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A Rulebook for Arguments (2nd),9780872201569

A Rulebook for Arguments (2nd)

by Weston, Anthony

Edition:

2nd

ISBN13:

9780872201569

ISBN10:

0872201562

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

10/1/1992

Publisher(s):

Hackett Pub Co

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A Rulebook for Arguments
A Rulebook for Arguments

Table of Contents

Preface

viii

Introduction

x

Composing a Short Argument: Some General Rules

1

(11)

Distinguish premises and conclusion

1

(2)

Present your ideas in a natural order

3

(2)

Start from reliable premises

5

(1)

Use definite, specific, concrete language

6

(1)

Avoid loaded language

6

(2)

Use consistent terms

8

(1)

Stick to one meaning for each term

9

(3)

Arguments by Example

12

(11)

Is there more than one example?

13

(2)

Are the examples representative?

15

(2)

Background information is crucial

17

(3)

Are there counterexamples?

20

(3)

Arguments by Analogy

23

(5)

Analogy requires a relevantly similar example

25

(3)

Arguments from Authority

28

(9)

Sources should be cited

29

(1)

Are the sources informed?

30

(2)

Are the sources impartial?

32

(2)

Cross-check sources

34

(1)

Personal attacks do not disqualify a source

35

(2)

Arguments about Causes

37

(9)

Does the argument explain how cause leads to effect?

38

(2)

Does the conclusion propose the most likely cause?

40

(1)

Correlated events are not necessarily related

41

(1)

Correlated events may have a common cause

42

(1)

Either of two correlated events may cause the other

43

(1)

Causes may be complex

44

(2)

Deductive Arguments

46

(14)

Modus Ponens

47

(1)

Modus Tollens

48

(3)

Hypothetical Syllogism

51

(1)

Disjunctive Syllogism

52

(1)

Dilemma

53

(2)

Reductio ad Absurdum

55

(2)

Deductive arguments in several steps

57

(3)

Composing an Argumentative Essay: A. Exploring the Issue

60

(6)

Explore the arguments on all sides of an issue

61

(2)

Question and defend each argument's premises

63

(2)

Revise and rethink arguments as they emerge

65

(1)

Composing an Argumentative Essay: B. Main Points of the Essay

66

(6)

Explain the question

66

(1)

Make a definite claim or proposal

67

(1)

Develop your arguments fully

68

(1)

Consider objections

69

(1)

Consider alternatives

70

(2)

Composing an Argumentative Essay: C. Writing

72

(8)

Follow your outline

73

(1)

Keep the introduction brief

73

(1)

Give your arguments one at a time

74

(2)

Clarify, clarify, clarify

76

(1)

Support objections with arguments

77

(1)

Don't claim more than you have shown

78

(2)

Fallacies

80

(9)

The Two Great Fallacies

80

(3)

Directory of the Fallacies

83

(6)

Appendix: Definition

89

(7)

For Further Study

96

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