'Clinical Orthoptics has become established as a basic reference text providing fundamental information on anatomy, innervation and orthoptic investigation, plus diagnosis and management of strabismus, ocular motility and related disturbances. It is aimed at trainee ophthalmologists and orthoptic undergraduate students. Qualified orthoptists, general ophthalmologists and optometrists will also find valuable guidance in these pages. In this edition, the author has maintained the goal of producing a user-friendly, clinically relevant and succinct book, while revising it to reflect a variety of developments in the field. FEATURES Essential reading for students of orthoptics and ophthalmolology Now fully revised and updated Generously illustrated with photographs and line drawings Includes diagnostic aids, case reports, and helpful glossary

Fiona J. Rowe is a Senior Lecturer in Orthoptics at the University of Liverpool, and lecture extensively to undergraduate and postgraduate orthoptists, trainee and qualified ophthalmologists, ophthalmic nurses and other members of the multi-disciplinary eye care team.

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgements	p. xii
List of Figures	p. xiii
List of Tables	p. xvii
	p. 1
Extraocular Muscle Anatomy and Innervation	p. 3
Muscle pulleys	p. 3
Ocular muscles	p. 5
Innervation	p. 10
Associated cranial nerves	p. 12
References	p. 15
Further reading	p. 16
Binocular Single Vision	p. 17
Worth's classification	p. 17
Development	p. 17
Retinal correspondence	p. 19
Physiology of stereopsis	p. 20
Fusion	p. 23
Retinal rivalry	p. 24
Suppression	p. 24
Diplopia	p. 25
References	p. 27
Further reading	p. 28
Ocular Motility	p. 29
Saccadic system	p. 29
Smooth pursuit system	p. 31
Vergence system	p. 33
Vestibular-ocular response and optokinetic response	p. 35
Brainstem control	p. 37
Muscle sequelae	p. 39
Past-pointing	p. 40
Bell's phenomenon	p. 41
References	p. 41
Further reading	p. 43
Orthoptic Investigative Procedures	p. 45
Visual acuity	p. 45
Cover test	p. 60
Ocular motility	p. 64
Accommodation and convergence	p. 68
Retinal correspondence	p. 73
Fusion	p. 77
Stereopsis	p. 82
Suppression	p. 89
Synoptophore	p. 91
Aniseikonia	p. 97
Fixation	p. 98
Measurement of deviations	p. 99
Hess charts	p. 105
Field of binocular single vision	p. 108
Uniocular field of vision	p. 110
Measurement of torsion	p. 111
Parks-Helveston three-step test	p. 113
Diplopia charts	p. 113
Bielchowsky phenomenon (dark wedge test)	p. 115
Forced duction test	p. 115
Forced generation test	p. 115
Orthoptic exercises	p. 115
References	p. 119
Further reading	p. 124
	p. 129
Heterophoria	p. 131
Classification	p. 131
Aetiology	p. 131
Causes of decompensation	p. 132
Esophoria	p. 132
Exophoria	p. 132
Hyperphoria/hypophoria	p. 133
Alternating hyperphoria	p. 133
Alternating hypophoria	p. 133
Cyclophoria	p. 133
Incomitant heterophoria	p. 133
Hemifield slide	p. 133
Investigation of heterophoria	p. 134
Management	p. 135
References	p. 136
Further reading	p. 137
Heterotropia	p. 138
Esotropia	p. 138
Factors necessary for development of binocular single vision	p. 139
Constant esotropia with an accommodative element	p. 140
Constant esotropia without an accommodative element	p. 141
Accommodative esotropia	p. 146
Relating to fixation distance
Exotropia	p. 155
Hypertropia	p. 168
Hypotropia	p. 168
Cyclotropia	p. 169
Dissociated vertical deviation	p. 170
Dissociated horizontal deviation	p. 172
Quality of life	p. 173
Pseudostrabismus	p. 174
References	p. 175
Further reading	p. 184
Microtropia	p. 189
Terminology	p. 189
Classification	p. 190
Investigation	p. 191
Management	p. 194
References	p. 194
Further reading	p. 195
Amblyopia and Visual Impairment	p. 197
Classification	p. 197
Aetiology	p. 197
Investigation	p. 198
Management	p. 199
Eccentric fixation	p. 205
Cerebral visual impairment	p. 205
Delayed visual maturation	p. 206
PHACE syndrome	p. 207
References	p. 207
Further reading	p. 212
Aphakia	p. 215
Methods of correction	p. 215
Investigation	p. 215
Problems with unilateral aphakia	p. 216
Management	p. 216
References	p. 218
Further reading	p. 219
	p. 221
Incomitant Strabismus	p. 223
Aetiology	p. 223
Aid to diagnosis	p. 225
Diplopia	p. 226
Abnormal head posture	p. 227
References	p. 230
Further reading	p. 231
A and V Patterns	p. 232
Classification	p. 232
Aetiology	p. 232
Investigation	p. 236
Management	p. 238
References	p. 241
Further reading	p. 241
Accommodation and Convergence Disorders	p. 245
Accommodative disorders	p. 245
Presbyopia-physiological	p. 245
Presbyopia - premature (non-physiological)	p. 246
Accommodative insufficiency	p. 247
Accommodative fatigue	p. 248
Accommodative paralysis	p. 248
Accommodative spasm	p. 249
Accommodative inertia	p. 250
Micropsia	p. 251
Macropsia	p. 251
Convergence anomalies	p. 251
Convergence insufficiency	p. 252
Convergence paralysis	p. 254
Convergence spasm	p. 254
Specific learning difficulty	p. 254
References	p. 255
Further reading	p. 257
Ptosis and Pupils	p. 259
Ptosis	p. 259
Marcus Gunn jaw-winking syndrome	p. 263
Lid retraction	p. 264
Pupils	p. 264
References	p. 269
Further reading	p. 271
Neurogenic Disorders	p. 272
III (third) cranial nerve	p. 272
IV (fourth) cranial nerve	p. 280
VI (sixth) cranial nerve	p. 288
Multiple sclerosis	p. 292
Acquired motor fusion deficiency	p. 293
Non-accidental injury	p. 294
Premature visual impairment	p. 295
Ophthalmoplegia	p. 296
References	p. 300
Further reading	p. 307
Mechanical Paralytic Strabismus	p. 310
Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders	p. 312
Brown's syndrome	p. 319
Adherence syndrome	p. 324
Moebius syndrome	p. 325
Strabismus fixus syndrome	p. 327
Thyroid eye disease	p. 327
Orbital injuries	p. 333
Blow-out fracture	p. 334
Soft tissue injury	p. 335
Supraorbital fracture	p. 341
Naso-orbital fracture	p. 341
Zygoma fracture	p. 341
Conjunctival shortening syndrome	p. 342
Retinal detachment	p. 342
Cataract	p. 343
Macular translocation surgery	p. 344
References	p. 344
Further reading	p. 350
Myogenic Disorders	p. 354
Thyroid eye disease	p. 354
Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia	p. 354
Myasthenia gravis	p. 355
Myotonic dystrophy	p. 358
Ocular myositis	p. 358
Kearns-Sayre ophthalmoplegia	p. 359
References	p. 359
Further reading	p. 361
Craniofacial Synostoses	p. 352
Plagiocephaly	p. 362
Brachycephaly	p. 362
Scaphocephaly/dolichocephaly	p. 362
Occipital plagiocephaly	p. 362
Apert's syndrome	p. 363
Craniofrontonasal dysplasia	p. 363
Crouzon's syndrome	p. 363
Pfeiffer syndrome	p. 363
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome	p. 364
Unicoronal syndrome	p. 364
General signs and symptoms	p. 364
Ocular signs and symptoms	p. 365
Management	p. 365
References	p. 366
Further reading	p. 367
Nystagmus	p. 368
Aetiology	p. 368
Classification	p. 368
Investigation	p. 373
Management	p. 375
References	p. 378
Further reading	p. 380
Supranuclear and Internuclear Disorders	p. 382
Saccadic movement disorders	p. 382
Smooth pursuit movement disorders	p. 384
Vergence movement disorders	p. 385
Gaze palsy	p. 386
Optokinetic movement disorders	p. 394
Vestibular movement disorders	p. 395
Brainstem syndromes	p. 395 Skew dev
Ocular tilt reaction	p. 398
Ocular investigation	p. 398
Management options	p. 400
References	p. 401
Further reading	p. 405
Appendices	p. 407
Diagnostic Aids	p. 409
Abbreviations of Orthoptic Terms	p. 418
Diagrammatic Recording of Ocular Motility	p. 424
Diagrammatic Recording of Nystagmus	p. 426
Glossary	p. 428
Case Reports	p. 441
Index	p. 459
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Clinical Orthoptics

9781444339345

1444339346

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