Satellite Communications, Fourth Edition

by Roddy, Dennis

• ISBN13: 9780071462983
• ISBN10: 0071462988
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-02-10
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education

Summary

Master the fundamentals of satellite communicationsHighly regarded for more than a decade as both a teaching text and professional tutorial, this classic guide to satellite communications has been revised, updated, and expanded to cover global wireless applications, digital television, and Internet access via satellite. In-depth, textbook-style coverage combined with an intuitive, low-math approach makes this book particularly appealing to the wireless and networking markets New to this edition: Global wireless services, including 3G; Antenna Options, Error Coding

Author Biography

Dennis Roddy (Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Professor of Electronic Engineering at Lakehead University.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Chapter 1. Overview of Satellite Systems	1	(28)
1.1 Introduction	1	(1)
1.2 Frequency Allocations for Satellite Services	2	(2)
1.3 INTELSAT	4	(5)
1.4 U.S. Domsats	9	(3)
1.5 Polar Orbiting Satellites	12	(6)
1.6 Argos System	18	(1)
1.7 Cospas-Sarsat	19	(6)
1.8 Problems	25	(1)
References	26	(3)
Chapter 2. Orbits and Launching Methods	29	(48)
2.1 Introduction	29	(1)
2.2 Kepler's First Law	29	(1)
2.3 Kepler's Second Law	30	(1)
2.4 Kepler's Third Law	31	(1)
2.5 Definitions of Terms for Earth-Orbiting Satellites	32	(3)
2.6 Orbital Elements	35	(2)
2.7 Apogee and Perigee Heights	37	(1)
2.8 Orbit Perturbations	38	(6)
2.8.1 Effects of a nonspherical earth	38	(5)
2.8.2 Atmospheric drag	43	(1)
2.9 Inclined Orbits	44	(22)
2.9.1 Calendars	45	(1)
2.9.2 Universal time	46	(1)
2.9.3 Julian dates	47	(2)
2.9.4 Sidereal time	49	(1)
2.9.5 The orbital plane	50	(4)
2.9.6 The geocentric-equatorial coordinate system	54	(2)
2.9.7 Earth station referred to the IJK frame	56	(6)
2.9.8 The topocentric-horizon coordinate system	62	(2)
2.9.9 The subsatellite point	64	(2)
2.9.10 Predicting satellite position	66	(1)
2.10 Local Mean Solar Time and Sun-Synchronous Orbits	66	(4)
2.11 Standard Time	70	(1)
2.12 Problems	71	(4)
References	75	(2)
Chapter 3. The Geostationary Orbit	77	(26)
3.1 Introduction	77	(1)
3.2 Antenna Look Angles	78	(7)
3.3 The Polar Mount Antenna	85	(2)
3.4 Limits of Visibility	87	(2)
3.5 Near Geostationary Orbits	89	(3)
3.6 Earth Eclipse of Satellite	92	(2)
3.7 Sun Transit Outage	94	(1)
3.8 Launching Orbits	94	(5)
3.9 Problems	99	(2)
References	101	(2)
Chapter 4. Radio Wave Propagation	103	(12)
4.1 Introduction	103	(1)
4.2 Atmospheric Losses	103	(1)
4.3 Ionospheric Effects	104	(2)
4.4 Rain Attenuation	106	(5)
4.5 Other Propagation Impairments	111	(1)
4.6 Problems and Exercises	111	(1)
References	112	(3)
Chapter 5. Polarization	115	(22)
5.1 Introduction	115	(5)
5.2 Antenna Polarization	120	(3)
5.3 Polarization of Satellite Signals	123	(5)
5.4 Cross-Polarization Discrimination	128	(2)
5.5 Ionospheric Depolarization	130	(1)
5.6 Rain Depolarization	131	(2)
5.7 Ice Depolarization	133	(1)
5.8 Problems and Exercises	133	(3)
References	136	(1)
Chapter 6. Antennas	137	(62)
6.1 Introduction	137	(1)
6.2 Reciprocity Theorem for Antennas	138	(1)
6.3 Coordinate System	139	(1)
6.4 The Radiated Fields	140	(4)
6.5 Power Flux Density	144	(1)
6.6 The Isotropic Radiator and Antenna Gain	144	(1)
6.7 Radiation Pattern	145	(1)
6.8 Beam Solid Angle and Directivity	146	(2)
6.9 Effective Aperture	148	(1)
6.10 The Half-Wave Dipole	149	(2)
6.11 Aperture Antennas	151	(4)
6.12 Horn Antennas	155	(4)
6.12.1 Conical horn antennas	155	(3)
6.12.2 Pyramidal horn antennas	158	(1)
6.13 The Parabolic Reflector	159	(6)
6.14 The Offset Feed	165	(2)
6.15 Double-Reflector Antennas	167	(2)
6.15.1 Cassegrain antenna	167	(2)
6.15.2 Gregorian antenna	169	(1)
6.16 Shaped Reflector Systems	169	(3)
6.17 Arrays	172	(5)
6.18 Planar Antennas	177	(3)
6.19 Planar Arrays	180	(7)
6.20 Reflectarrays	187	(1)
6.21 Array Switching	188	(5)
6.22 Problems and Exercises	193	(3)
References	196	(3)
Chapter 7. The Space Segment	199	(40)
7.1 Introduction	199	(1)
7.2 The Power Supply	199	(3)
7.3 Attitude Control	202	(7)
7.3.1 Spinning satellite stabilization	204	(2)
7.3.2 Momentum wheel stabilization	206	(3)
7.4 Station Keeping	209	(2)
7.5 Thermal Control	211	(1)
7.6 TT&C Subsystem	212	(1)
7.7 Transponders	213	(12)
7.7.1 The wideband receiver	215	(3)
7.7.2 The input demultiplexer	218	(1)
7.7.3 The power amplifier	218	(7)
7.8 The Antenna Subsystem	225	(2)
7.9 Morelos and Satmex 5	227	(4)
7.10 Anik-Satellites	231	(1)
7.11 Advanced Tiros-N Spacecraft	232	(3)
7.12 Problems and Exercises	235	(1)
References	236	(3)
Chapter 8. The Earth Segment	239	(14)
8.1 Introduction	239	(1)
8.2 Receive-Only Home TV Systems	239	(4)
8.2.1 The outdoor unit	241	(1)
8.2.2 The indoor unit for analog (FM)TV	242	(1)
8.3 Master Antenna TV System	243	(1)
8.4 Community Antenna TV System	244	(2)
8.5 Transmit-Receive Earth Stations	246	(4)
8.6 Problems and Exercises	250	(1)
References	251	(2)
Chapter 9. Analog Signals	253	(30)
9.1 Introduction	253	(1)
9.2 The Telephone Channel	253	(1)
9.3 Single-Sideband Telephony	254	(2)
9.4 FDM Telephony	256	(2)
9.5 Color Television	258	(7)
9.6 Frequency Modulation	265	(14)
9.6.1 Limiters	266	(1)
9.6.2 Bandwidth	266	(3)
9.6.3 FM detector noise and processing gain	269	(3)
9.6.4 Signal-to-noise ratio	272	(1)
9.6.5 Preemphasis and deemphasis	273	(1)
9.6.6 Noise weighting	274	(2)
9.6.7 S/N and bandwidth for FDM/FM telephony	276	(2)
9.6.8 Signal-to-noise ratio for TV/FM	278	(1)
9.7 Problems and Exercises	279	(2)
References	281	(2)
Chapter 10. Digital Signals	283	(32)
10.1 Introduction	283	(1)
10.2 Digital Baseband Signals	283	(5)
10.3 Pulse Code Modulation	288	(4)
10.4 Time-Division Multiplexing	292	(1)
10.5 Bandwidth Requirements	293	(3)
10.6 Digital Carrier Systems	296	(13)
10.6.1 Binary phase-shift keying	298	(2)
10.6.2 Quadrature phase-shift keying	300	(2)
10.6.3 Transmission rate and bandwidth for PSK modulation	302	(1)
10.6.4 Bit error rate for PSK modulation	303	(6)
10.7 Carrier Recovery Circuits	309	(1)
10.8 Bit Timing Recovery	310	(1)
10.9 Problems and Exercises	311	(2)
References	313	(2)
Chapter 11. Error Control Coding	315	(36)
11.1 Introduction	315	(1)
11.2 Linear Block Codes	316	(5)
11.3 Cyclic Codes	321	(3)
11.3.1 Hamming codes	321	(1)
11.3.2 BCH codes	322	(1)
11.3.3 Reed-Solomon codes	322	(2)
11.4 Convolution Codes	324	(4)
11.5 Interleaving	328	(2)
11.6 Concatenated Codes	330	(1)
11.7 Link Parameters Affected by Coding	331	(2)
11.8 Coding Gain	333	(1)
11.9 Hard Decision and Soft Decision Decoding	334	(2)
11.10 Shannon Capacity	336	(2)
11.11 Turbo Codes and LDPC Codes	338	(6)
11.11.1 Low density parity check (LDPC) codes	341	(3)
11.12 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)	344	(2)
11.13 Problems and Exercises	346	(2)
References	348	(3)
Chapter 12. The Space Link	351	(48)
12.1 Introduction	351	(1)
12.2 Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power	351	(1)
12.3 Transmission Losses	352	(4)
12.3.1 Free-space transmission	353	(1)
12.3.2 Feeder losses	354	(1)
12.3.3 Antenna misalignment losses	355	(1)
12.3.4 Fixed atmospheric and ionospheric losses	356	(1)
12.4 The Link-Power Budget Equation	356	(1)
12.5 System Noise	357	(9)
12.5.1 Antenna noise	358	(2)
12.5.2 Amplifier noise temperature	360	(1)
12.5.3 Amplifiers in cascade	361	(1)
12.5.4 Noise factor	362	(1)
12.5.5 Noise temperature of absorptive networks	363	(2)
12.5.6 Overall system noise temperature	365	(1)
12.6 Carrier-to-Noise Ratio	366	(1)
12.7 The Uplink	367	(4)
12.7.1 Saturation flux density	368	(2)
12.7.2 Input backoff	370	(1)
12.7.3 The earth station HPA	371	(1)
12.8 Downlink	371	(4)
12.8.1 Output back-off	373	(1)
12.8.2 Satellite TWTA output	374	(1)
12.9 Effects of Rain	375	(5)
12.9.1 Uplink rain-fade margin	377	(1)
12.9.2 Downlink rain-fade margin	377	(3)
12.10 Combined Uplink and Downlink C/N Ratio	380	(3)
12.11 Intermodulation Noise	383	(1)
12.12 Inter-Satellite Links	384	(9)
12.13 Problems and Exercises	393	(4)
References	397	(2)
Chapter 13. Interference	399	(24)
13.1 Introduction	399	(2)
13.2 Interference between Satellite Circuits (Bland B2 Modes)	401	(10)
13.2.1 Downlink	403	(1)
13.2.2 Uplink	404	(1)
13.2.3 Combined [CU] due to interference on both uplink and downlink	405	(1)
13.2.4 Antenna gain function	405	(2)
13.2.5 Passband interference	407	(1)
13.2.6 Receiver transfer characteristic	408	(1)
13.2.7 Specified interference objectives	409	(1)
13.2.8 Protection ratio	410	(1)
13.3 Energy Dispersal	411	(2)
13.4 Coordination	413	(6)
13.4.1 Interference levels	413	(2)
13.4.2 Transmission gain	415	(1)
13.4.3 Resulting noise-temperature rise	416	(1)
13.4.4 Coordination criterion	417	(1)
13.4.5 Noise power spectral density	418	(1)
13.5 Problems and Exercises	419	(2)
References	421	(2)
Chapter 14. Satellite Access	423	(68)
14.1 Introduction	423	(1)
14.2 Single Access	424	(1)
14.3 Preassigned FDMA	425	(5)
14.4 Demand-Assigned FDMA	430	(1)
14.5 Spade System	430	(2)
14.6 Bandwidth-Limited and Power-Limited TWT Amplifier Operation	432	(4)
14.6.1 FDMA downlink analysis	433	(3)
14.7 TDMA	436	(27)
14.7.1 Reference burst	440	(2)
14.7.2 Preamble and postamble	442	(1)
14.7.3 Carrier recovery	443	(1)
14.7.4 Network synchronization	444	(4)
14.7.5 Unique word detection	448	(3)
14.7.6 Traffic data	451	(1)
14.7.7 Frame efficiency and channel capacity	451	(1)
14.7.8 Preassigned TDMA	452	(3)
14.7.9 Demand-assigned TDMA	455	(1)
14.7.10 Speech interpolation and prediction	455	(4)
14.7.11 Downlink analysis for digital transmission	459	(2)
14.7.12 Comparison of uplink power requirements for FDMA and TDMA	461	(2)
14.8 On-Board Signal Processing for FDMANDM Operation	463	(4)
14.9 Satellite-Switched TDMA	467	(5)
14.10 Code-Division Multiple Access	472	(11)
14.10.1 Direct-sequence spread spectrum	473	(1)
14.10.2 The code signal c(t)	473	(4)
14.10.3 Acquisition and tracking	477	(1)
14.10.4 Spectrum spreading and despreading	478	(3)
14.10.5 CDMA throughput	481	(2)
14.11 Problems and Exercises	483	(5)
References	488	(3)
Chapter 15. Satellites in Networks	491	(40)
15.1 Introduction	491	(1)
15.2 Bandwidth	492	(1)
15.3 Network Basics	492	(2)
15.4 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)	494	(10)
15.4.1 ATM layers	495	(2)
15.4.2 ATM networks and interfaces	497	(1)
15.4.3 The ATM cell and header	497	(2)
15.4.4 ATM switching	499	(2)
15.4.5 Permanent and switched virtual circuits	501	(1)
15.4.6 ATM bandwidth	501	(3)
15.4.7 Quality of service	504	(1)
15.5 ATM over Satellite	504	(7)
15.6 The Internet	511	(2)
15.7 Internet Layers	513	(3)
15.8 The TCP Link	516	(1)
15.9 Satellite Links and TCP	517	(2)
15.10 Enhancing TCP Over Satellite Channels Using Standard Mechanisms (RFC-2488)	519	(2)
15.11 Requests for Comments	521	(1)
15.12 Split TCP Connections	522	(3)
15.13 Asymmetric Channels	525	(2)
15.14 Proposed Systems	527	(1)
15.15 Problems and Exercises	527	(3)
References	530	(1)
Chapter 16. Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) Television	531	(30)
16.1 Introduction	531	(1)
16.2 Orbital Spacing	531	(2)
16.3 Power Rating and Number of Transponders	533	(1)
16.4 Frequencies and Polarization	533	(1)
16.5 Transponder Capacity	533	(1)
16.6 Bit Rates for Digital Television	534	(2)
16.7 MPEG Compression Standards	536	(5)
16.8 Forward Error Correction (FEC)	541	(1)
16.9 The Home Receiver Outdoor Unit (ODU)	542	(2)
16.10 The Home Receiver Indoor Unit (IDU)	544	(2)
16.11 Downlink Analysis	546	(7)
16.12 Uplink	553	(1)
16.13 High Definition Television (HDTV)	554	(1)
16.13.1 HDTV displays	554	(1)
16.14 Video Frequency Bandwidth	555	(2)
16.15 Problems and Exercises	557	(3)
References	560	(1)
Chapter 17. Satellite Mobile and Specialized Services	561	(24)
17.1 Introduction	561	(1)
17.2 Satellite Mobile Services	562	(2)
17.3 VSATs	564	(2)
17.4 Radarsat	566	(3)
17.5 Global Positioning Satellite System (GPS)	569	(3)
17.6 Orbcomm	572	(4)
17.7 Iridium	576	(6)
17.8 Problems and Exercises	582	(1)
References	583	(2)
Appendix A. Answers to Selected Problems	585	(6)
Appendix B. Conic Sections	591	(18)
Appendix C. NASA Two-Line Orbital Elements	609	(4)
Appendix D. Listings of Artificial Satellites	613	(2)
Appendix E. Illustrating Third-Order Intermodulation Products	615	(2)
Appendix F. Acronyms	617	(8)
Appendix G. Logarithmic Units	625	(6)
Index	631