This handbook provides a complete overview of pile systems and their application and production. It shows their analysis based on the new safety concept providing numerous examples for single piles, pile grids and groups. These recommendations are considered rules of engineering.

The "Piling" working group AK 2.1 of the German Society for Geotechnics (DGGT) consists of about 20 experts from science, industry, construction administration and client organisations and has the same members as the standards committee "Piling" of the NABau.

Members of the AK 2.1 Piling Committee of the German Geotechnical Society V

Preface of the English Version of the Recommendations of the Piling Committee of the German Geotechnical Society VII

Preface of the 2nd German edition IX

1 Introduction to the Recommendations and their Application Principles 1

1.1 National and International Regulations for Piling Works 1

1.2 Types of Analysis and Limit States using the Partial Safety Factor Approach 2

1.2.1 New standards generation and their application to pile foundations 2

1.2.2 Actions, effects and resistances 3

1.2.3 Limit states and national application of the EC 7-1 German Handbook 4

1.2.4 Transitional regulations for applying of the Recommendations on Piling in conjunction with the EC 7-1 German Handbook 7

1.3 Planning and Testing Pile Foundations 7

2 Pile Systems 9

2.1 Overview and Classification into Pile Systems 9

2.2 Pile Construction 12

2.2.1 Bored piles 12

2.2.1.1 Cased bored piles 12

2.2.1.2 Unsupported excavations 14

2.2.1.3 Fluid-supported excavations 14

2.2.1.4 Soil-supported, continuous flight auger bored piles 15

2.2.1.5 Soil-supported, partial flight auger bored piles 16

2.2.1.6 Bored piles with enlarged bases 16

2.2.1.7 Diaphragm wall elements/barettes 17

2.2.2 Prefabricated driven piles 17

2.2.2.1 Introduction 17

2.2.2.2 Precast driven concrete piles 18

2.2.2.3 Prefabricated driven steel and cast-iron piles 18

2.2.2.4 Prefabricated driven timber piles 19

2.2.3 Cast-in-place concrete piles 20

2.2.3.1 Cast-in-place concrete piles with internal driving tube (Franki pile) 20

2.2.3.2 Cast-in-place top-driven piles (e.g. Simplex piles) 20

2.2.4 Screw piles (full displacement bored piles) 21

2.2.4.1 Introduction 21

2.2.4.2 Atlas piles 22

2.2.4.3 Fundex piles 22

2.2.5 Grouted displacement piles 23

2.2.5.1 Pressure-grouted piles 23

2.2.5.2 Vibro-injection piles 23

2.2.6 Micropiles 24

2.2.7 Tubular grouted piles 24

2.3 Foundation elements similar to piles 25

3 Pile Foundation Design and Analysis Principles 27

3.1 Pile Foundation Systems27

3.1.1 Single pile solutions 27

3.1.2 Pile grillages 28

3.1.3 Pile groups 29

3.1.4 Piled raft foundations 30

3.2 Geotechnical Investigations for Pile Foundations 32

3.3 Classification of Soils for Pile Foundations 39

3.4 Pile Systems for the Execution of Excavations and for Retaining Structures 40

3.4.1 General 40

3.4.2 Pile configurations 41

3.4.3 Pile systems and special execution requirements 41

3.4.4 Design 42

3.4.5 Reinforcement 42

3.4.6 Concrete 42

3.4.7 Impermeability of bored pile walls 42

3.5 Piles for the Stabilisation of Slopes 43

3.6 Use of sacrificial Linings 44

4 Actions and Effects 47

4.1 Introduction 47

4.2 Pile Foundation Loads Imposed by the Structure 48

4.3 Installation Effects on Piles 48

4.4 Negative Skin Friction 49

4.4.1 Introduction 49

4.4.2 Determination of the characteristic action from negative skin friction 50

4.4.3 Determination of the design values of actions or effects and method of verification 53

4.4.4 Skin friction as a result of heave in the vicinity of the pile 53

4.5 Lateral Pressure 54

4.5.1 Introduction 54

4.5.2 Necessity for design of piles for lateral pressure 55

4.5.3 Determination of the characteristic action from flow pressure 57

4.5.4 Determination of the characteristic action from the resulting earth pressure 58

4.5.5 Influences of distance and minimummoments 61

4.5.6 Effects on piles 62

4.6 Additional Effects on Raking Piles Resulting from Ground Deformations 62

4.6.1 Introduction 62

4.6.2 Surcharges resulting from anchoring steel and micropiles 63

4.7 Foundation Piles in Slopes and at Retaining Structures 65

4.7.1 Foundation piles in slopes 65

4.7.2 Foundation piles at retaining structures 67

5 Bearing Capacity and Resistances of Single Piles 69

5.1 General 69

5.2 Determining Pile Resistances from Static Pile Load Tests 70

5.2.1 General 70

5.2.2 Characteristic pile resistances in the ultimate limit state 71

5.2.3 Characteristic pile resistances in the serviceability limit state 72

5.3 Determining Pile Resistances from Dynamic Pile Load Tests 72

5.4 Axial Pile Resistances Based on Empirical Data 75

5.4.1 General 75

5.4.2 Guidance for the application 76

5.4.3 Application principles and limitations of tabled data 77

5.4.4 Prefabricated driven piles 79

5.4.4.1 General 79

5.4.4.2 Empirical values of base resistance and skin friction of prefabricated driven piles 82

5.4.4.3 Empirical data on the bearing capacity of open-ended steel tubes and hollow boxes 84

5.4.4.4 Experience with prefabricated piles in rock and very dense or cemented soils 85

5.4.5 Cast-in-place concrete piles 86

5.4.5.1 General 86

5.4.5.2 Empirical values of base resistance and skin friction of Simplex piles 87

5.4.5.3 Empirical values of base resistance and skin friction of Franki piles 88

5.4.6 Bored piles 96

5.4.6.1 General 96

5.4.6.2 Empirical values of base resistance and skin friction of bored piles 98

5.4.6.3 Empirical data for base resistance and skin friction of piles in rock and cemented soils 100

5.4.6.4 Diaphragm wall elements (barettes) 103

5.4.6.5 Bored pile walls and diaphragm walls 104

5.4.7 Partial displacement piles 104

5.4.8 Screw piles 105

5.4.8.1 General 105

5.4.8.2 Empirical values of base resistance and skin friction of screw piles 106

5.4.9 Grouted displacement piles and micropiles 108

5.4.9.1 General 108

5.4.9.2 Empirical values of skin friction of pressure-grouted piles 109

5.4.9.3 Empirical values of skin friction of vibro-injection piles 110

5.4.9.4 Empirical values of skin friction of grouted micropiles 110

5.4.9.5 Empirical values of skin friction in tubular grouted piles 111

5.4.9.6 Bond stress in grouted displacement piles 112

5.4.10 Applying the empirical data to tension piles 112

5.5 Bored Piles with Enlarged Bases 113

5.6 Additional Methods Using the EC 7-1 and EC 7-2 Handbooks 114

5.7 Pile Resistances for Grouted Shafts and Bases 114

5.8 Resistances of Piles Under Lateral Loads 115

5.9 Pile Resistances Under Dynamic Actions 116

5.10 Internal Pile Capacity 116

5.10.1 General 116

5.10.2 Allowable cross-section stresses 117

5.10.3 Resistance of piles against buckling failure in soil strata with low lateral support, and buckling analysis 118

5.11 Numerical Analyses of the Capacity of Single Piles 119

6 Stability Analyses 121

6.1 Introduction 121

6.2 Limit State Equations 121

6.3 Bearing Capacity Analysis 122

6.3.1 Axially loaded piles 122

6.3.2 Laterally loaded piles 123

6.3.3 Structural failure in piles125

6.4 Serviceability Analysies 125

6.4.1 Axially loaded piles 125

6.4.2 Laterally loaded piles 127

6.5 Pile Groups and Grillages 127

6.6 Piled Raft Foundations 127

7 Grillage Analysis 129

7.1 Analysis Models and Procedures 129

7.2 Non-linear Pile Bearing Behaviour in Grillage Analysis 130

8 Analysis and Verification of Pile Groups 131

8.1 Actions and Effects 131

8.1.1 Compression pile groups 131

8.1.2 Tension pile groups 131

8.1.3 Laterally loaded pile groups 133

8.2 Bearing Capacity and Resistances of Pile Groups 133

8.2.1 Compression pile groups 133

8.2.1.1 Introduction 133

8.2.1.2 Group effect in terms of the settlements of bored pile groups 134

8.2.1.3 Resistances in (bored) group piles 141

8.2.1.4 Displacement pile groups 146

8.2.1.5 Micropile groups 147

8.2.1.6 Layered ground 147

8.2.2 Tension pile groups 148

8.2.3 Laterally loaded groups 148

8.3 Bearing Capacity Analyses 152

8.3.1 Compression pile groups 152

8.3.1.1 External capacity 152

8.3.1.2 Structural analyses of the pile capping slab 153

8.3.2 Tension pile groups 154

8.3.2.1 Introduction 154

8.3.2.2 Analysis of the attached soil block in the UPL limit state 154

8.3.2.3 Analysis of the capacity of a single tension pile in the GEO-2 limit state 155

8.3.3 Structural failure of group piles and pile cap structures 155

8.4 Serviceability Analyses 156

8.4.1 Compression pile groups 156

8.4.2 Tension pile groups 157

8.4.3 Laterally loaded pile groups 157

8.5 Higher Accuracy Pile Group Analyses 157

9 Static Pile Load Tests 159

9.1 Introduction 159

9.2 Static Axial Pile Load Tests 159

9.2.1 Installation of test piles 159

9.2.2 Test planning 160

9.2.2.1 General notes 160

9.2.2.2 Number of test piles 161

9.2.2.3 Test load 162

9.2.2.4 Principles for the instrumentation 164

9.2.2.5 Special load situations 164

9.2.3 Loading systems 165

9.2.3.1 Introduction 165

9.2.3.2 Reaction systems 165

9.2.3.3 Hydraulic jacks 167

9.2.3.4 Embedded hydraulic jacks 168

9.2.3.5 Pile head 169

9.2.4 Instrumentation and monitoring 170

9.2.4.1 Displacement measurements 170

9.2.4.2 Load measurement at the pile head 171

9.2.4.3 Pile base resistance 171

9.2.4.3 Pile shaft resistance 172

9.2.4.5 Special instrumentation for tests with embedded hydraulic jacks 174

9.2.4.6 Pile cross-sectional area and deformation properties 174

9.2.4.7 Protection of monitoring instruments 174

9.2.5 Testing procedure 175

9.2.5.1 Load steps and loading rates 175

9.2.5.2 Monitoring intervals 177

9.2.5.3 Records 178

9.2.6 Evaluation 178

9.2.7 Documentation and reports 181

9.2.7.1 Introduction 181

9.2.7.2 Test report 181

9.2.7.3 Interpretative report 182

9.3 Static Lateral Load Test 182

9.3.1 Introduction 182

9.3.2 Installation of test piles 183

9.3.3 Test planning 183

9.3.3.1 General notes 183

9.3.3.2 Number of test piles 184

9.3.3.3 Test load 185

9.3.3.4 Ground investigations 185

9.3.3.5 Principles for the instrumentation 185

9.3.3.6 Load situations 185

9.3.4 Loading systems 186

9.3.5 Instrumentation and monitoring 187

9.3.5.1 Deflection measurement at the pile head 187

9.3.5.2 Monitoring of the deflection curve 189

9.3.5.3 Load measurement at the pile head 189

9.3.5.4 Protection of monitoring instruments 189

9.3.6 Testing procedure 189

9.3.6.1 Load steps and loading rates 189

9.3.6.2 Monitoring intervals 191

9.3.6.3 Records 191

9.3.7 Evaluation 192

9.3.8 Documentation and reports 192

9.3.8.1 Introduction 192

9.3.8.2 Test report 192

9.3.8.2 Interpretative report 194

9.4 Static Axial Load Tests on Micropiles (Composite Piles) 194

9.4.1 Installation of test piles 194

9.4.2 Test planning 195

9.4.2.1 General notes 195

9.4.2.2 Number of test piles 196

9.4.2.3 Test load 196

9.4.2.4 Principles for the instrumentation 197

9.4.2.5 Special loading situations 197

9.4.3 Loading systems 198

9.4.3.1 Reaction systems 198

9.4.3.2 Hydraulic jacks 199

9.4.3.3 Pile head 199

9.4.4 Instrumentation and monitoring 200

9.4.4.1 Displacement measurement 200

9.4.4.2 Load measurement at the pile head 200

9.4.4.3 Pile shaft resistance 200

9.4.4.4 Protection of monitoring instruments 201

9.4.5 Testing procedure 201

9.4.5.1 Introduction 201

9.4.5.2 Load steps and loading rates for System A 201

9.4.5.3 Load steps for System B 203

9.4.5.4 Monitoring intervals 204

9.4.5.5 Records 204

9.4.6 Evaluation 205

9.4.7 Documentation and reports 207

9.4.7.1 Introduction 207

9.4.7.2 Test report 207

9.4.7.3 Interpretative report 208

10 Dynamic pile load tests 209

10.1 Introduction 209

10.2 Range of Application and General Conditions 209

10.3 Theoretical Principles 210

10.4 Description of Testing Methods, Test Planning and Execution 213

10.4.1 Evaluation methods and type of load testing 213

10.4.2 Number of load tests 214

10.4.3 Ground investigations and pile installation documentation 214

10.4.4 Time of testing and internal capacity 214

10.4.5 Dynamic load testing using the high-strain method 215

10.4.5.1 Brief description 215

10.4.5.2 Loading system 215

10.4.5.3 Instrumentation 217

10.4.5.4 Performing the test 219

10.4.6 Dynamic load testing using the rapid load method 221

10.4.6.1 Brief description 221

10.4.6.2 Testing types and timing 221

10.4.6.3 Loading system 222

10.4.6.4 Instrumentation 223

10.4.6.5 Testing procedure 224

10.5 Evaluation and Interpretation of Dynamic Load Tests 225

10.5.1 Introduction 225

10.5.2 Direct methods using empirical damping values 225

10.5.2.1 Fundamentals 225

10.5.2.2 CASE method 226

10.5.2.3 TNO method 227

10.5.3 Direct method for evaluating a rapid load test using the unloading point method 228

10.5.4 Extended method with complete modelling 229

10.6 Calibrating Dynamic Pile Load Tests 231

10.7 Qualifications of Testing Institutes and Personnel 234

10.8 Documentation and Reporting 234

10.9 Testing Driving Rig Suitability 236

11 Quality Assurance during Pile Execution 239

11.1 Introduction 239

11.2 Bored Piles 239

11.2.1 Principles 239

11.2.2 Support to boreholes 240

11.2.2.1 Cased boreholes 240

11.2.2.2 Excavations supported by fluids 241

11.2.2.3 Soil-supported boring with continuous flight augers 242

11.2.3 Excavation 242

11.2.3.1 Introduction 242

11.2.3.2 Boring below the groundwater table 242

11.2.3.3 Drilling tool diameter and speed of operation 243

11.2.3.4 Cleaning the base of the borehole 244

11.2.3.5 Enlarged bases 245

11.2.4 Installation of reinforcement 245

11.2.5 Concreting 247

11.2.5.1 Concrete mix 247

11.2.5.2 Concreting procedure 248

11.2.6 Bored piles constructed with continuous flight augers 250

11.2.6.1 Introduction 250

11.2.6.2 Soil-supported auger boring 250

11.2.6.3 Cased flight auger boring 251

11.2.6.4 Concreting and installation of reinforcement 251

11.2.7 Shaft and base grouting 252

11.3 Displacement Piles 253

11.3.1 Prefabricated concrete piles – Guidance for transport, storage and installation 253

11.3.2 Cast in place concrete displacement piles 254

11.3.2.1 Water/soil ingress into the drive tube 254

11.3.2.2 Concreting 254

11.3.3 Displacement effect in cohesive soils 254

11.4 Grouted Micropiles (Composite Piles) 255

11.4.1 Introduction 255

11.4.2 Grouted monobar piles 255

11.4.3 Tubular grouted piles 256

11.4.4 Testing grouted micropiles 257

12 Pile Integrity Testing 259

12.1 Purpose and Procedures 259

12.2 Low Strain Integrity Tests 260

12.2.1 Low strain integrity test principles 260

12.2.2 Scope, number of tested piles and limitations 261

12.2.3 Pile preparation 262

12.2.4 Testing procedure 262

12.2.5 Measurement and instrumentation 263

12.2.6 Evaluation of measurements 263

12.2.7 Impedance and wave velocity 266

12.2.8 Assessment classes 268

12.2.9 Documentation and reporting 269

12.3 Ultrasonic Integrity Testing 270

12.3.1 Objective and scope 270

12.3.2 Ultrasonic integrity testing principles 270

12.3.3 Measurement 272

12.3.4 Test preparation and testing procedure 274

12.3.4.1 Test piles 274

12.3.4.2 Testing procedure 275

12.3.5 Evaluation 275

12.3.5.1 Qualitative signal evaluation 275

12.3.5.2 Quantitative signal analysis 277

12.3.5.3 Pile evaluation 278

12.3.6 Documentation and report 278

12.3.7 Special situations: testing secant pile walls and diaphragm walls 279

12.4 Testing Piles by Core Drilling 279

12.4.1 Introduction 279

12.4.2 Coring 280

12.4.3 Analysis 280

12.4.3.1 Introduction 280

12.4.3.2 Visual evaluation 281

12.4.4 Concrete strength and durability 281

12.4.5 Downhole tests 282

12.5 Other Specific Testing Methods 282

12.5.1 Introduction 282

12.5.2 Radiometric pile tests 282

12.5.3 Multi-channel low strain testing 282

12.5.4 Parallel seismic method 283

12.5.5 Induction and mise-a-la-masse methods 284

12.5.6 Other borehole-based methods 284

13 Bearing Capacity and Analyses of Piles under Cyclic, Dynamic and Impact Actions 285

13.1 Introduction 285

13.2 Cyclic, Dynamic and Impact Actions 286

13.2.1 Action and loading types 286

13.2.2 Actions from cyclic loads 287

13.2.3 Actions from dynamic loads 290

13.2.4 Actions from impact loads 291

13.3 Supplementary Geotechnical Investigations 292

13.4 Bearing Behaviour and Resistances under Cyclic Loads 294

13.4.1 Introduction 294

13.4.2 Axial loads 294

13.4.3 Lateral loads 297

13.5 Bearing Behaviour and Resistances under Dynamic Loads 299

13.6 Bearing Behaviour and Resistances under Impact Loads 300

13.6.1 Introduction 300

13.6.2 Axial loads 300

13.6.3 Lateral loads 300

13.7 Stability Analyses of Cyclic, Axially Loaded Piles 301

13.7.1 Analysis of the bearing capacity of an isolated pile 301

13.7.2 Analysis of the serviceability of a single pile 304

13.8 Stability Analyses of Cyclical, Laterally Loaded Piles 304

13.8.1 Analysis of the bearing capacity of a single pile 304

13.8.2 Analysis of the serviceability of a single pile 305

13.9 Stability Analyses of Dynamic or Impact-loaded Piles 306

Annex A Terms, Partial Safety Factors and Principles for Analysis 307

A1 Definitions and notations 307

A2 Partial safety factors γF and γE for actions and effects from EC 7-1 Handbook [44], Table A 2.1 312

A3 Partial Safety Factors for Geotechnical Parameters and Resistances from EC 7-1 Handbook [44], Tables A 2.2 and A 2.3 314

A3.1 Partial safety factors γM for geotechnical parameters 314

A3.2 Partial safety factors γR for resistances 315

A4 Correlation Factors ξi for Determining the Characteristic Pile Resistances for the Ultimate Limit State Acquired from Tested or Measured Data of Static and Dynamic Pile Tests acc to the EC 7-1 Handbook 316

A4.1 Correlation factors from static pile tests 316

A4.1 Correlation factors from dynamic pile tests 317

A5 Procedure for Determining the Resistance of Piles Against Buckling Failure in Soil Strata with Low Lateral Support (informative) 320

A5.1 Guidance notes 320

A5.2 Ground support 320

A5.3 Static system and equilibrium conditions using second-order theory (inclusion of lateral deflections) 322

A5.4 Requirements for the application of the analysis method 324

A5.5 Determining the characteristic resistance against pile buckling 325

A6 Bonding Stress in Grouted Displacement Piles (informative) 328

A6.1 Guidance notes 328

A6.2 Characteristic and design values of bonding stresses 328

Annex B Example Calculations for Pile Resistance Analysis and Verifications 331

B1 Determining the Axial Pile Resistances from Static Pile Load Tests, and Ultimate and Serviceability Limit State Analyses 331

B1.1 Objectives 331

B1.2 Deriving the characteristic pile resistances in the ultimate and serviceability limit states 332

B1.3 Bearing capacity analysis 334

B1.4 Serviceability analysis 334

B2 Characteristic Axial Pile Resistances from Dynamic Load Tests 336

B2.1 Objective 336

B2.2 Characteristic pile resistances 336

B3 Determining the Characteristic Axial Pile Resistances from Empirical Data for a Bored Pile 338

B3.1 Objective 338

B3.2 Analysis for lower and upper table values 338

B3.2.1 Determining the pile shaft resistance Rs,k 339

B3.2.2 Determining the pile base resistance Rb,k 339

B3.2.3 Characteristic resistance-settlement curve 340

B4 Determining the Characteristic Axial Pile Resistances from Empirical Data for a Prefabricated Driven Pile 341

B4.1 Objective 341

B4.2 Characteristic axial pile resistance from empirical data for lower and upper table values 341

B4.2.1 Determining the pile shaft resistance Rs,k 342

B4.2.2 Determining the pile base resistance Rb,k 342

B4.2.3 Characteristic resistance-settlement curve 343

B5 Determining the Characteristic Axial Pile Resistances from Empirical Data for a Fundex Pile 345

B5.1 Objective 345

B5.2 Characteristic axial pile resistance from empirical lower and upper table values 345

B5.2.1 Determining the pile shaft resistance Rs,k 345

B5.2.2 Determining the pile base resistance Rb,k 346

B5.2.3 Characteristic resistance-settlement curve 346

B6 Principle of the Evaluation of a Static Pile Load Test Using a Prefabricated Driven Pile shown on an Example and Comparison with Empirical Data after 5.4.4.2 348

B6.1 Objective 348

B6.2 Characteristic axial pile resistance from empirical lower and upper table values 349

B6.2.1 Determining the pile shaft resistance Rs,k 349

B6.2.2 Determining the pile base resistance Rb,k 350

B6.2.3 Characteristic resistance-settlement curve for empirical data compared to tested or measured values 350

B6.3 Characteristic axial pile resistance from static load tests 351

B6.4 Design values of pile resistances in the ultimate limit state 352

B7 Preliminary Design and Analysis of the Ultimate Limit State of Franki Piles Based on Empirical Data and Comparison to a Pile Load Test Result 354

B7.1 Objective 354

B7.2 Determining the base volume from empirical data 355

B7.2.1 Determining the pile shaft resistance Rs,k 355

B7.2.2 Determining the pile base volume of a Franki pile 356

B7.3 Analysis of the ultimate limit state (ULS, GEO-2) by means of the driving energy expended during pile installation 356

B7.3.1 Characteristic pile resistance Rc,k after applying the lower empirical values 356

B7.3.2 Characteristic pile resistance Rc,k after applying the upper empirical values 357

B7.3.3 Ultimate limit state analysis 358

B7.4 Comparison of the axial pile resistance based on empirical data with static load tests 358

B7.4.1 Characteristic axial pile resistance from empirical data 358

B7.4.2 Comparing to the static load test 359

B8 Negative Skin Friction for a Displacement Pile as a Result of Fill 360

B8.1 Objective 360

B8.2 Determining the characteristic resistance-settlement curve 361

B8.3 Determining the characteristic actions Fn,k from negative skin friction 362

B8.4 Bearing capacity analysis 364

B8.5 Serviceability analysis 364

B8.6 Analysis of internal capacity (structural failure) 365

B9 Determining the Effect on a Laterally Loaded Pile (Perpendicular to the Pile Axis) and Analysis of Structural Failure 366

B9.1 Objective 366

B9.2 Determining the characteristic action effects and stresses 367

B9.3 Design values of the action effects 370

B9.4 Minimum strength class of concrete and concrete cover 371

B9.5 Design values of materials 372

B9.6 Ultimate limit state design 372

B9.6.1 Design for bending and normal force 372

B9.6.2 Design for shear force to DIN 1045-1 373

B9.6.3 Design for shear force after [5] 377

B9.6.4 Minimum reinforcement for shear force to DIN 1045-1 378

B10 Laterally Loaded Piles 380

B10.1 Objective and systems 380

B10.2 Determining the characteristic actions and effects 381

B11 Pillar Foundation on 9 Piles – Ultimate and Serviceability Limit State Analyses Taking the Group Effect into Consideration 383

B11.1 Objective and system 383

B12 Tension Pile Group Analyses in the Ultimate Limit State 389

B12.1 Objective 389

B12.2 Isolated pile analysis 389

B12.3 Analysis of the pile group effect (attached soil monolith) 390

B13 Laterally Loaded Pile Groups: Determining the Distribution of Horizontal Subgrade Moduli 392

Annex C Examples of Dynamic Pile Load Testing and Integrity Testing 395

C 1 Dynamic Pile Load Test Evaluation: Example using the Direct Method 395

C 1.1 Objectives and test data 395

C 1.2 Case method 396

C1.3 TNO method 396

C2 Dynamic Pile Load Test Evaluation Example Using the Extended Method with Complete Modelling 397

C2.1 Objectives and test data 397

C3 Rapid Load Tests Evaluation Example Using the Unloading Point Method 401

C4 Low Strain Integrity Test Case Studies 404

C4.1 Example: pile in accordance with specification – Class A1 404

C4.2 Example: pile in accordance with specification – Class A2 404

C4.3 Example: pile with minor deviations – Class A3 405

C4.4 Example: pile with substantial impedance reduction – Class B 406

C4.5 Example: measurement can not be-evaluated – Class 0 407

C5 Integrity Tests during Driving and/or High Strain Integrity Tests 408

C5.1 Introduction 408

C5.2 Example: pile in accordance with the specification 409

C5.3 Example: defective pile 409

C5.4 Example: coupled pile 410

C6 Example: Ultrasonic Integrity Testing 411

Annex D Analysis Methods and Examples for Cyclically Loaded Piles (Informative) 417

D1 Guidance notes 417

D2 Piles Subjected to Cyclic Axial Loads 418

D2.1 Analysis methods 418

D2.1.1 Pile resistance in the ultimate limit state based on interaction diagrams 418

D2.1.2 Displacement accumulation using an empirical approach 420

D2.1.3 Approximation methods for calculating pile bearing behaviour under cyclic loads after [66] 420

D2.1.4 Approximation method for analysing pile bearing behaviour under cyclic loads after [142] 423

D2.2 Calculation examples 428

D2.2.1 Ultimate limit state analysis based on interaction diagrams after D2.1.1 428

D2.2.2 Serviceability limit state analysis with an empirical displacement approach after D2.1.2 429

D2.2.3 Calculation example for the ultimate and the serviceability limit states using the method after D.2.1.3 430

D2.2.4 Calculation example for the ultimate and the serviceability limit states using the method after D.2.1.4 435

D3 Piles Subjected to Cyclic Lateral Loads 440

D3.1 Calculation methods 440

D3.1.1 Empirical method for estimating the accumulated deflections 440

D3.1.2 Calculation approaches for estimating deflection accumulation taking to consideration non-linear soil behaviour 441

D3.1.3 Calculation approach with subgrade reaction reduction using the p-y method 441

D3.2 Examples 443

D3.2.1 Estimating deflection accumulation after D3.1.1 443

D3.2.2 Estimating deflection accumulation after D3.1.2 445

D3.2.3 Subgrade degradation adopting the p-y method after D3.1.3 450

D4 Procedure for determining an equivalent single-stage load spectrum 454

D4.1 Calculation method 454

D4.1.1 Method for determining an equivalent load cycle number for piles subjected to cyclic axial loads 454

D4.1.2 Method for determining an equivalent load cycle number for piles subjected to cyclic lateral loads 454

D4.2 Calculation examples 456

D4.2.1 Determining an equivalent load cycle number for piles subjected to cyclic axial loads after D4.1 456

D4.2.2 Determining an equivalent load cycle number for piles subjected to cyclic lateral loads after D4.1 457

Literatur 459

List of Advertisers 469

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