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Near Eastern Civilizations | |
Foundation Epics | |
The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Sumerian Heroic Age | |
The Quest of Gilgamesh: ôwho is most splendid among the heroes?ö | |
The Epic of the Flood: The Babylonian Noah | |
Hebrew Bible: Earliest Relations Between Humans and God | |
Early Society, Justice and Moral Order | |
The Shamash Hymns: Moral Religion and Social Justice | |
The Laws of Hammurabi: ôTo further the welfare of the people.ö | |
The Instruction of Ptah-hotep: Early Material Values in Egypt | |
Social and Work Life | |
Work Songs from Ancient Egypt: Voices of Ordinary Men and Women | |
School Days in Sumer: ôall the fine points of the scribal art.ö | |
Divine Worship, Kingship and Nation | |
Unas Pyramid Incantations: The Afterlife of a Pharaoh | |
Hymn to the Aton: Religious Reform and Monotheism | |
God and the Early Hebrews | |
The Patriarchs | |
Bondage and Deliverance; C The Sinai Covenant | |
The People Demand a King: ôTo govern us like all the nationsö | |
The United Kingdom of Israel: ôA great name, like the name of the great ones of the earthö | |
Jeremiah: Prophet of the New Covenant | |
War and International Diplomacy | |
Amarna Letters: a Brotherhood of Kings | |
An Egyptian-Hittite Treaty: Imperialism and International Diplomacy | |
Sea PeoplesÆ Inscriptions: Egypt and Its Neighbors Under Ramses III | |
Ramses III Issuing Equipment to His Troops for the Campaign Against the Sea Peoples | |
Ramses III on the March to Zahi Against the Sea Peoples | |
Ramses III in Battle with the Land Forces of the Sea Peoples | |
Prism of Sennacherib: An Assyrian KingÆs Wars | |
Persia: the Last Ancient Near Eastern Empire | |
A Conquering Messiah: Cyrus the Great and the Persian Empire | |
CyrusÆ Cylinder: The Chosen of Marduk | |
Cyrus as the Messiah: Return of the Jews and the Rebuilding of Jerusalem | |
GREEK CIVILIZATION: ANCIENT GREECE | |
Foundation Stories: Gods, Heroes and the Individual | |
Homer: The Greek Heroic Age | |
Hesiod: Changing Times and the Moral Order | |
Early Greek Lyric Poetry: Individualism Emergent | |
Sappho | |
Theognis | |
PindarÆs Odes to Athletic Victors: The Heroic Ideal | |
Archaic Greek City-States, Colonization and Tyranny | |
Herodotus: The Foundation of Cyrene in Libya | |
Lycurgus: The Spartan Military Machine | |
Solon: Economic and Political Reforms at Athens | |
Pisistratus: The Rise of Tyranny at Athens | |
War and Peace in the Classical Age | |
Herodotus: Greece Saved from Persian Conquest | |
PericlesÆ Funeral Oration: An Idealized View of | |
Democracy and Its Empire | |
The Old Oligarch: A Critical View of Athenian Democracy and Its Empire | |
Thucydides, History: The StatesmanÆs Handbook | |
The Revolt of Mitylene: ôDemocracy is incapable of empireö | |
The Corcyrean Revolution: The Psychology of Civil War | |
The Melian Dialogue: ôThe strong do what they can and the weak submitö | |
The Sicilian Expedition: ôMost glorious to the victors, most calamitous to the conquered.ö | |
Society, Culture and Intellectual Life | |
Lysias, The Murder of Eratosthenes: An Athenian WomanÆs Life: ô...I began to trust her....ö | |
Euripides, Medea: Greek Tragic Vision of Women and the City | |
Socrates: Philosophy Shifts from Nature to Man | |
The Socratic Method: ôThe unexamined life is not worth livingö | |
Aristophanes, Clouds: Socrates as Troublemaker: ôYou will now believe in no god but those we believe in...ö | |
The Apology of Socrates: ôI am that gadfly which God has attached to the state.ö | |
Plato: ôTurning the eye of the soul toward the lightö | |
The Theory of Ideas: The Allegory of the Cave | |
The Spiritual Life: Dualism of Body and Soul | |
Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics: ôThe philosophy of human affairsö | |
The Subject of the Nicomachean Ethics: ôThe good for manö | |
The Definition of Happiness | |
Intellectual and Moral Virtue | |
Aristotle, Politics: ôA state exists for the sake of the good lifeö | |
Nature, Origin, and Purpose of the State | |
Good and Bad Constitutions | |
The Ideal State: Its True Object | |
The Ideal State: Education | |
The Practicable State: The Best Constitution | |
The Practicable State: Causes of Revolution | |
The Practicable State: Preserving Constitutions | |
Late Classical Greece | |
Demosthenes Versus Isocrates: ôNationalismö Versus ôInternationalismö | |
Demosthenes, First Philippic: ôAthenians, when will you act as becomes you!ö | |
Isocrates, Address to Philip: ôA champion powerful in action.ö | |
Hellenistic Civilization | |
From Warrior Kings to Divine Rulers | |
Arrian, History of Alexander the Great: Conqueror and Reformer: ôWe are free men, and they are slavesà.ö | |
Demetrius: A God Among Men | |
Plutarch, Life of Demetrius | |
Athenaeus, The Learned Banquet: Ithylphallic Hymn in Honor of Demetrius | |
Euhemerus of Messene, Sacred History: How Men Became Gods | |
Hellenistic Rulers and Their Subjects | |
Antigonus the One-Eyed and Scepsis: ôthat Antigonus may receive honours worthy of his achievementsàö | |
Letter of Antigonus to Scepsis | |
ScepsisÆ Response to AntigonusÆ Letter | |
Athenaeus, The Learned Banquet: Hellenistic Pomp and Circumstance: ôWhat monarchy à has ever been so rich in gold?ö | |
Hellenistic Culture, Economy and Thought | |
Rosetta Stone Inscription: ôPtolemy the everliving, beloved of Ptah.ö | |
Papyri on Greek and Non-Greek Interactions: ôI do not know how to speak Greek.ö | |
Oil Monopoly of Ptolemy II Philadelphus: Toward a Command Economy: ôàexact payment from themà.ö | |
Hellenistic Philosophy: Greek Thought in a Wider World | |
The Cynic Counterculture: ômay I consider the universe my houseö | |
Stoics and their Worldview: ôthe wise man does all things well.ö | |
Hellenistic Science: Archimedes | |
The Limits of Hellenism | |
Polybius, Histories: Rome and the Hellenistic Kings: ôhe drew a circle round Antiochusà.ö | |
First and Second Maccabees: Jewish Responses to Hellenization | |
First Maccabees: Jewish Welcome Roman Power: ôthey were very strong àö | |
Second Maccabees: ôThe altar was covered with abominable offeringsà.ö | |
Plutarch, The Life of Antony: The Portrait of Queen Cleopatra: ôà putting her greatest confidence in herself à.ö | |
The Roman Republic | |
Traditions on Early Rome | |
Livy: The Early Romans: ôThe kind of lives our ancestors livedö | |
Preface: ôThe greatest nation in the worldö | |
The Rape of Lucretia: Monarchy Abolished | |
Horatius at the Bridge: ôA noble piece of work.ö | |
Rome as a Rising Power | |
Livy: The Foreign Policy of the Roman Republic: ôOne people in the world which would fight for othersÆ liberties.ö | |
Polybius: The Constitution of the Roman Republic: ôit is impossible to find a better.ö | |
Cato the Elder: Traditional Standards in a New Age | |
Pseudo-Cicero: How to Get Elected to Public Office in Rome: ôYou must take pains to solicit the votes of all these men à.ö | |
Crises and Transformations | |
Tiberius Gracchus: The Republic at the Crossroads | |
Gaius Gracchus: The Republic at the Crossroads, Continued | |
The Social War: RomeÆs Italian Allies in Revolt: ôthey considered it no longer tolerable.ö | |
The Revolt of Spartacus: The Dangers of a Slave Society: ôà the slaves leaped and began to fightà.ö | |
The Conspiracy of Catiline: The Roman Republic in Decay | |
Intellectual Life and Culture | |
Lucretius: Epicurean Philosophy at Rome | |
Cicero: Advocate of Property Rights, Greek Philosophy, and the Status Quo | |
Late Republic and the Rise of Autocracy | |
Appian: First Roman Civil War and Proscriptions: ôà destruction, death, confiscation, and wholesale extermination.ö | |
Julius Caesar: The Man and the Statesman: ôHe doth bestride the narrow world like a colossus.ö | |
Cicero as Champion of Liberty: The Second Philippic: ôAn eloquent man who loved his country well.ö | |
The Roman Empire | |
Foundations of the Principate | |
Augustus: The Achievements of the Deified Augustus: ôà. attained supreme power by universal consent.ö | |
AugustusÆ Reconstruction of the Roman World: Contrasting Estimates | |
Dio Cassius: The ôTrue Democracyö of the Roman Empire | |
Tacitus, Annals: ôIt was really from a lust for powerö | |
Vergil, Aeneid: A Roman National Epic: ôbehold this nation.ö | |
Romans and Non-Romans in the Pax Romana | |
The Pax Romana: Divergent Views | |
Tacitus, Histories: ôBy the prosperity and order of eight hundred years has this fabric of empire been consolidatedö | |
Tacitus, Agricola: ôThey create a desert and call it peaceö | |
Aelius Aristides, Oration on Rome: ôHow is this form of government not beyond every democracy?ö | |
Tacitus: The Early Germans | |
ClaudiusÆ Letter to the Alexandrians: Greeks, Jews and Romans: ôa solicitude of very long standing for the city.ö | |
Rebels Against Rome | |
Tacitus, Annals: The Rebellion of Boudicca in Britain: ôThis is what I, a woman, plan to do!ö | |
Josephus, History of the Jewish War: Resistance is Futile: ôSo there is no refuge left except to make God your ally.ö | |
PlinyÆs Correspondence with Trajan: Rome as Benevolent Ruler: ôworthy of à the splendor of your reign.ö | |
Women, Family, and Roman Slave Society | |
The Legal Status of Roman Women | |
Juvenal, Satires: The Emancipated Women of the Early Empire | |
Aspects of Roman Slavery | |
Varro, On Agriculture: Setting Up a Slave Plantation: ôSlaves should be neither cowed nor high-spiritedö | |
Columella, On Agriculture: Masters and Slaves: ôTheir unending toil was lightened by such friendliness àö | |
Seneca, Moral Epistle: ô...see in him a freeborn man...ö | |
Petronius, Satyricon: Banquet of Trimalchio, Ex-Slave and Self-Made Millionaire | |
Philosophy and Religion | |
Marcus Aurelius, Meditations: ôEither atoms or Providence.ö | |
Apuleius, Golden Ass: The Cult of Isis and Religious Syncretism | |
Early Christianity and Late Antiquity | |
Christian Origins | |
The New Testament: The Beginnings of Christianity | |
The Teachings of Jesus: ôTurn away from your sins! The Kingdom of heaven is near!ö | |
John the Baptist and the Sermon on the Mount | |
Parables of the Kingdom | |
JesusÆ Instructions to His Disciples | |
The Work of Paul: ôJews and Gentiles...are all one in union with Christ Jesus.ö | |
PaulÆs Mission: Failure at Athens, Success at Corinth | |
PaulÆs Epistles to Christian Communities | |
Christianity and Its Reception in the Roman World | |
Christianity and Greco-Roman Thought: ôWhatever has been uttered aright by any men in any place belongs to us Christiansö | |
Justin Martyr, Apology: ôThose who lived according to reason are Christiansö | |
Tatian, Address to the Greeks: ôdo not resolve your gods and myths into allegoriesö | |
Tertullian, Against Heretics: ôWhat is there in common between Athens and Jerusalem?ö | |
Christians and Their Persecutors: ôAmid the ruins of a falling age, our spirit remains erectö | |
Pliny, Letters on Christians: TrajanÆs Enlightened Policy | |
Martyrdom of Polycarp of Smyrna: ôI am a Christianö | |
Tertullian, Apology: A Christian View of the Persecutions | |
A New Roman Empire | |
The Reforms of Diocletian: ô...by whose virtue and foreseeing care all is being reshaped for the betterö | |
Administrative Reorganization: ôThis man...overturned the Roman Empireö | |
Edict of Maximum Prices: Fighting Inflation in the Late Roman Empire | |
DiocletianÆs Edict of Persecution Against Christians: ôThere are profane persons here....ö | |
Lactantius, On the Deaths of the Persecutors: ôThis man à overturned the Roman Empire.ö | |
Eusebius of Caesarea, Life of the Emperor Constantine: ôServing God à with his every action.ö | |
Athanasius, Life of Anthony: Ascetic as Holy Man and Celebrity: ôàthey saw that even demons feared Antony.ö | |
John Chrysostom, On the Priesthood: Ascetic as Bishop: ôà the exceeding sanctity of this office à.ö | |
The Theodosian Code: Legislating a Christian Roman Empire | |
New Crises and ôFall of the Roman Empire.ö | |
Jerome, Letter: Lament on Rome: ôThe world sinks into ruin à.ö | |
Augustine, City of God: The Unimportance of the Earthly City: ôThe fire which makes gold shine makes chaff smoke.ö | |
Augustine, Confessions: ôHow did I burn to fly from earthly things to You.ö | |
Salvian of Marseille, On the Governance of God: ôWhere or in whom are evils so great, except among the Romans?ö | |
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