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9789041122797

Electricity Trade In Europe

by
  • ISBN13:

    9789041122797

  • ISBN10:

    9041122796

  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2004-07-07
  • Publisher: Kluwer Law Intl
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Summary

Liberalisation in the power sector is high on the agenda of policy makers, regulators And The industry around the world. There is growing recognition of the benefits of power marker liberalisation And The need to further integrate regional markets in a liberal trade and investment environment. This volume brings together articles written by leading experts in the field of electricity trade and regulation in Europe. Organised in two parts, The contributions cover a range of issues from market structure, trade flows, infrastructure and investment To The regulatory framework within which the industry operates, including international trade rules and national technical, environmental and regulatory regimes. These are complex and sensitive issues requiring an in-depth understanding of the economics and regulation of the electricity trade And The primary object of this volume is to contribute to an informed debate on the subject. To this end, The contributors demonstrate how a competition iquest;friendly and liberal environment for electricity trade, including a system of non-discriminatory and transparent access to transmission and distribution networks, could contribute to improving market integration, economic efficiency, supply security and environmental health.

Table of Contents

Foreword xiii
List of Acronyms
xvii
Part I Operational and Economic Aspects
1(116)
Electricity Trade: Overview of Current Flows and Infrastructure
3(20)
Janusz Bielecki
Introduction
4(2)
Organisation of Electricity Markets
6(1)
Incentives to Trade
7(1)
Current Inter-Regional Trade
8(3)
Technical and Economic Barriers to Trade
11(2)
Infrastructure and Other Factors Affecting Trade
13(8)
Generation capacity
13(4)
Interconnections
17(3)
Price differential
20(1)
Outlook for Inter-Regional Trade
21(2)
European Interconnection: State of the Art 2003
23(24)
Georges de Montravel
Interconnected Electric Systems: Present Status
24(7)
Historical overview
24(2)
Main driving forces behind network integration
26(1)
The main blocks
26(5)
Recent Developments
31(11)
The driving forces
31(1)
The projects
32(10)
Conclusions and Recommendations
42(5)
Situation in Albania
42(1)
Incentives for investing in interconnection facilities
42(1)
Ideas on long-term prospects
43(4)
Regional Electricity Cooperation and Integration
47(22)
Francois Verneyre
Introduction
48(2)
Benefits of Regional Integration of Power Systems
50(3)
Barriers to Integration
53(3)
Institutional Framework
56(1)
Integration of Power Networks in Eurasia
57(9)
General remarks
57(2)
The European internal electricity market
59(3)
The Mediterranean Ring
62(2)
Expansion to the East
64(2)
Conclusions
66(3)
Impact of Liberalisation on Investment Performance in the Power Sector
69(26)
Ralf Dickel
Introduction
70(3)
Background: Issues, Trends and Policies
73(6)
Investment decisions
73(2)
Problems with the investment performance of electricity markets
75(1)
Policy tools: capacity mechanisms and price caps
76(2)
Trends in IEA countries
78(1)
Generation
79(4)
Introduction
79(1)
Investment, reserves and fuel mix in liberalised markets
80(1)
Role of prices and market structure
81(2)
Transmission
83(10)
Introduction
83(2)
Policy implications
85(2)
Options to relieve transmission congestion
87(2)
Cross-border interconnections
89(4)
Conclusions
93(2)
Development of Interconnections and Reliability Standards
95(22)
Frank Vandenberghe
General Context
96(3)
Transmission System Operators' associations
96(1)
Reliability
96(2)
Short-term rule setting and long-term market watchdog
98(1)
Interconnection types
99(1)
Development of Interconnections
99(3)
UCTE experience of synchronous development
99(1)
Synchronous or asynchronous connection?
100(2)
Main Building Blocks of a Synchronous Area
102(8)
Primary control and reserves
102(2)
Secondary and tertiary control and reserves
104(1)
N-1 criterion
104(2)
Data exchange
106(1)
Stability
106(2)
Control Areas: impediments or building blocks for a well-functioning market?
108(1)
Synchronous versus asynchronous interconnection for new developments?
109(1)
From Technicalities to Reliability Standards
110(4)
The historical context of former UCPTE
110(1)
Unbundling and the creation of UCTE
111(1)
The UCTE Multi-Lateral Agreement
111(1)
The Multi-Lateral Agreement's compensation for damages
112(2)
Reliability Standards and Synchronous Area Development
114(3)
General position on synchronous area development
114(1)
Towards definitive borders for the synchronous area?
115(2)
Part II Regulatory Aspects
117(204)
Overview of the Regulatory Environment for Trade in Electricity
119(36)
Andras Lakatos
Introduction
120(2)
Industry structure, regulation and trade
120(1)
Organisation of electricity markets
121(1)
WTO Rules for Electricity Trade
122(7)
General remarks
122(1)
Definition of electricity: commodity or service?
123(3)
WTO rules applicable to trade in electricity as a good
126(3)
Barriers to Trade in Electricity
129(24)
General comments
129(1)
Monopolies and exclusive and special privileges (State Trading Enterprises)
130(4)
Access to foreign customers
134(1)
Reciprocity requirements for market access
135(2)
Trade measures for environmental purposes
137(7)
Public service obligations
144(4)
Access to the network
148(3)
Long-term contracts
151(2)
Concluding Remarks
153(2)
Role of Regulatory Arrangements in Developing the Power Markets
155(24)
David Kennedy
Introduction
156(2)
Overview of Effective Power Tariffs
158(3)
Progress in Regulatory Reform
161(3)
Detailed Reform Experiences
164(13)
Hungary
165(1)
Kazakhstan
166(3)
Moldova
169(1)
Discussion and lessons learned
170(7)
Conclusion
177(2)
International Energy Trade and Access to Networks: the Case of Electricity
179(34)
Thomas Walde
Andreas Gunst
Access to Networks as Precondition for Cross-Border Trade in Energy and Energy Services
180(4)
The Main Concepts: Natural Monopoly, Political Economy and Economic Regulation of Energy Transport Facilities
184(10)
Natural monopoly
184(2)
Third-Party Access (TPA)
186(2)
Regulation and regulators
188(4)
Political economy
192(2)
Legal Methods and Concepts for TPA
194(5)
Cross-Border and International Law Issues
199(9)
Third-party access
199(3)
Cross-border energy transit
202(4)
Energy import restrictions
206(2)
Conclusion
208(5)
Cross Border Capacity Allocation Methods
213(22)
Charles Zimmerman
Introduction
214(1)
Which Countries Need to Measure Cross-Border Transfer Capacity?
215(3)
Relevant Concepts
218(6)
Network congestion
218(3)
Net Transfer Capacity
221(2)
Available Transfer Capacity
223(1)
Methods of Allocating Transfer Capacity
224(4)
Methods acceptable within the EU
224(1)
Possible allocation methods outside the EU
225(2)
Other methods of allocating capacity
227(1)
Identification of Transmission Asset Owners and Operators
228(1)
Legal Authority of Energy Regulators
229(2)
Regulatory Actions Needed to Address Critical Bottlenecks
231(4)
Multilateral Rules and Trade in Energy Goods and Services: the Case of Electricity
235(30)
Simonetta Zarrilli
Introduction
236(2)
The Electricity Market
238(2)
International Trade in Services Related to Electricity
240(2)
The Multilateral GATS Negotiations and Their Relevance for Electricity
242(12)
Classification issues
242(5)
Related financial services
247(1)
Electricity generation and GATT and GATS disciplines
248(3)
Negotiating market liberalisation for electric power services: the ``request and offer'' process
251(3)
Competition-Related Issues
254(5)
Public Services
259(2)
Conclusions
261(4)
Electricity Trade and Trade-Related Environmental Measures
265(20)
Janusz Bielecki
Leif K. Ervik
What are the Environmental Concerns and Actions in the Power Sector?
266(5)
What are the Existing Safety and Environmental Standards?
271(7)
Nuclear safety
271(3)
Atmospheric emissions
274(4)
Why are Trade Restrictions not the Most Suitable Instruments for Environmental Protection?
278(2)
What Other Instruments Could be Used?
280(2)
Concluding Remarks
282(3)
Trade-Neutral Policies for the Promotion of Electricity from Renewables
285(36)
Leigh Hancher
Definition of Renewable Energy Sources
286(2)
Scope of the Analysis
288(1)
Typology of Measures
289(2)
The Evolving EU Regime
291(8)
EU support measures
291(1)
National support measures
292(7)
The GATT/WTO Framework: General Comments
299(4)
Preliminary remarks: Articles XX and III
300(1)
The competitive relationship
300(2)
Less favourable treatment
302(1)
The Scope of Article XX
303(13)
GATT Article XX(a), (b), and (g)
303(1)
GATT Article XX(b)
303(2)
GATT Article XX(g)
305(3)
Jurisdictional application and processes and production methods
308(3)
The chapeau of GATT Article XX
311(3)
Concluding remarks
314(2)
Subsidies Under the SCM Agreement
316(2)
Conclusions
318(3)
Annex Directive 2003/54/EC 321(26)
Index 347

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