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9780131145603

Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Basic Geotechnics

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780131145603

  • ISBN10:

    0131145606

  • Edition: 7th
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2006-08-23
  • Publisher: Prentice Hall

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Summary

This text offers a comprehensive presentation of topics in the field of soil mechanics and foundations. It offers a perfect balance of theory and applications for engineers and non-engineers, and it also provides architecture, construction, and environmental planning students with state-of-the-art information.

Author Biography

Undergraduate degree, BS in CE, Univ of Rhode Island, RI

Graduate degree, MS in CE, Lehigh Univ, Bethlehem, PA

Licensed Professional Engineer in several states (NY, PA, NJ, MA)

 

Approximately 40 years of experience in the field of civil engineering consisting of an intermix of (i) geotechnical engineering consulting experience that includes early training with geotechnical firms, all related to private and public projects (field subsurface investigations and evaluations, foundations design, field construction, site improvement) involving building construction, highway and airfield construction, dams, earth retaining structures, environmental projects, and (ii) the teaching of college coursework in civil engineering programs (geotechnical engineering, soil and constructions materials testing, engineering mechanics, structural design).

Table of Contents

PART I Background and Basics
1(195)
The Soil and Rock of Planet Earth: Geologic Overview
3(37)
Rock: The Source of Soils
4(4)
Soil Categories: Transported, Residual
8(21)
Transported Soils
9(14)
Residual Soils
23(4)
Soil Gases and Liquids
27(2)
Plate Tectonics
29(8)
Effect on Design and Construction
37(3)
Problems
38(2)
Soil Types and Soil Structure
40(21)
Major Soil Types
40(2)
Particle Shapes and Sizes
42(3)
Clay and Water
45(4)
Soil Structure
49(4)
Some Special Soil Categories
53(8)
Collapsible Soils
54(1)
Liquefaction
54(1)
Expansive Clays
55(2)
Dispersive Clays
57(1)
Laterites
58(1)
Problems
59(2)
Soil Composition: Terminology and Definitions
61(17)
Soil Composition: Analytical Representation
61(3)
Weight--Volume, Mass--Volume Relationship
62(2)
Basic Terms Relating to Soil Composition and Condition
64(9)
Submerged Soil
73(5)
Problems
75(3)
Index Properties and Classification Tests, and Soil Classification Systems
78(39)
Index Properties
79(1)
Classification Tests
80(16)
Particle Size Distribution (Mechanical Analysis)
80(5)
In-Place Density, In-Place Unit Weight
85(1)
Relative Density
86(3)
Water Content
89(1)
Consistency of Clays
89(2)
Consistency in the Remolded State and Plasticity
91(2)
Presence of Clay Minerals
93(1)
Testing for Dispersive Clays
94(2)
Other Properties
96(1)
ASTM and AASHTO Test Procedure Designations
96(1)
Classification Systems
97(10)
Application to Transported Soil Deposits and Residual Soil Formations
107(2)
Soil Taxonomy---Global Soil Orders
109(8)
Problems
114(3)
Site Investigations: Purpose and Methods, Information and Procedures Available
117(79)
Maps and Aerial Photographs as Sources of Information
119(3)
Borings and Test Pits
122(14)
Borings Methods
123(5)
Soil Sampling
128(3)
Sample Spacing in Soil Borings
131(1)
Borings Spacing and Depth
131(2)
Rock Core Drilling
133(2)
Test Pits
135(1)
Soil Resistance Testing in Boreholes
136(18)
Penetration Resistance and the Standard Penetration Test
136(4)
SPT Modifications
140(1)
Penetration Resistance and Cone Penetrometers
141(13)
Presentation of Borings Information
154(4)
Borings Logs, CPT Sounding Logs/Profiles
154(1)
Recognizing Limitations of Borings and Penetrometer Data
154(4)
In-Place Testing
158(11)
In-Place Shear Tests---Vane Shear
159(1)
Slope Inclination Indicator
159(2)
Pore Pressure and Piezometers
161(3)
Dilatometer and Pressuremeter Tests
164(5)
Groundwater, Soil Water, and Soil Gas Sampling
169(10)
Geophysical Methods
179(17)
Seismic Refraction
179(6)
Electrical Resistivity
185(4)
Correlation between Resistivity and Earth Materials
189(2)
Thickness of Layers
191(1)
Ground-Penetrating Radar
191(2)
Problems
193(3)
PART II Engineering Properties and Behavior of Soil Deposits
196(261)
Movement of Water through Soil: Basic Hydrogeology, Subsurface Flow, Permeability, Capillarity
197(37)
Basic Hydrogeology
198(4)
Subsurface Flow, Basic Facts
198(4)
Permeability (Hydraulic Conductivity)
202(19)
Factors Affecting Flow
202(5)
Darcy's Law for Flow
207(2)
Laminar and Turbulent Flow
209(1)
Effect of Soil Type
209(1)
Kozeny-Carman Equation for Permeability
210(5)
Empirical Relationships
215(2)
Permeability Tests
217(1)
Laboratory Permeability Tests
218(3)
Field Permeability Tests
221(1)
Capillarity
221(13)
Water in Capillary Tubes
222(5)
Capillary Rise in Soil
227(2)
Time Rate of Capillary Rise
229(1)
Suspended Capillaries
229(1)
Elimination of Capillary Water in Soil
229(1)
Effects of Surface Tension
229(1)
Problems
230(4)
Movement of Water through Soil: Practical Effects: Seepage, Drainage, Frost Heave, Contamination
234(62)
Flow Nets and Seepage
234(15)
Flow of Subsurface Water
234(1)
The Need for Flow Nets and Flow Net Theory
235(5)
Boundaries for the Flow Net
240(3)
Flow Nets for Nonisotropic Soils
243(2)
Uplift Forces
245(1)
Other Seepage Forces
245(2)
Practical Considerations
247(1)
Quicksand
247(2)
Drainage
249(24)
Conditions Requiring Drainage
250(1)
Dewatering Shallow Excavations
250(1)
Dewatering Intermediate Depths
250(5)
Deep Drainage
255(1)
Consolidation Drainage
255(1)
Summary: Techniques for Subsurface Drainage
255(1)
Drainage after Construction
255(1)
Foundation Drains
256(1)
Blanket Drains
257(1)
Interceptor Drains
258(1)
Flow Through a Structure
259(1)
Filter Design (Aggregate Filters)
260(1)
Drainage, Filtration, Separation, and Protection with Geosynthetics (Synthetic Fabrics)
261(8)
Land Drainage
269(1)
Effects of Drainage
269(4)
Soil Percolation Rate
273(1)
Frost Heave in Soils
273(8)
Permafrost
279(2)
Soil and Groundwater Contamination
281(15)
Soil Gas
287(4)
Use of Geosynthetics to Prevent Ground Contamination
291(2)
Problems
293(3)
Combined Stresses in Soil Masses: Stress at a Point and Mohr's Circle
296(14)
Stress at a Point: Analytical Development
297(3)
Mohr's Circle
300(10)
Problems
307(3)
Subsurface Stresses
310(22)
Stresses Caused by the Soil Mass
310(5)
Vertical Stresses
310(1)
Effect of Groundwater Table
311(1)
Horizontal (Lateral) Stresses
312(3)
Stress within the Soil Mass Resulting from Vertical Surface Loading
315(17)
Uniform Homogeneous Soils
315(1)
Boussinesq Stress Distribution
315(1)
Westergaard Stress Distribution
316(1)
Computational Aids
317(1)
Application for Foundation Loading
318(3)
Sixty-Degree Approximation
321(1)
Layered Soils Having Different Properties
322(2)
Effect of Foundation Installation Below Finished Grade
324(1)
Effect of Changing the Surface Grade
325(2)
Problems
327(5)
Settlement: Soil Compression, Volume Distortion, Consolidation
332(52)
Basic Considerations
332(4)
Settlement of Foundations on Sand
336(9)
Schmertmann Method
336(5)
Dilatometer Method
341(2)
Approximations for Estimating Settlement of Foundations on Sand
343(2)
Settlement of Foundations on Clay Soils
345(19)
Volume Distortion Settlement for Clays
346(2)
Primary Compression Settlement for Clays
348(15)
Secondary Compression of Clay Soil
363(1)
Settlement Resulting from Earth Fill
364(1)
Consolidation
365(6)
Surcharging
371(13)
Acceleration of the Soil Improvement Process
373(1)
Horizontal Drainage
374(4)
Problems
378(6)
Shear Strength Theory
384(45)
Laboratory Tests
385(8)
Direct Shear Test
385(2)
Triaxial Compression Test
387(3)
Plane Strain and Axisymmetrical Strain
390(1)
Unconfined Compression Test
391(1)
Vane-Shear Test
391(2)
Shear Test Results Plotted on Mohr's Circle Coordinates
393(3)
Strength or Failure Envelope
394(2)
Shearing Strength
396(23)
Shearing Strength of Cohesionless Soil
396(6)
Approximating Values of Φ from Site Investigation Data (SPT, CPT, DMT)
402(2)
Shearing Strength of Clay Soils
404(6)
Shear Strength of Clay Related to Triaxial Testing
410(6)
Approximating Shear Strength of Cohesive Soil from Site Investigation Data (SPT, CPT, DMT, VST)
416(1)
Shear Strength of Mixed Soils
417(1)
Position of Failure Plane Related to Angle Φ
418(1)
Stress Paths
419(10)
Stress Path for Tests in Consolidated--Drained Conditions
420(2)
Stress Path for Tests in Consolidated--Undrained Conditions
422(1)
Applications
423(2)
Problems
425(4)
Earthquakes and the Effects
429(28)
Causes and Effects
429(17)
Applications to Design
446(11)
NEHRP Provisions (USA)
446(9)
Problems
455(2)
PART III Application of Soil Mechanics Theories
457(346)
Foundations: Introductory Concepts
459(29)
General Types of Foundations---Foundation Categories
460(3)
Spread Footings
460(1)
Mat (or Raft) Foundations
461(1)
Pile and Pier Foundations
461(1)
Caissons
462(1)
Floating Foundations
463(1)
Pile Foundation Types and Installation Procedures
463(19)
Pile Drivers for Driven Piles
463(6)
Pile Types and Materials
469(11)
Representative Pile Load Capacities and Available Lengths
480(1)
Methods to Aid Pile Installation
480(2)
Other Installation Considerations
482(1)
Relating Soil Conditions and Foundation Types
482(6)
Problems
485(3)
Foundations: Design Considerations and Methods
488(107)
Shallow Foundations---Design and Installation Criteria
489(1)
Basic Concepts---Long (Strip) Footings
489(2)
Bearing Capacity Equations
491(19)
Additional Considerations, Bearing Capacity Equation
497(3)
Application for Design---The Extended Bearing Capacity Equation
500(8)
Footings on Slopes
508(2)
Footing Design Data from Penetration Resistance in Boreholes
510(13)
Standard Penetration Test and Sand
511(4)
Standard Penetration Test and Cohesive Soil
515(1)
Cone Penetrometer Test (CPT) and Sana
516(1)
Static Cone Penetrometer and Cohesive Soil
517(2)
The Pressuremeter and Foundation Design
519(4)
Effects of Seismic Events
523(11)
Seismic Bearing Capacity of Spread Footing Foundations
523(5)
Seismic-Induced Liquefaction
528(6)
Presumptive Bearing Pressures
534(1)
Foundation Walls
535(3)
Deep Foundations---Capacity and Installation Criteria
538(1)
Pile and Pier Foundations
538(47)
Statical Analysis (Single Pile Capacity)
539(1)
Effective Stress Method
540(10)
Total Stress Method
550(6)
Factor of Safety
556(1)
Negative Shaft Capacity
556(1)
Other Design Considerations
557(1)
Uplift Capacity (Single Pile)
557(1)
Statical Method---Bored Piers and Piles (Drilled Shaft Foundations)
558(5)
Arrangement for Piles in a Group
563(2)
Group Capacity
565(2)
Pile Group Settlement
567(2)
Pile Load Tests
569(8)
Pile-Driving Formulas
577(8)
Supervision of Foundation Construction
585(10)
Problems
585(10)
Site Improvement: Earth Moving, Compaction, and Stabilization
595(62)
Field Procedures---General Considerations, Methods, and Techniques
596(8)
Alternative Methods of Transporting Earth Fill
603(1)
Field Equipment---Surface Zone Compaction
604(9)
Surface Compaction Equipment
604(9)
Deep-Ground Improvement Techniques
613(17)
Vibrocompaction
613(5)
Stone Columns: Vibroreplacement, Vibrodisplacement Processes
618(3)
Controlled Modulus Columns (CMC)™
621(1)
Deep Soil Mixing
621(4)
Dynamic Deep Compaction/Consolidation
625(2)
Dynamic Replacement™
627(1)
Compacting by Explosives
627(2)
Vacuum Consolidation
629(1)
Soil Stabilization
630(12)
Use of Natural and Chemical Additives
630(7)
Use of Geosynthetics for Stabilization and Reinforcement
637(5)
Methods for Establishing Required Soil Density
642(6)
Field Control and Field Density Tests
648(9)
Sand-Cone Method
650(1)
Balloon Method
650(1)
Nuclear Moisture-Density Method
651(3)
Problems
654(3)
Stability of Unsupported Slopes
657(62)
Types of Slope Movements
658(4)
Isotropic Soils and Uniform Slopes of Infinite Extent
662(5)
Cohesionless Soil
662(4)
Soils Possessing Cohesion
666(1)
Slopes of Finite Extent---Soils Possessing Cohesion
667(22)
Types of Rotational Slides in Isotropic Soils
667(1)
Stability Analysis---General Concepts
668(2)
Strength Properties for Analysis---Clay and Mixed Soils
670(2)
Basic Methods for Stability Analysis
672(1)
Methods of Slices
673(10)
Noncircular Slip Surfaces
683(4)
Effect of Tension Cracks
687(1)
Sliding Block Analysis
687(2)
Computational Aids---Slope Stability Charts
689(22)
Taylor Charts
689(5)
Bishop-Morganstern, Barnes Charts
694(7)
Barnes Charts/Tables for Excavated Slopes
701(5)
Spencer Charts
706(3)
Morganstern Charts for Rapid Drawdown
709(2)
Variation in Shear Stress and Factor of Safety
711(1)
Improving Stability of Slopes
712(7)
Problems
715(4)
Lateral Pressures and Retaining Structures
719(84)
Lateral Earth Pressure and Retaining Walls
721(8)
At-Rest Pressure
721(2)
Effect of Submergence
723(2)
Active and Passive Lateral Pressures---Basic Considerations
725(4)
Earth Pressures against Retaining Walls
729(4)
Classical Theories
729(4)
Lateral Pressures Related to Wall Movement
733(9)
Practical Considerations
733(2)
Cohesionless Soil Backfill
735(1)
Goh Analysis
736(1)
Cohesive Soil Backfill
736(3)
Recommended Design Criteria for Gravity Walls
739(1)
Effects of Groundwater and Freezing
739(3)
Retaining Wall Design Requirements
742(16)
Common Types of Walls, Construction Considerations
742(2)
Basic Design Considerations
744(8)
Surface Loads near Wall
752(1)
Terzaghi-Peck Charts for Backfill Pressures
753(1)
Earthquake Forces and Gravity Retaining Walls
754(4)
Alternate Types of Retaining Structures
758(10)
Gabion Retaining Walls
758(2)
Reinforced Earth
760(1)
Soil Nail Wall and Ground Anchor Wall Systems
761(3)
Launched Soil Nails
764(4)
Excavation Bracing
768(9)
Types and Installation of Excavation Bracing
768(5)
Lateral Pressures for Designing Bracing
773(4)
Anchored Bulkheads
777(4)
Water-Retaining Structures: Dams
781(22)
Earth Fill Dams
784(4)
Rockfill Dams
788(1)
Concrete and Masonry Dams
789(9)
Problems
798(5)
Appendix A Application of LaPlace Equation to Flow Nets 803(3)
Appendix B Laboratory Procedure to Determine Coefficient of Consolidation 806(4)
Appendix C Mathematical Development of the Bishop Equation for Slope Stability 810(3)
Bibliography 813(17)
Answers to Selected Problems 830(7)
Index 837

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