Sports and Athletics in Higher Education

Athletics on college campuses is not only one of the oldest traditions in higher education but also one of the oldest programs offered to students. The primary goal of this ASHE Reader is to provide a forum for discussion and analyses about the unique characteristics of sports and athletics participation in higher education. This reader will explore the needs, experiences and development of the American college student athlete and the political roles that sports and athletics play on college campuses. With a multidisciplinary approach, this reader examines the issues that face American college student athletes and sports in higher education by publishing the work and ideas of scholars and others interested in understanding the socio-political, historical, administrative, and developmental context of athletics in higher education and the administration of sports.

FOREWORD THE RESEARCH CONTEXT OF COLLEGE SPORTS xii

BY JOHN R. THELIN

INTRODUCTION SPORTS AND STUDENT ATHLETES IN HIGHER EDUCATION xiv

BY JAMES SATTERFIELD

JOHN R. THELIN, “GOOD SPORTS? HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE POLITICAL 3

ECONOMY OF INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS IN THE ERA OF TITLE IX, 1972—1997”

JAMES J. DUDERSTADT, “THE EVOLUTION OF COLLEGE SPORTS” 15

RONALD A. SMITH, “THE FIRST INTERCOLLEGIATE SPORT: CREW 25

AND THE COMMERCIAL SPIRIT”

JAMES L. SHULMAN ANDWILLIAM G. BOWEN, “THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION 33

AND REGULATION OF COLLEGE SPORTS IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE”

RONALD D. FLOWERS, “WIN ONE FOR THE GIPPER” 55

RONALD A. SMITH, “HARVARD AND COLUMBIAAND A RECONSIDERATION 67

OF THE 1905—06 FOOTBALL CRISIS”

DEREK BOK, “ATHLETICS” 81

DAVID L. WESTBY AND ALLEN SACK, “THE COMMERCIALIZATION 91

AND FUNCTIONAL RATIONALIZATION OF COLLEGE FOOTBALL: ITS ORIGINS”

JENNIFER L. CROISSANT, “CAN THIS CAMPUS BE BOUGHT? COMMERCIAL 107

INFLUENCE IN UNFAMILIAR PLACES”

RONALD A. SMITH, “COMMERCIALIZED INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS 113

AND THE 1903 HARVARD STADIUM”

MURRAY SPERBER, “WHY THE NCAA CAN’T REFORM COLLEGE ATHLETICS” 123

MURRAY SPERBER, “COLLEGE SPORTS INC: HOW BIG-TIME ATHLETIC 131

DEPARTMENTS RUN INTERFERENCE FOR COLLEGE, INC.”

“AAUP STATEMENT ON INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS.” IN AAUP POLICY DOCUMENTS 143

AND REPORTS, 10TH ED.

MYLES BRAND, “FACULTYMEMBERS’ CONSTRUCTIVE ENGAGEMENT IN 147

INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS”

JAMES J. DUDERSTADT, “INSTITUTIONAL CONTROL” 155

JAMES H. FREY, “INSTITUTIONAL CONTROL OF ATHLETICS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE 169

PLAYED BY PRESIDENTS, FACULTY, TRUSTEES, ALUMNI, AND THE NCAA”

JAMES J. DUDERSTADT, “THE GOVERNANCE OF INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS” 179

J. DOUGLAS TOMA, “THE COLLEGIATE IDEAL AND THE TOOLS OF EXTERNAL RELATIONS: 191

THE USES OF HIGH- PROFILE INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS”

THOMAS J. ARKELL, “AGENT INTERFERENCE WITH COLLEGE ATHLETICS: WHAT 201

AGENTS CAN AND CANNOT DO ANDWHAT INSTITUTIONS SHOULD DO IN RESPONSE”

TODD FISHER, “AMATEURISM AND INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS: 223

THE DOUBLE STANDARD OF SECTION 12.2.4.2.1”

SARAH M. KONSKY, “AN ANTITRUST CHALLENGE TO THE NCCA TRANSFER RULES” 237

HOWARD M. WASSERMAN, “CHEERS, PROFANITY, AND FREE SPEECH” 257

JEFFREY HARRISON AND CASEY HARRISON, “THE LAWAND ECONOMICS 269

OF THE NCAA’S CLAIM TO MONOPSONY RIGHTS”

JENNIFER L. HOFFMAN AND DAVID HORTON, JR., “STATE GENDER EQUITY 283

LAW & ATHLETIC PARTICIPATION AMONG COMMUNITY COLLEGES IN

WASHINGTON STATE”

PART V SOCIOLOGY OF SPORT 293

CHAPTER 25MARVINWASHINGTON, “DECLINING LEGITIMACY AND SOCIALMOBILITY: 295

A STUDY OFWHY COLLEGES LEFT THE NAIA FOR THE NCAA”

ROBERT E. WASHINGTON AND DAVID KAREN, “SPORT AND SOCIETY” 309

BLAKE GUMPRECHT, “THE AMERICAN COLLEGE TOWN” 329

PIERRE BOURDIEU, “SPORT AND SOCIAL CLASS” 349

JAMES W. SATTERFIELD AND MICHAEL G. GODFREY, “THE UNIVERSITY 359

OF NEBRASKA— LINCOLN FOOTBALL: A METAPHORICAL, SYMBOLIC AND

RITUALISTIC COMMUNITY EVENT”

D. ERIC ARCHER, KERRI S. KEARNEY, AND BRENDA BLACKBURN, 373

“IMPACT OF TRANSITION FROM SPORT: THE EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE

OF INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETES”

“CHEERING ONWOMEN AND GIRLS IN SPORTS: USING TITLE IX TO FIGHT 381

GENDER ROLE OPPRESSION”

A. PENT, H. GRAPPENDORF, AND A. HENDERSON, “DO THEYWANT MORE? 395

AN ANALYSIS OF NCAA SENIORWOMAN ADMINISTRATORS’ PARTICIPATION

IN FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING”

BRANDON E. MARTIN AND FRANK HARRIS III, “EXAMINING PRODUCTIVE 407

CONCEPTIONS OF MASCULINITIES: LESSONS LEARNED FROM ACADEMICALLY

DRIVEN AFRICAN AMERICAN MALE STUDENT-ATHLETES”

MICHELLE BEMILLER, “MENWHO CHEER” 421

ANGELAHATTERY, EARL SMITH AND ELLEN STAUROWSKY, “THEY PLAY LIKE GIRLS: 437

GENDER EQUITY IN NCAA SPORTS”

MARY HOWARD- HAMILTON, “AFRICAN- AMERICAN FEMALE ATHLETES: 453

ISSUES, IMPLICATIONS, AND IMPERATIVES FOR EDUCATORS”

GEORGE B. CUNNINGHAM AND MICHAEL SAGAS, “ACCESS DISCRIMINATION 461

IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS”

ROBIN L. HUGHES, JAMES W. SATTERFIELD, AND MARK S. GILES, “ATHLETISIZING BLACK 473

MALE STUDENT-ATHLETES: THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF RACE, SPORTS,

MYTHS AND REALITIES”

CHARLES FRUEHLING SPRINGWOOD AND C. RICHARD KING, “‘PLAYING INDIAN’: 483

WHY NATIVE AMERICAN MASCOTS MUST END”

HARRY EDWARDS, “THE BLACK ‘DUMB JOCK’: AN AMERICAN SPORTS TRAGEDY” 487

KENNETH L. SHROPSHIRE, “THE ROOTS OF RACISM AND DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTS” 495

DANA BROOKS, RONALD ALTHOUSE, AND DELANO TUCKER, “AFRICAN AMERICAN 503

MALE HEAD COACHES: IN THE ’RED ZONE,’ BUT CAN THEY SCORE?”

PAUL D. UMBACH, MEGAN M. PALMER, GEORGE D. KUH, AND 519

STEPHANIE J. HANNAH, “INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETES AND EFFECTIVE

EDUCATIONAL PRACTICES: WINNING COMBINATION OR LOSING EFFORT?”

EDDIE COMEAUX AND C. KEITH HARRISON, “FACULTY AND MALE STUDENT 537

ATHLETES: RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTORS

OF ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT”

NCAA RESEARCH STAFF, TRENDS IN GRADUATION SUCCESS RATES 549

ERNEST T. PASCARELLA, RACHEL TRUCKENMILLER, AMAURY NORA, 567

PATRICK T. TERENZINI, MARCIA EDISON, AND LINDA SERRAHAGEDORN,

“COGNITIVE IMPACTS OF INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS PARTICIPATION:

SOME FURTHER EVIDENCE”

ELIZABETH BROUGHTON AND MEGAN NEYER, “ADVISING AND COUNSELING 585

STUDENT ATHLETES”

JOY GASTON GAYLES AND SHOUPING HU, “THE INFLUENCE OF STUDENT 591

ENGAGEMENT AND SPORT PARTICIPATION ON COLLEGE OUTCOMES AMONG

DIVISION I STUDENT ATHLETES”

PART IX REFORMING INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS 605

CHAPTER 49DEREK BOK, “REFORMING ATHLETICS” 607

JOHN R. THELIN, “THE REFORM CANON: THE 1929 CARNEGIE FOUNDATION 615

REPORT”

ROBERT D. BENFORD, “THE COLLEGE SPORTS REFORM MOVEMENT: 629

REFRAMING THE ‘EDUTAINMENT’ INDUSTRY”

JAMES J. DUDERSTADT, “ROADS TO REFORM” 649

“THE FACULTY ROLE IN THE REFORM OF INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS: 665

PRINCIPLES AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES”

RAY YASSER, “A COMPREHENSIVE BLUEPRINT FOR THE REFORM 675

OF INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS”

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