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Preface | p. xi |
Introduction | p. 1 |
The General & Cellular Basis of Medical Physiology | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
General Principles | p. 1 |
Functional Morphology of the Cell | p. 8 |
Structure & Function of DNA & RNA | p. 18 |
Transport Across Cell Membranes | p. 28 |
The Capillary Wall | p. 36 |
Intercellular Communication | p. 36 |
Homeostasis | p. 49 |
Aging | p. 49 |
Section I References | p. 49 |
Physiology of Nerve & Muscle Cells | p. 51 |
Excitable Tissue: Nerve | p. 51 |
Introduction | p. 51 |
Nerve Cells | p. 51 |
Excitation & Conduction | p. 54 |
Ionic Basis of Excitation & Conduction | p. 58 |
Properties of Mixed Nerves | p. 60 |
Nerve Fiber Types & Function | p. 60 |
Neurotrophins | p. 62 |
Neuroglia | p. 63 |
Excitable Tissue: Muscle | p. 65 |
Introduction | p. 65 |
Skeletal Muscle | p. 65 |
Cardiac Muscle | p. 78 |
Smooth Muscle | p. 82 |
Synaptic & Junctional Transmission | p. 86 |
Introduction | p. 86 |
Synaptic Transmission | p. 87 |
Neuromuscular Transmission | p. 118 |
Initiation of Impulses in Sense Organs | p. 122 |
Introduction | p. 122 |
Sense Organs & Receptors | p. 122 |
The Senses | p. 122 |
Generation of Impulses in Different Nerves | p. 124 |
"Coding" of Sensory Information | p. 125 |
Section II References | p. 128 |
Functions of the Nervous System | p. 129 |
Reflexes | p. 129 |
Introduction | p. 129 |
Monosynaptic Reflexes: The Stretch Reflex | p. 130 |
Polysynaptic Reflexes: The Withdrawal Reflex | p. 135 |
General Properties of Reflexes | p. 137 |
Cutaneous, Deep, & Visceral Sensation | p. 139 |
Introduction | p. 139 |
Pathways | p. 139 |
Touch | p. 142 |
Proprioception | p. 143 |
Temperature | p. 143 |
Pain | p. 143 |
Other Sensations | p. 148 |
Vision | p. 150 |
Introduction | p. 150 |
Anatomic Considerations | p. 150 |
The Image-Forming Mechanism | p. 155 |
The Photoreceptor Mechanism | p. 159 |
Responses in the Visual Pathways & Cortex | p. 163 |
Color Vision | p. 166 |
Other Aspects of Visual Function | p. 168 |
Eye Movements | p. 171 |
Hearing & Equilibrium | p. 173 |
Introduction | p. 173 |
Anatomic Considerations | p. 173 |
Hair Cells | p. 176 |
Hearing | p. 178 |
Vestibular Function | p. 186 |
Smell & Taste | p. 188 |
Introduction | p. 188 |
Smell | p. 188 |
Taste | p. 191 |
Receptor Organs & Pathways | p. 191 |
Alert Behavior, Sleep, & the Electrical Activity of the Brain | p. 195 |
Introduction | p. 195 |
The Thalamus & the Cerebral Cortex | p. 195 |
The Reticular Formation & the Reticular Activating System | p. 195 |
Evoked Cortical Potentials | p. 196 |
The Electroencephalogram | p. 197 |
Physiologic Basis of the EEG, Consciousness, & Sleep | p. 199 |
Control of Posture & Movement | p. 205 |
Introduction | p. 205 |
General Principles | p. 205 |
Corticospinal & Corticobulbar System | p. 206 |
Cerebellum | p. 220 |
The Autonomic Nervous System | p. 226 |
Introduction | p. 226 |
Anatomic Organization of Autonomic Outflow | p. 226 |
Chemical Transmission at Autonomic Junctions | p. 228 |
Responses of Effector Organs to Autonomic Nerve Impulses | p. 231 |
Central Regulation of Visceral Function | p. 235 |
Introduction | p. 235 |
Medulla Oblongata | p. 235 |
Hypothalamus | p. 236 |
Relation to Cyclic Phenomena | p. 238 |
Hunger | p. 240 |
Thirst | p. 243 |
Control of Posterior Pituitary Secretion | p. 245 |
Control of Anterior Pituitary Secretion | p. 251 |
Temperature Regulation | p. 254 |
Neural Basis of Instinctual Behavior & Emotions | p. 260 |
Introduction | p. 260 |
Anatomic Considerations | p. 260 |
Limbic Functions | p. 260 |
Sexual Behavior | p. 261 |
Other Emotions | p. 263 |
Motivation & Addiction | p. 264 |
Brain Chemistry & Behavior | p. 266 |
"Higher Functions of the Nervous System": Conditioned Reflexes, Learning, & Related Phenomena | p. 270 |
Introduction | p. 270 |
Methods | p. 270 |
Learning & Memory | p. 270 |
Functions of the Neocortex | p. 276 |
Section III References | p. 280 |
Endocrinology, Metabolism, & Reproductive Function | p. 282 |
Energy Balance, Metabolism, & Nutrition | p. 282 |
Introduction | p. 282 |
Energy Metabolism | p. 282 |
Intermediary Metabolism | p. 285 |
Carbohydrate Metabolism | p. 289 |
Protein Metabolism | p. 295 |
Fat Metabolism | p. 302 |
Nutrition | p. 313 |
The Thyroid Gland | p. 320 |
Introduction | p. 320 |
Anatomic Considerations | p. 320 |
Formation & Secretion of Thyroid Hormones | p. 321 |
Transport & Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones | p. 324 |
Effects of Thyroid Hormones | p. 326 |
Regulation of Thyroid Secretion | p. 329 |
Clinical Correlates | p. 331 |
Endocrine Functions of the Pancreas & Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism | p. 336 |
Introduction | p. 336 |
Islet Cell Structure | p. 336 |
Structure, Biosynthesis, & Secretion of Insulin | p. 337 |
Fate of Secreted Insulin | p. 338 |
Effects of Insulin | p. 339 |
Mechanism of Action | p. 341 |
Consequences of Insulin Deficiency | p. 343 |
Insulin Excess | p. 347 |
Regulation of Insulin Secretion | p. 348 |
Glucagon | p. 351 |
Other Islet Cell Hormones | p. 354 |
Effects of Other Hormones & Exercise on Carbohydrate Metabolism | p. 355 |
Hypoglycemia & Diabetes Mellitus in Humans | p. 356 |
The Adrenal Medulla & Adrenal Cortex | p. 359 |
Introduction | p. 359 |
Adrenal Morphology | p. 359 |
Adrenal Medulla | p. 361 |
Adrenal Cortex | p. 364 |
Physiologic Effects of Glucocorticoids | p. 372 |
Pharmacologic & Pathologic Effects of Glucocorticoids | p. 374 |
Regulation of Glucocorticoid Secretion | p. 375 |
Effects of Mineralocorticoids | p. 378 |
Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion | p. 381 |
Role of Mineralocorticoids in the Regulation of Salt Balance | p. 383 |
Summary of the Effects of Adrenocortical Hyper- & Hypofunction in Humans | p. 383 |
Hormonal Control of Calcium Metabolism & the Physiology of Bone | p. 385 |
Introduction | p. 385 |
Calcium & Phosphorus Metabolism | p. 385 |
Bone Physiology | p. 387 |
Vitamin D & the Hydroxycholecalciferols | p. 390 |
The Parathyroid Glands | p. 393 |
Calcitonin | p. 396 |
Effects of Other Hormones & Humoral Agents on Calcium Metabolism | p. 398 |
The Pituitary Gland | p. 399 |
Introduction | p. 399 |
Morphology | p. 400 |
Intermediate-Lobe Hormones | p. 401 |
Growth Hormone | p. 402 |
Physiology of Growth | p. 409 |
Pituitary Insufficiency | p. 412 |
Pituitary Hyperfunction in Humans | p. 413 |
The Gonads: Development & Function of the Reproductive System | p. 415 |
Introduction | p. 415 |
Sex Differentiation & Development | p. 415 |
Pituitary Gonadotropins & Prolactin | p. 425 |
The Male Reproductive System | p. 428 |
The Female Reproductive System | p. 437 |
Pregnancy | p. 452 |
Lactation | p. 455 |
Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys, Heart, & Pineal Gland | p. 458 |
Introduction | p. 458 |
The Renin-Angiotensin System | p. 458 |
Erythropoietin | p. 463 |
Hormones of the Heart & Other Natriuretic Factors | p. 464 |
Pineal Gland | p. 467 |
Section IV References | p. 469 |
Gastrointestinal Function | p. 471 |
Digestion & Absorption | p. 471 |
Introduction | p. 471 |
Carbohydrates | p. 471 |
Proteins & Nucleic Acids | p. 475 |
Lipids | p. 477 |
Absorption of Water & Electrolytes | p. 479 |
Absorption of Vitamins & Minerals | p. 481 |
Regulation of Gastrointestinal Function | p. 483 |
Introduction | p. 483 |
General Considerations | p. 483 |
Gastrointestinal Hormones | p. 486 |
Mouth & Esophagus | p. 492 |
Stomach | p. 495 |
Exocrine Portion of the Pancreas | p. 501 |
Liver & Biliary System | p. 502 |
Small Intestine | p. 508 |
Colon | p. 512 |
Section V References | p. 516 |
Circulation | p. 517 |
Circulating Body Fluids | p. 517 |
Introduction | p. 517 |
Blood | p. 517 |
Lymph | p. 548 |
Origin of the Heartbeat & the Electrical Activity of the Heart | p. 549 |
Introduction | p. 549 |
Origin & Spread of Cardiac Excitation | p. 550 |
The Electrocardiogram | p. 552 |
Cardiac Arrhythmias | p. 556 |
Electrocardiographic Findings in Other Cardiac & Systemic Diseases | p. 563 |
The Heart as a Pump | p. 567 |
Introduction | p. 567 |
Mechanical Events of the Cardiac Cycle | p. 567 |
Cardiac Output | p. 572 |
Dynamics of Blood & Lymph Flow | p. 579 |
Introduction | p. 579 |
Functional Morphology | p. 579 |
Biophysical Considerations | p. 584 |
Arterial & Arteriolar Circulation | p. 589 |
Capillary Circulation | p. 593 |
Lymphatic Circulation & Interstitial Fluid Volume | p. 595 |
Venous Circulation | p. 596 |
Cardiovascular Regulatory Mechanisms | p. 599 |
Introduction | p. 599 |
Local Regulation | p. 599 |
Substances Secreted by the Endothelium | p. 600 |
Systemic Regulation by Hormones | p. 603 |
Systemic Regulation by the Nervous System | p. 604 |
Circulation Through Special Regions | p. 614 |
Introduction | p. 614 |
Cerebral Circulation | p. 614 |
Coronary Circulation | p. 623 |
Splanchnic Circulation | p. 627 |
Cutaneous Circulation | p. 628 |
Placental & Fetal Circulation | p. 630 |
Cardiovascular Homeostasis in Health & Disease | p. 633 |
Introduction | p. 633 |
Compensations for Gravitational Effects | p. 633 |
Exercise | p. 635 |
Inflammation & Wound Healing | p. 638 |
Shock | p. 639 |
Hypertension | p. 644 |
Heart Failure | p. 646 |
Section VI References | p. 648 |
Respiration | p. 649 |
Pulmonary Function | p. 649 |
Introduction | p. 649 |
Properties of Gases | p. 649 |
Anatomy of the Lungs | p. 650 |
Mechanics of Respiration | p. 651 |
Gas Exchange in the Lungs | p. 662 |
Pulmonary Circulation | p. 664 |
Other Functions of the Respiratory System | p. 666 |
Gas Transport Between the Lungs & the Tissues | p. 669 |
Introduction | p. 669 |
Oxygen Transport | p. 669 |
Carbon Dioxide Transport | p. 672 |
Regulation of Respiration | p. 675 |
Introduction | p. 675 |
Neural Control of Breathing | p. 675 |
Regulation of Respiratory Activity | p. 676 |
Chemical Control of Breathing | p. 676 |
Nonchemical Influences on Respiration | p. 682 |
Respiratory Adjustments in Health & Disease | p. 685 |
Introduction | p. 685 |
Effects of Exercise | p. 685 |
Hypoxia | p. 687 |
Hypoxic Hypoxia | p. 688 |
Other Forms of Hypoxia | p. 694 |
Oxygen Treatment | p. 695 |
Hypercapnia & Hypocapnia | p. 696 |
Other Respiratory Abnormalities | p. 696 |
Diseases Affecting the Pulmonary Circulation | p. 698 |
Effects of Increased Barometric Pressure | p. 698 |
Artificial Respiration | p. 699 |
Section VII References | p. 700 |
Formation & Excretion of Urine | p. 702 |
Renal Function & Micturition | p. 702 |
Introduction | p. 702 |
Functional Anatomy | p. 702 |
Renal Circulation | p. 706 |
Glomerular Filtration | p. 709 |
Tubular Function | p. 711 |
Water Excretion | p. 717 |
Acidification of the Urine & Bicarbonate Excretion | p. 723 |
Regulation of Na[superscript +] & Cl[superscript -] Excretion | p. 726 |
Regulation of K[superscript +] Excretion | p. 727 |
Diuretics | p. 728 |
Effects of Disordered Renal Function | p. 729 |
Filling of the Bladder | p. 730 |
Emptying of the Bladder | p. 730 |
Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Composition & Volume | p. 733 |
Introduction | p. 733 |
Defense of Tonicity | p. 733 |
Defense of Volume | p. 733 |
Defense of Specific Ionic Composition | p. 734 |
Defense of H[superscript +] Concentration | p. 734 |
Section VIII References | p. 742 |
Self-Study: Objectives, Essay Questions, & Multiple-Choice Questions (black edges) | p. 743 |
Answers to Quantitative & Multiple-Choice Questions (black edges) | p. 810 |
Appendix | p. 813 |
General References | p. 813 |
Normal Values & the Statistical Evaluation of Data | p. 813 |
Abbreviations & Symbols Commonly Used in Physiology | p. 816 |
Some Standard Respiratory Symbols | p. 823 |
Equivalents of Metric, United States, & English Measures | p. 823 |
Greek Alphabet | p. 824 |
Index | p. 825 |
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The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.
The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.