Residential Construction Academy HVAC

by Silberstein, Eugene

• ISBN13: 9781401849016
• ISBN10: 1401849016
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-08-12
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

Create a direct link between your education/training program and the residential construction industry! Training materials are now available for many of the residential crafts based on skill standards developed by the nation's leading builders and educators. The result of a strategic partnership between the National Association of Home Builder's Home Builders Institute and Delmar, the Residential Construction Academy Series is the perfect way to teach essential workplace skills to people new to the building trades. Delmar is a part of Cengage Learning. Based on national skill standards, this full-color, comprehensive HVAC book is intended for aspiring technicians and covers the installation, startup, and service of residential air conditioning and heating systems. The first section explores matter, energy, heat, and the basic refrigeration processes, with a view towards building a working knowledge of the behavior of heat and how it is transferred. Detailed information on safety issues and the system installation process follows, with step-by-step procedures that clearly illustrate the key skills needed to properly install a system. The startup and service section shows readers the steps that must be followed to make certain that airflow through the system is correct and that the amount of refrigerant in the system is within an acceptable range. Coverage concludes with the installation and service of oil, gas, electric, and geothermal heating systems, as well as boilers, hydronic heating, and radiant heating.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxi
SECTION 1 Introduction	1	(50)
Matter, Energy, and Heat Basics	3	(18)
Glossary of Terms	4	(1)
Matter	5	(3)
Solids	5	(1)
Liquids	5	(1)
Gases	6	(2)
Energy	8	(1)
First Law of Thermodynamics	8	(1)
Second Law of Thermodynamics	8	(1)
Work	8	(1)
Power	9	(1)
Heat	9	(6)
Heat and Power Relationship	10	(1)
Temperature and Temperature Scales	10	(1)
Heat Transfer	11	(2)
Sensible Heat	13	(1)
Latent Heat	14	(1)
Pressure	15	(3)
Atmospheric Pressure	15	(1)
Vacuum Pressures	16	(1)
Vacuum Pressure Calculations and Conversions	17	(1)
Summary	18	(1)
Review Questions	19	(2)
The Refrigeration Process	21	(30)
Glossary of Terms	22	(1)
The Refrigeration Process	23	(19)
Pressure/Temperature Relationship	25	(1)
Evaporators	25	(1)
Compressors	26	(4)
Condensers	30	(2)
Metering Devices	32	(10)
Refrigerants in the Residential System	42	(1)
R-22	42	(1)
R-410a	42	(1)
The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle---Putting It Together	43	(4)
Outside Air Conditions	43	(1)
From the Compressor	43	(1)
In the Condenser	43	(2)
Through the Metering Device	45	(1)
Indoor Air Conditions	45	(1)
Absorbing Heat in the Evaporator	45	(1)
On to the Compressor	46	(1)
In the Compressor	46	(1)
Summary	47	(2)
Review Questions	49	(2)
SECTION 2 Installation	51	(88)
Safety	53	(20)
Glossary of Terms	54	(1)
Personal Safety	55	(3)
Personal Behavior	55	(1)
Clothing	55	(1)
Jewelry	55	(1)
Safety Glasses	55	(1)
Work Boots	56	(1)
Ear Plugs	56	(1)
Gloves	56	(1)
Lifting Objects and Back Support Belts	57	(1)
Electrical Safety	58	(4)
Electric Shock	58	(1)
Ground Wires	59	(1)
Extension Cords and Ground Prongs	60	(1)
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters	61	(1)
Fire Safety	62	(2)
Class A Fire Extinguishers	62	(1)
Class B Fire Extinguishers	62	(1)
Class C Fire Extinguishers	62	(1)
Class D Fire Extinguishers	63	(1)
Multiple Purpose Fire Extinguishers	63	(1)
Fire Extinguisher Use	63	(1)
Fire Extinguisher Maintenance	63	(1)
Tool, Equipment, and Material Safety	64	(4)
Wrenches	64	(1)
Screwdrivers	65	(1)
Ladders	65	(1)
Soldering and Brazing Equipment	66	(1)
Pressurized Gas Tanks and Cylinders	67	(1)
Chemical and Material Safety	67	(1)
First Aid	68	(1)
Frostbite	68	(1)
Bleeding	69	(1)
Asphyxiation	69	(1)
Chemical Burns	69	(1)
Electric Shock	69	(1)
Agencies	69	(1)
Occupational Safety and Health Administration	69	(1)
National Fire Protection Agency	69	(1)
American National Standards Institute	70	(1)
Summary	70	(1)
Review Questions	71	(2)
Unit Location and the Air-Distribution System	73	(28)
Glossary of Terms	74	(1)
Condensing Unit Location	75	(1)
Sound Transmission	75	(1)
Wind Factors	75	(1)
Location of Electrical Power	75	(1)
Airflow Restrictions	75	(1)
Proximity to the Indoor Unit	75	(1)
Ground Slope	76	(1)
Indoor Unit Location	76	(5)
Types of Air-Distribution Systems	76	(1)
Location of the Electrical Power Supply	77	(1)
Length of the Refrigerant Lines	77	(1)
Serviceability	77	(1)
Indoor Unit Configuration	78	(1)
Ease of Condensate Removal	79	(1)
Noise Level	80	(1)
Return Air	80	(1)
Location of the Space to Be Conditioned	80	(1)
Air-Distribution System	81	(9)
Duct System Configurations	82	(3)
Duct System Materials	85	(4)
Combination Duct Systems	89	(1)
Insulating and Wrapping Duct Systems	89	(1)
Sealing Duct Systems	90	(1)
Summary	90	(1)
Procedures	91	(8)
Installing Galvanized Metal Duct Systems	91	(3)
Installing Flexible Duct Systems	94	(2)
Installing Fiberglass Duct Systems	96	(2)
Installing Round Sheet Metal Duct Systems	98	(1)
Review Questions	99	(2)
System Connections	101	(38)
Glossary of Terms	102	(1)
Piping Materials	103	(8)
Fittings	103	(1)
Copper Piping	104	(6)
Plastic Piping	110	(1)
Installing, Supporting, and Insulating Refrigerant Lines	111	(1)
Length of the Piping Run	112	(1)
Choices of Pipe Fittings	112	(1)
Solder and Solder Joints	112	(1)
Refrigerant Traps	112	(1)
Installing, Supporting, and Insulating Condensate Drain Lines	112	(4)
Drain Line Size	113	(1)
Drain Line Material	113	(1)
Pitching the Line	113	(1)
Traps	113	(1)
Drain Line Termination	114	(1)
Auxiliary Drain Pans	115	(1)
Safety Float Switches	115	(1)
System Wiring	116	(5)
Line Voltage Power Circuit Wiring	116	(3)
Low Voltage Control Wiring	119	(2)
Leak-Checking the System	121	(4)
Pressurizing the System	122	(2)
Marking the Gauge	124	(1)
Summary	125	(2)
Procedures	127	(10)
Using the Tubing Cutter	127	(1)
Swaging Soft-Drawn Copper Tubing	128	(1)
Flaring Soft-Drawn Copper Tubing	129	(1)
Soldering	130	(4)
Brazing	134	(2)
Joining Plastic Pipe	136	(1)
Review Questions	137	(2)
SECTION 3 Startup and Service	139	(216)
System Evacuation, Startup, and Charging	141	(31)
Glossary of Terms	142	(1)
System Evacuation	143	(3)
The Vacuum Pump	145	(1)
Vacuum Pump Oil	145	(1)
Acceptable Levels of Vacuum	146	(1)
System Holding Charge	146	(1)
Pre-Startup Checklist	146	(1)
Condensing Unity	146	(1)
Air Handler	147	(1)
Duct System	147	(1)
General	147	(1)
System Startup	147	(3)
Airflow Through the Condensing Unit	147	(1)
Airflow Through the Air Handler	147	(1)
System Pressures	148	(1)
Temperature Differential across the Evaporator Coil	149	(1)
Evaporator Superheat	149	(1)
Condenser Subcooling	150	(1)
System Charging	150	(4)
System Overcharge	150	(1)
Removing Excess Refrigerant from the System	150	(1)
System Undercharge	151	(1)
Adding Refrigerant to the System	152	(1)
Charging the System Using Manufacturers Charging Tables and Charts	152	(2)
Summary	154	(1)
Procedures	155	(15)
Draining and Replacing Vacuum Pump Oil	155	(2)
Calibrating the Gauge Manifold	157	(1)
Evacuating an Air Conditioning System	158	(3)
Measuring the Superheat in an Air Conditioning System	161	(2)
Measuring the Subcooling in an Air Conditioning System	163	(2)
Measuring the Temperature Differential Across the Evaporator Coil	165	(1)
Removing Refrigerant from an Operating Air Conditioning System	166	(2)
Adding Refrigerant to an Air Conditioning System	168	(2)
Review Questions	170	(2)
Mechanical Troubleshooting	172	(23)
Glossary of Terms	173	(1)
Evaporator and Condenser Fan Motor Problems	174	(4)
Improper Airflow	174	(1)
Improper Motor Lubrication	175	(1)
Improper Pulley Alignment	176	(1)
Improper Belt Tension	177	(1)
Refrigerant Charge Related Problems	178	(5)
System Pressure Readings	178	(1)
Complete Loss of Refrigerant Charge	178	(1)
Non-Condensable Gas	179	(4)
Evaluating the Metering Device	183	(2)
Evaluating the Capillary Tube	183	(1)
Evaluating the Automatic Expansion Valve	183	(1)
Evaluating the Thermostatic Expansion Valve	184	(1)
Troubleshooting Steps	185	(2)
Verify the Complaint	185	(1)
Gather Information	185	(1)
Perform a Visual Inspection	186	(1)
Isolate the Problem	186	(1)
Correct the Problem	187	(1)
Test the System Operation	187	(1)
Complete the Service Call	187	(1)
Service Call 1: System Overcharge	187	(2)
Customer Complaint	187	(1)
Technician Evaluation	187	(2)
Service Call Discussion	189	(1)
Service Call 2: System Undercharge	189	(2)
Customer Complaint	189	(1)
Service Technician Evaluation	189	(2)
Service Call Discussion	191	(1)
Service Call 3: Dirty Air Filter	191	(1)
Customer Complaint	191	(1)
Technician Evaluation	191	(1)
Service Call Discussion	192	(1)
Summary	192	(1)
Review Questions	193	(2)
Refrigerant Management	195	(22)
Glossary of Terms	196	(1)
Refrigerant Types	197	(1)
Hydrocarbon Refrigerants	197	(1)
Hydrochlorofluorocarbon Refrigerants	197	(1)
Chlorofluorocarbon Refrigerants	197	(1)
Hydrofluorocarbon Refrigerants	198	(1)
Blended Refrigerants	198	(1)
Ozone, Ozone Depletion, and Global Warming	198	(2)
Tropospheric and Stratospheric Ozone	198	(1)
How Is Ozone Destroyed?	199	(1)
Global Warming	199	(1)
Ozone Depletion Potential and Global Warming Potential	200	(1)
Refrigerant Oils	200	(1)
Alkylbenzene Oils	200	(1)
Glycols	200	(1)
Esters	200	(1)
Refrigerant Handling and Transporting	201	(2)
Refrigerant Cylinders	201	(2)
Refrigerant Handling	203	(1)
Regulations	203	(1)
EPA Type 608 Certification	204	(1)
Section 608 Type I Certification	204	(1)
Section 608 Type II Certification	204	(1)
Section 608 Type III Certification	204	(1)
Section 608 Universal Certification	204	(1)
Refrigerant Recovery	204	(5)
Passive Recovery	204	(1)
Active Recovery	205	(4)
Refrigerant Recycling	209	(1)
Refrigerant Reclaiming	209	(1)
Summary	209	(1)
Procedures	210	(5)
Recovering Refrigerant from a System with an Operative Compressor	210	(3)
Recovering Refrigerant from a System with a Self-Contained Recovery Unit	213	(2)
Review Questions	215	(2)
Basic Electricity	217	(34)
Glossary of Terms	218	(1)
Electrical Theory	219	(7)
Atomic Theory	219	(1)
Electron Orbits	220	(1)
Law of Charges	220	(1)
Conductors	220	(1)
Insulators	221	(1)
Magnetism	221	(1)
Electrical Quantities	222	(4)
Direct Current	226	(1)
Alternating Current	227	(1)
Measuring Instruments	228	(4)
Voltmeters	228	(1)
Ammeters	229	(1)
Ohmmeters	230	(1)
Analog Meters	231	(1)
Digital Meters	231	(1)
Multimeters	232	(1)
Electric Circuits	232	(7)
Series Circuits	232	(2)
Parallel Circuits	234	(5)
Wiring Diagrams	239	(2)
Schematic Wiring Diagrams	239	(1)
Ladder Diagrams	240	(1)
Wire Size	241	(1)
Circuit Protection	241	(4)
Fuses	242	(1)
Circuit Breakers	243	(1)
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters	244	(1)
Electric Service	245	(3)
120/240-Volt, Single-Phase Service	245	(1)
Three-Phase Service	246	(2)
Summary	248	(1)
Review Questions	249	(2)
Electric Motors and Starting Components	251	(25)
Glossary of Terms	252	(1)
Motor Uses	253	(1)
Motor Power and Starting Torque	253	(1)
Motor Types	253	(1)
Single-Phase Motors	254	(7)
Shaded-Pole Motors	254	(1)
Split-Phase Motors	255	(4)
Capacitor-Start-Induction Run Motors	259	(1)
Permanent-Split-Capacitor Motors	259	(2)
Capacitor-Start-Capacitor-Run Motors	261	(1)
Three-Phase Motors	261	(6)
Motor Starters	262	(1)
Stator Windings: Wye Configuration	263	(1)
Stator Windings: Delta Configuration	264	(1)
Three-Phase Motor Starting	265	(2)
Summary	267	(7)
Procedures	269	(1)
Identifying the Common, Start, and Run Terminals on a Split-Phase Motor	269	(2)
Checking the Coil and Contacts on a CMR	271	(2)
Checking the Coil and Contacts on a PMR	273	(1)
Review Questions	274	(2)
Automatic Controls and Devices	276	(31)
Glossary of Terms	277	(1)
Overloads	278	(1)
Overloads on Three-Phase Motors	279	(1)
Limit Switches	280	(1)
Fan Switches	280	(1)
Fan-Limit Switches	280	(1)
Thermostats	281	(8)
Line-Voltage Thermostats	283	(1)
Low-Voltage Thermostats	284	(5)
Magnetically Operated Devices	289	(3)
Solenoids	289	(1)
Control Transformers	290	(1)
Variable-Speed Motor Control	291	(1)
Electromagnetic Devices	292	(7)
Relays	292	(3)
Contactors	295	(1)
Motor Starters	296	(1)
Defrost Timers	297	(1)
Flow Switches	298	(1)
Float Switches	298	(1)
Pressure Switches and Controls	299	(2)
High-Pressure Controls	299	(1)
Low-Pressure Controls	300	(1)
Dual-Pressure Controls	300	(1)
Electronic Controls	301	(2)
Residential Air Conditioning Applications	301	(1)
Electronic Thermostats	302	(1)
Solid-State Relays	302	(1)
Solid-State Starting Relays	302	(1)
Solid-State Timers	303	(1)
Summary	303	(2)
Review Questions	305	(2)
Electrical Troubleshooting	307	(31)
Glossary of Terms	308	(1)
Control-Circuit Problems	309	(6)
Holding Coils	309	(1)
Thermostats	310	(2)
Transformers	312	(1)
Control Fuses	313	(1)
Pressure Controls and Safety Devices	313	(2)
Power-Circuit Problems	315	(6)
Contactor and Relay Contacts	315	(2)
Circuit Breakers and Fuses	317	(1)
Fan Motors and Compressor Motors	318	(1)
Capacitors	319	(2)
Service Call 1: Blown Line Voltage Fuse	321	(5)
Customer Complaint	321	(1)
Service Technician Evaluation	321	(3)
Service Call Discussion	324	(2)
Service Call 2: Defective Transformer	326	(3)
Customer Complaint	326	(1)
Service Technician Evaluation	326	(2)
Service Call Discussion	328	(1)
Service Call 3: Defective Contactor Holding Coil	329	(1)
Customer Complaint	329	(1)
Service Technician Evaluation	329	(1)
Service Call Discussion	330	(1)
Service Call 4: Burned Motor Winding	330	(2)
Customer Complaint	330	(1)
Service Technician Evaluation	330	(2)
Service Call Discussion	332	(1)
Service Call 5: Grounded Compressor	332	(2)
Customer Complaint	332	(1)
Service Technician Evaluation	332	(2)
Service Call Discussion	334	(1)
Summary	334	(2)
Review Questions	336	(2)
Indoor Air Quality	338	(17)
Glossary of Terms	339	(1)
Indoor Air Pollution	340	(1)
Remove the Source of the Contaminant	340	(1)
Provide Adequate Air Cleaning	340	(1)
Provide Adequate Ventilation	340	(1)
Mold	340	(1)
Air Filtration	341	(3)
Foam Filters	341	(1)
Fiberglass Filters	341	(2)
Extended Surface Filters	343	(1)
Steel Filters	344	(1)
High Efficiency Particulate Arrester Filters	344	(1)
Electrostatic Air Filters	344	(1)
Electronic Air Filters	345	(1)
Humidity and Humidification	346	(1)
Humidifiers	346	(3)
Freestanding, Self-Contained Humidifiers	346	(1)
Duct-Mounted Humidifiers	346	(3)
Installing Air Quality Devices	349	(1)
Fresh Air and Ventilation	350	(1)
Heat Recovery Ventilators (HRV)	350	(2)
HRV Components	351	(1)
HRV Operation	351	(1)
Duct Systems for the HRV	351	(1)
HRV Controls	352	(1)
Troubleshooting and Maintaining Air Quality Devices	352	(1)
Summary	352	(1)
Review Questions	353	(2)
SECTION 4 Heating	355	(172)
Electric Heating	357	(19)
Glossary of Terms	358	(1)
Theory of Electric Heat	359	(1)
The Electric Furnace	359	(1)
Electric Furnace Wiring	359	(6)
Interlocks	360	(1)
Thermostats	360	(1)
Multiple-Stage Electric Heating	361	(1)
Electric Heating Safety Devices	361	(1)
Fan Operation	362	(3)
Installation of the Electric Furnace	365	(1)
Electric Duct Heaters	365	(1)
Installing Duct Heaters	365	(1)
Troubleshooting Electric Heating Systems	366	(3)
Airflow Problems	366	(1)
Electrical Problems	367	(2)
Service Call 1: Defective Sequencer	369	(1)
Customer Complaint	369	(1)
Technician Evaluation	369	(1)
Service Call Discussion	370	(1)
Service Call 2: Defective Blower Motor	370	(2)
Customer Complaint	370	(1)
Technician Evaluation	370	(2)
Service Call Discussion	372	(1)
Service Call 3: Blocked Air Filter	372	(1)
Customer Complaint	372	(1)
Technician Evaluation	372	(1)
Service Call Discussion	373	(1)
Summary	373	(1)
Review Questions	374	(2)
Gas Furnaces	376	(36)
Glossary of Terms	377	(1)
Combustion	378	(1)
Combustion Efficiency	378	(1)
Complete Combustion	378	(1)
Incomplete Combustion	378	(1)
Testing Combustion	379	(2)
The Draft Gauge	379	(1)
The Smoke Tester	379	(1)
Carbon Dioxide Tester	380	(1)
Stack Thermometer	381	(1)
Fuels	381	(1)
Natural Gas	381	(1)
Manufactured Gas	382	(1)
Liquefied Petroleum	382	(1)
The Gas Furnace	382	(2)
Furnace Components	384	(14)
Heat Exchangers	384	(1)
Fuel Delivery to the Furnace	384	(1)
The Gas Manifold	385	(2)
Primary and Secondary Air	387	(1)
Fuel Ignition	387	(6)
Venting and Removing Products of Combustion	393	(4)
Fan Motor and Blower	397	(1)
Fan Switches	397	(1)
Limit Switches	397	(1)
Gas Furnace Installation	398	(2)
Installing the Gas Piping	398	(1)
Installing the Vent Piping on Conventional Furnaces	399	(1)
Installing the Vent Piping on Condensing Furnaces	399	(1)
Troubleshooting Gas Heat Problems	400	(1)
Furnace Fails to Operate at All	400	(1)
Inoperative Blower	401	(1)
The Gas Valve	401	(1)
Ignition Problems	401	(1)
Service Call 1: Shorted Gas Valve Coil	401	(3)
Customer Complaint	401	(1)
Technician Evaluation	402	(2)
Service Call Discussion	404	(1)
Service Call 2: Defective Fan Switch	404	(1)
Customer Complaint	404	(1)
Technician Evaluation	404	(1)
Service Call Discussion	405	(1)
Summary	405	(1)
Procedures	406	(4)
Procedure for Setting the Proper Gas Pressure on an LP or Gas-Fired Furnace	406	(1)
Cutting and Reaming Steel Pipe	407	(1)
Manually Threading Steel Pipe	408	(1)
Installing Steel Fittings on Threaded Steel Pipe	409	(1)
Review Questions	410	(2)
Oil Furnaces	412	(28)
Glossary of Terms	413	(1)
The Oil Furnace	414	(1)
Fuel Oil	415	(1)
Combustion	415	(1)
Testing Combustion	416	(1)
Combustion Chambers and Heat Exchangers	417	(1)
Oil Delivery to the Unit	417	(3)
Oil Storage Tanks	417	(2)
Oil Lines	419	(1)
Oil Filters	419	(1)
Oil De-aerators	420	(1)
The Oil Burner	420	(14)
Motor	421	(1)
Fan	421	(1)
Fuel Pump	422	(1)
The Nozzle Assembly	422	(2)
Igniter/Transformer	424	(1)
Primary Controls	424	(4)
Nozzles	428	(3)
Draft and Venting	431	(1)
Power and Direct Venting	432	(1)
Sizing and Installing the Flue Pipe	433	(1)
Troubleshooting the Oil Burner	434	(2)
Air-Distribution System	434	(1)
Fuel and Fuel Tank	434	(1)
Oil Piping	435	(1)
Oil Burner	435	(1)
Combustion	435	(1)
System Controls	435	(1)
Service Call 1: No Heat	436	(1)
Customer Complaint	436	(1)
Technician Evaluation	436	(1)
Service Call Discussion	436	(1)
Service Call 2: No Heat	436	(1)
Customer Complaint	436	(1)
Technician Evaluation	437	(1)
Service Call Discussion	437	(1)
Summary	437	(1)
Review Questions	438	(2)
Hydronic Heat	440	(41)
Glossary of Terms	441	(1)
Theory of Hydronic Heating Systems	442	(17)
The Heat Source	443	(1)
Aquastat	444	(1)
Reset	444	(1)
Low-Water Cutoff	444	(1)
Expansion Tank	445	(3)
Centrifugal Pumps	448	(2)
Air Vents and Air Separators	450	(1)
Press-Reducing Valve (Water-Regulating Valve)	450	(2)
Pressure Relief Valve	452	(1)
Zone Valves	453	(1)
Flow-Control Valve	453	(1)
Balancing Valves	454	(1)
Series Loop System	455	(1)
One-Pipe System	455	(3)
Two-Pipe Direct Return	458	(1)
Two-Pipe Reverse Return	458	(1)
Primary-Secondary Pumping	459	(4)
Primary-Secondary Common Piping	460	(1)
Primary-Secondary Circuit Piping	460	(1)
The Circulator Pumps	460	(3)
Mixing Valves in Primary-Secondary Pumping	463	(1)
Expansion Tanks in Primary-Secondary Systems	463	(1)
Radiant Heating Systems	463	(7)
The Human Body Is a Radiator	463	(1)
Cold 70	463	(1)
What Is Ideal Comfort?	463	(1)
The Radiant System	464	(1)
Radiant Heating Piping	464	(4)
Tubing	468	(1)
Manifold Station	468	(1)
Water Temperature and Direct Piping	468	(2)
Installing and Starting the Hydronic System	470	(2)
Installing the Boiler	470	(1)
Installing the Piping	471	(1)
Wiring the System	471	(1)
Filling the System	471	(1)
Firing the System	471	(1)
Service Call 1: No Heat Upstairs	472	(1)
Customer Complaint	472	(1)
Technician Evaluation	472	(1)
Service Call Discussion	472	(1)
Service Call 2: No Heat Upstairs	472	(1)
Customer Complaint	472	(1)
Technician Evaluation	472	(1)
Service Call Discussion	473	(1)
Summary	473	(1)
Procedures	474	(4)
Procedure for Estimating the Volume of Water in the System (Assuming that type M copper piping is used)	474	(2)
Calculating the Minimum Volume (Vt) for the Expansion Tank	476	(1)
Filling and Purging the System	477	(1)
Review Questions	478	(3)
Heat Pumps	481	(46)
Glossary of Terms	482	(2)
Heat Pump Theory	484	(12)
The Reversing Valve	485	(5)
Check Valves	490	(2)
Check Valves in Capillary Tube Systems	492	(1)
Check Valves in Systems with Thermostatic Expansion Valves	493	(1)
Suction Line Accumulators	494	(1)
Bidirectional Filter Driers	495	(1)
Bidirectional Thermostatic Expansion Valves	496	(1)
Heat Pump System Configurations	496	(7)
Air-to-Air Heat Pumps	497	(2)
Liquid-to-Air Heat Pumps	499	(4)
Defrost Methods	503	(4)
Time-Initiated, Time-Terminated Defrost	504	(1)
Time and Temperature Initiation, Temperature-Termination Defrost	504	(1)
Temperature and Air-Pressure Initiation, Temperature-Termination Defrost	505	(1)
Solid-State Defrost	506	(1)
Geothermal Heat Pump Theory	507	(8)
Geothermal Heat Pump System Configuration	508	(7)
Troubleshooting Geothermal Systems	515	(7)
Water Circuit Problems	516	(5)
Airflow Problems	521	(1)
Service Call 1: Defective Water Pump	522	(1)
Customer Complaint	522	(1)
Technician Evaluation	522	(1)
Service Call Discussion	523	(1)
Service Call 2: Mineral Deposits in the Water Circuit	523	(1)
Customer Complaint	523	(1)
Technician Evaluation	523	(1)
Service Call Discussion	523	(1)
Summary	523	(2)
Review Questions	525	(2)
Glossary	527	(12)
Index	539