Routers and Routing Basics CCNA 2 Companion Guide (Cisco Networking Academy)

by Odom, Wendell; Mcdonald, Rick

Edition:

1st

ISBN13:

9781587131660

ISBN10:

1587131668

Format:

Hardcover w/CD

Pub. Date:

1/1/2007

Publisher(s):

Cisco Press

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Questions About This Book?

What version or edition is this?

This is the 1st edition with a publication date of 1/1/2007.

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The Used copy of this book is not guaranteed to inclue any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included.

Summary

The completely revised and only authorized textbook for the Cisco Networking Academy Program CCNA 2 curriculum A portable reference that supports the topics in the Cisco Networking Academy CCNA 2 curriculum aligning 1:1 with course modules Features improved readability, enhanced topic explanations, real-world examples, and all-new graphical presentations Written by leading CCNA author Wendell Odom and Academy instructor Rick McDonald, who bring a fresh voice to the course material Routers and Routing Basics CCNA 2 Companion Guideis the official supplemental textbook for the CCNA 2 course of the Cisco Networking Academy Program. Completely revised from the previous edition with new examples and explanations, this textbook includes original material developed by the authors, yet it fully aligns with the CCNA 2 curriculum. Written by experienced authors who present material in a comprehensive manner--using their own voices and their own examples--this new edition augments student understanding of course material. The new edition incorporates improved features to aid instructors and enhance student comprehension. For example, chapters align with course modules in both name and number, and chapter objectives are stated as questions to encourage students to think about and find answers as they read chapters. End of- chapter questions and summaries align with chapter objectives to emphasize key topics, while key terms are listed in each chapter opener in the order of occurrence to alert students to upcoming vocabulary words. In addition, new features include "How To" quick references for step-by-step tasks; real-world examples and all-new illustrations; concise explanations with a focus on word usage and sentence structure for improved readability; and correlations to the CCNA exam in Chapter Objectives, Check Your Understanding questions, and new Challenge Activities.

Author Biography

Rick McDonald teaches computer and networking courses at the University of Alaska Southeast in Katchikan, Alaska.

Introduction	p. xx
WANs and Routers	p. 1
Objectives	p. 1
Key Terms	p. 1
Introduction to Routing Over WANs	p. 3
Connecting Routers to WAN Links	p. 5
WAN Clocking on DTE and DCE Devices	p. 7
WAN Standards	p. 8
Creating Inexpensive Leased Lines in a Lab	p. 10
Overview of Routing Over WANs	p. 12
Router Hardware and Software Components	p. 13
Router Components and Cabling	p. 15
Internal Router Components	p. 15
External Router Interfaces	p. 18
Cabling Ethernet LAN Interfaces	p. 19
Cabling WAN Interfaces for Leased Lines	p. 21
Cabling Other Types of WANs	p. 22
Router Management Ports	p. 24
Cabling and Accessing a Router Console Port	p. 25
Cabling a Router Auxiliary Port	p. 28
Comparing the Console and Auxiliary Ports	p. 28
Summary	p. 30
Check Your Understanding	p. 32
Challenge Questions and Activities	p. 37
Introduction to Routers	p. 39
Objectives	p. 39
Key Terms	p. 39
Operating the Cisco IOS CLI	p. 40
The Cisco IOS CLI	p. 40
Router EXEC Modes	p. 43
Router Configuration Modes	p. 44
Perspectives on What Needs to Be Configured on a Router	p. 44
Configuration Process and Configuration Modes	p. 45
Cisco IOS Fundamentals	p. 47
Cisco IOS Features and Filenames	p. 47
Storing Cisco IOS in Flash Memory and RAM	p. 48
Two Alternative OSs	p. 50
Starting, Configuring, Accessing, and Using a Router	p. 52
Initial Booting of a Router	p. 52
Performing a Power-On Self Test	p. 54
Loading the Bootstrap Program	p. 54
Loading the Cisco IOS	p. 56
Loading the Startup Configuration into RAM	p. 58
Creating an Initial Configuration Using Setup Mode	p. 59
Accessing a Router	p. 61
Cabling and Accessing a Router Console Port	p. 62
Review of Router EXEC and Configuration Modes	p. 63
Router Password Basics	p. 65
Using a Router CLI	p. 66
How to Find the Commands Available from the CLI	p. 67
How to Find the Available Options on a Command	p. 68
Recalling Old Commands to Save Typing Effort	p. 70
Changing the Command on the Command Line	p. 71
Automatic Help When a Command Is Mistyped	p. 73
Show version Command	p. 74
Summary	p. 75
Check Your Understanding	p. 77
Challenge Questions and Activities	p. 81
Configuring a Router	p. 83
Objectives	p. 83
Key Terms	p. 83
Configuring a Router for Basic Routing	p. 84
Reviewing the Configuration Modes	p. 85
Configuring Ethernet and Serial Interfaces	p. 86
Configuring Clock Rate on a Serial Link	p. 88
Configuring Routes	p. 89
Summarizing the Working Configurations for R1 and R2	p. 90
Configuring Hostnames and Passwords	p. 91
Configuring a Router's Hostname	p. 92
User and Enable Mode Passwords	p. 92
Examining Operational Status Using show Commands	p. 94
Changing the Configuration	p. 98
What to Do if the Configuration Is Incorrect	p. 98
What to Do After the Configuration Is Correct	p. 100
Documenting the Router Configuration	p. 101
Configuring Interface Descriptions	p. 102
Configuring Login Banners	p. 103
Configuring Local Host Tables	p. 104
Backing Up the Configuration	p. 106
Using TFTP to Back Up a Configuration	p. 107
Where to Keep the Backup Configuration Files	p. 109
Summary	p. 110
Check Your Understanding	p. 113
Challenge Questions and Activities	p. 116
Learning About Other Devices	p. 117
Objectives	p. 117
Key Terms	p. 117
Discovering Neighbors Using CDP	p. 118
CDP Protocol Operations	p. 120
CDP Versions 1 and 2	p. 121
CDP Timers	p. 121
Information Learned by CDP	p. 123
Configuring and Verifying CDP Operations	p. 125
Creating a Network Map Using CDP Information	p. 128
Additional CDP Verification and Troubleshooting Commands	p. 130
Getting Information and Troubleshooting Remote Devices	p. 131
Verifying Which Networking Layers Are Working	p. 131
Telnet Basics	p. 132
Cisco IOS telnet Command	p. 133
Basic Telnet Troubleshooting	p. 135
Issues with the Default Name Resolution Method	p. 135
Advanced Telnet: Suspending and Switching Between Telnet Connections	p. 136
Switching Between Multiple Telnet Connections	p. 138
Number of Concurrent Telnets	p. 140
Cisco IOS ping and traceroute Commands	p. 141
Cisco IOS ping Command	p. 141
Cisco IOS traceroute Command	p. 142
Summarizing the ping and traceroute Commands	p. 143
Summary	p. 144
Check Your Understanding	p. 145
Challenge Questions and Activities	p. 148
Managing Cisco IOS Software	p. 151
Objectives	p. 151
Key Terms	p. 151
Router Boot Sequence and Loading Cisco IOS Images	p. 152
Choosing the Cisco IOS Image During the Router Boot Sequence	p. 153
Choosing the Cisco IOS Image Based on the Configuration Register	p. 154
Choosing the Cisco IOS Based on boot system Commands	p. 156
Loading the First File in Flash Memory	p. 158
Broadcasting to Find a Cisco IOS on a TFTP Server	p. 159
Loading a Limited-Function OS from ROM	p. 159
Troubleshooting and Verifying the Choice of Cisco IOS	p. 159
Determining How a Router Should Apply the Five-Step Decision Process	p. 160
Determining Which Steps Failed	p. 160
Managing Cisco Router IOS and Configuration Files	p. 161
Cisco IOS File System	p. 161
Cisco IOS Filenames	p. 164
Copying and Managing Cisco IOS Images	p. 166
Copying Using the Cisco IOS copy Command	p. 167
Copying Using the ROMMON tftpdnld Command	p. 169
Copying Using ROMMON and Xmodem	p. 171
Verifying Cisco IOS Images	p. 174
Copying and Managing Cisco IOS Configuration Files	p. 176
Copying Configuration Files Using the IOS copy Command	p. 176
Copying Configuration Files Using Copy and Paste	p. 177
Recovering from Lost Passwords	p. 182
Summary	p. 183
Check Your Understanding	p. 185
Challenge Questions and Activities	p. 188
Routing and Routing Protocols	p. 191
Objectives	p. 191
Key Terms	p. 191
Introduction to Static and Connected IP Routes	p. 192
Learning Connected Routes	p. 193
Static Routes	p. 194
Configuring Static Routes in a Small, Nonredundant Network	p. 194
Using Static Routes for Dial Backup Using Administrative Distance	p. 197
Statically Defined Default Routes	p. 199
Verifying Static Routes	p. 201
Dynamic Routing Overview	p. 203
Terminology Related to Routing Protocols	p. 203
Routing Protocol Functions	p. 203
Interior and Exterior Routing Protocols	p. 205
How Routing Protocols Work: Routing Protocol Algorithms	p. 206
Distance Vector Routing Protocol Features	p. 207
Link-State Routing Protocol Features	p. 210
Routing Protocols Overview	p. 215
A Brief Review of IP Routing	p. 215
Routing Protocol Features: RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, and BGP	p. 216
RIP Configuration	p. 218
Summary	p. 221
Check Your Understanding	p. 223
Challenge Questions and Activities	p. 226
Distance Vector Routing Protocols	p. 227
Objectives	p. 227
Additional Topics of Interest	p. 227
Key Terms	p. 227
Avoiding Loops When Converging Using Distance Vector Routing Protocols	p. 228
Review of Distance Vector Operation in a Stable Network	p. 228
Route Poisoning	p. 230
Problem: Counting to Infinity	p. 231
Loop-Prevention Features	p. 233
Split Horizon	p. 233
Poison Reverse and Triggered Updates	p. 235
Using Holddown Timers to Prevent Loops in Redundant Networks	p. 237
The Holddown Process and Holddown Timer	p. 240
Summarizing Loop Avoidance	p. 241
Routing Information Protocol	p. 243
Configuring RIP Versions 1 and 2	p. 243
Configuring RIP V1	p. 244
Configuring RIP V2	p. 245
Using Both RIP V1 and V2	p. 246
Design Options Impacted by the RIP Version	p. 247
Other RIP Configuration Options	p. 248
Adjusting RIP Timers	p. 248
Disabling Split Horizon	p. 249
Configuring Neighbors	p. 249
Enabling the passive-interface Command	p. 249
Filtering Routes	p. 251
RIP Verification and Troubleshooting	p. 251
Verifying RIP Operations Using show Commands	p. 251
Troubleshooting RIP Operations Using the debug Command	p. 254
Choosing the Best Route Among the Possible Routes	p. 256
Load Balancing over Multiple Equal-Cost Routes	p. 256
Choosing Routes Based on Administrative Distance	p. 258
Integrating Static Routes with RIP	p. 259
Floating Static Routes	p. 259
Advertising Default Routes with RIP	p. 260
Classful and Classless Routing Protocols, Routing, and Addressing	p. 261
Classless and Classful Routing Protocols	p. 261
Classless and Classful Routing	p. 262
Classless and Classful Addressing	p. 263
Summary	p. 264
Check Your Understanding	p. 266
Challenge Questions and Activities	p. 270
TCP/IP Suite Error and Control Messages	p. 273
Objectives	p. 273
Additional Topics of Interest	p. 273
Key Terms	p. 273
ICMP Echo Messages and the ping Command	p. 275
ICMP Unreachable: Notifying Hosts When the Packet Cannot Be Delivered	p. 276
A Review of IP Routing	p. 277
Type Codes for ICMP Unreachable Messages	p. 279
ICMP Unreachable Message Formats and Codes	p. 280
ICMP Unreachable Messages When a Router Cannot Fragment a Packet	p. 281
ICMP TTL Exceeded and Long Routes	p. 282
Summary	p. 283
Check Your Understanding	p. 285
Challenge Questions and Activities	p. 287
Basic Router Troubleshooting	p. 289
Objectives	p. 289
Key Terms	p. 289
Examining the Routing Table	p. 290
IP Routing (Forwarding)	p. 291
The show ip route Command	p. 291
IP Routing: Layer 3 Perspective	p. 293
IP Routing: Layer 2 Perspective	p. 294
Filling the IP Routing Table with Routes	p. 295
Comparing Static Routes and Dynamically Learned Routes	p. 296
Default Routes and the Gateway of Last Resort	p. 297
Administrative Distance	p. 301
Choosing Routes Based on the Metric	p. 302
Determining the Last Routing Update	p. 304
Using Multiple Equal-Cost Routes	p. 305
Using Multiple Unequal-Cost Routes Using Variance	p. 306
Network Testing Methods and Tips	p. 306
Troubleshooting Methods	p. 307
Troubleshooting Tips	p. 309
Layer 1 Tips	p. 309
Layer 2 Tips	p. 310
Layer 3 Troubleshooting Using Ping	p. 311
Layer 7 Troubleshooting Using Telnet	p. 315
Router and Routing Troubleshooting Tips	p. 316
Troubleshooting Using the show interfaces Command	p. 317
Understanding Routing Interface Status	p. 319
Indications of Typical Layer 1 Problems	p. 320
Indications of Typical Layer 2 Problems	p. 322
Troubleshooting Layer 1 Using the show controllers Command	p. 323
Troubleshooting Using the show cdp Command	p. 324
Troubleshooting Using the traceroute Command	p. 326
Troubleshooting Using the show ip route and show ip protocols Commands	p. 329
Troubleshooting Using the debug Command	p. 331
Summary	p. 332
Check Your Understanding	p. 334
Challenge Questions and Activities	p. 337
Intermediate TCP/IP	p. 339
Objectives	p. 339
Key Terms	p. 339
TCP and UDP Operation	p. 340
Flow Control and Windowing	p. 341
Flow Control Through Dynamic Sliding Windows	p. 341
Flow Control Through Withholding Acknowledgments	p. 343
Establishing and Terminating TCP Connections	p. 343
Denial-of-Service Attacks and SYN Floods	p. 345
TCP Error Recovery (Reliability)	p. 346
Segmentation, Reassembly, and In-Order Delivery	p. 348
Comparing TCP and UDP	p. 350
Operation of Transport Layer Ports	p. 353
Connecting to Servers: Well-Known Ports	p. 354
Comparing Well-Known, Dynamic, and Registered Ports	p. 356
Comparing MAC Addresses, IP Addresses, and Port Numbers	p. 357
Summary	p. 358
Check Your Understanding	p. 360
Challenge Questions and Activities	p. 363
Access Control Lists	p. 365
Objectives	p. 365
Additional Topics of Interest	p. 365
Key Terms	p. 365
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