
Causal and Noncausal Systems	p. 87
Signal Representation Using the Fourier Series	p. 87
Convolution and Correlation Integrals	p. 89
Energy and Power Spectrum Densities	p. 91
Bandpass Signals	p. 94
The Analytic Signal (Pre-Envelope)	p. 95
Pre-Envelope and Complex Envelope of Bandpass Signals	p. 96
Spectra of a Few Common Radar Signals	p. 99
Frequency Modulation Signal	p. 99
Continuous Wave Signal	p. 104
Finite Duration Pulse Signal	p. 104
Periodic Pulse Signal	p. 106
Finite Duration Pulse Train Signal	p. 107
Linear Frequency Modulation (LFM) Signal	p. 109
Signal Bandwidth and Duration	p. 114
Effective Bandwidth and Duration Calculation	p. 116
Discrete Time Systems and Signals	p. 119
Sampling Theorem	p. 120
The Z-Transform	p. 124
The Discrete Fourier Transform	p. 126
Discrete Power Spectrum	p. 126
Windowing Techniques	p. 128
Decimation and Interpolation	p. 133
Problems	p. 136
Random Variables and Processes	p. 141
Random Variable	p. 141
Multivariate Gaussian Random Vector	p. 144
Complex Multivariate Gaussian Random Vector	p. 147
Rayleigh Random Variables	p. 148
The Chi-Square Random Variables	p. 149
Central Chi-Square Variable with N Degrees of Freedom	p. 149
Noncentral Chi-Square Variable with N Degrees of Freedom	p. 150
Random Processes	p. 151
Bandpass Gaussian Random Process	p. 152
The Envelope of Bandpass Gaussian Random Process	p. 153
Problems	p. 154
The Matched Filter	p. 157
The Matched Filter SNR	p. 157
The Replica	p. 162
Mean and Variance of the Matched Filter Output	p. 162
General Formula for the Output of the Matched Filter	p. 163
Stationary Target Case	p. 163
Moving Target Case	p. 165
Waveform Resolution and Ambiguity	p. 167
Range Resolution	p. 167
Doppler Resolution	p. 169
Combined Range and Doppler Resolution	p. 171
Range and Doppler Uncertainty	p. 172
Range Uncertainty	p. 172
Doppler (Velocity) Uncertainty	p. 176
Range-Doppler Coupling	p. 177
Range-Doppler Coupling in LFM Signals	p. 180
Target Parameter Estimation	p. 181
What Is an Estimator?	p. 182
Amplitude Estimation	p. 183
Phase Estimation	p. 184
Problems	p. 184
The Ambiguity Function - Analog Waveforms	p. 187
Introduction	p. 187
Examples of the Ambiguity Function	p. 188
Single Pulse Ambiguity Function	p. 189
LFM Ambiguity Function	p. 192
Coherent Pulse Train Ambiguity Function	p. 197
Pulse Train Ambiguity Function with LFM	p. 202
Stepped Frequency Waveforms	p. 206
Nonlinear FM	p. 208
The Concept of Stationary Phase	p. 208
Frequency Modulated Waveform Spectrum Shaping	p. 214
Ambiguity Diagram Contours	p. 216
Interpretation of Range-Doppler Coupling in LFM Signals	p. 217
MATLAB Programs and Functions	p. 218
Single Pulse Ambiguity Function	p. 218
LFM Ambiguity Function	p. 218
Pulse Train Ambiguity Function	p. 219
Pulse Train Ambiguity Function with LFM	p. 220
Problems	p. 221
The Ambiguity Function - Discrete Coded Waveforms	p. 225
Discrete Code Signal Representation	p. 225
Pulse-Train Codes	p. 226
Phase Coding	p. 232
Binary Phase Codes	p. 232
Polyphase Codes	p. 245
Frequency Codes	p. 252
Costas Codes	p. 252
Ambiguity Plots for Discrete Coded Waveforms	p. 254
Problems	p. 257
Target Detection and Pulse Integration	p. 259
Target Detection in the Presence of Noise	p. 259
Probability of False Alarm	p. 263
Probability of Detection	p. 264
Pulse Integration	p. 267
Coherent Integration	p. 269
Noncoherent Integration	p. 270
Improvement Factor and Integration Loss	p. 271
Target Fluctuation	p. 273
Probability of False Alarm Formulation for a Square Law Detector	p. 274
Square Law Detection	p. 277
Probability of Detection Calculation	p. 278
Swerling 0 Target Detection	p. 279
Detection of Swerling I Targets	p. 280
Detection of Swerling II Targets	p. 283
Detection of Swerling III Targets	p. 285
Detection of Swerling IV Targets	p. 287
Computation of the Fluctuation Loss	p. 289
Cumulative Probability of Detection	p. 290
Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR)	p. 293
Cell-Averaging CFAR (Single Pulse)	p. 293
Cell-Averaging CFAR with Noncoherent Integration	p. 295
MATLAB Programs and Routines	p. 296
MATLAB Function "que_func.m"	p. 296
MATLAB Function "marcumsq.m"	p. 297
MATLAB Function "imrov_fac.m"	p. 298
MATLAB Function "threshold.m"	p. 298
MATLAB Function "pd_swerling5.m"	p. 299
MATLAB Function "pd_swerling1.m"	p. 301
MATLAB Function "pd_swerling2.m"	p. 302
MATLAB Function "pd_swerling3.m"	p. 303
MATLAB Function "pd_swerling4.m"	p. 304
MATLAB Function "fluct_loss.m"	p. 306
The Incomplete Gamma Function	p. 308
Problems	p. 311
Pulse Compression	p. 315
Time-Bandwidth Product	p. 315
Radar Equation with Pulse Compression	p. 316
Basic Principal of Pulse Compression	p. 317
Correlation Processor	p. 320
Stretch Processor	p. 326
Single LFM Pulse	p. 326
Stepped Frequency Waveforms	p. 332
Effect of Target Velocity	p. 340
MATLAB Program Listings	p. 343
MATLAB Function "matched_filter.m"	p. 343
MATLAB Function "stretch.m"	p. 347
MATLAB Function "SFW.m"	p. 349
Radar Clutter	p. 353
Clutter Cross Section Density	p. 353
Surface Clutter	p. 354
Radar Equation for Area Clutter	p. 356
Volume Clutter	p. 358
Radar Equation for Volume Clutter	p. 360
Clutter RCS	p. 361
Single Pulse-Low PRF Case	p. 361
High PRF Case	p. 364
Clutter Spectrum	p. 373
Clutter Statistical Models	p. 373
Clutter Components	p. 374
Clutter Power Spectrum Density	p. 376
Moving Target Indicator (MTI)	p. 377
Single Delay Line Canceler	p. 377
Double Delay Line Canceler	p. 379
Delay Lines with Feedback (Recursive Filters)	p. 381
PRF Staggering	p. 384
MTI Improvement Factor	p. 389
Two-Pulse MTI Case	p. 390
The General Case	p. 391
Subclutter Visibility (SCV)	p. 392
Delay Line Cancelers with Optimal Weights	p. 393
MATLAB Program Listings	p. 396
MATLAB Program "clutter_rcs.m"	p. 396
MATLAB Function "single_canceler.m"	p. 398
MATLAB Function "double_canceler.m"	p. 399
Problems	p. 399
Doppler Processing	p. 403
CW Radar Functional Block Diagram	p. 403
CW Radar Equation	p. 405
Linear Frequency Modulated CW Radar	p. 406
Multiple Frequency CW Radar	p. 408
Pulsed Radars	p. 410
Pulse Doppler Radars	p. 412
High PRF Radar Equation	p. 414
Pulse Doppler Radar Signal Processing	p. 415
Resolving Range Ambiguities in Pulse Doppler Radars	p. 416
Resolving Doppler Ambiguity	p. 418
MATLAB Programs and Routines	p. 422
MATLAB Program "range_calc.m"	p. 422
MATLAB Function "hprf_req.m"	p. 425
Problems	p. 426
Adaptive Array Processing	p. 429
Introduction	p. 429
General Arrays	p. 430
Linear Arrays	p. 432
Nonadaptive Beamforming	p. 444
Adaptive Array Processing	p. 448
Adaptive Signal Processing Using Least Mean Squares (LMS)	p. 448
LMS Adaptive Array Processing	p. 452
Sidelobe Cancelers	p. 459
MATLAB Program Listings	p. 461
MATLAB Function "linear_array.m"	p. 461
MATLAB Function "LMS.m"	p. 463
Problems	p. 464
Bibliography	p. 467
Index	p. 475
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