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9780632035786

Sedimentology and Stratigraphy

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780632035786

  • ISBN10:

    0632035781

  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 1999-01-01
  • Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
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List Price: $95.00

Summary

Sedimentology and Stratigraphy is the first introductory text to relate sedimentological units to the larger stratigraphic picture. Representing current research priorities, it leaves behind an older--and now outdated--generation of textbooks. The author's aim is to consider the earth in terms of its physical environments, to describe the processes that affect generation, transport and deposition of sediment, and to build up a picture of the stratigraphy generated by these processes. The initial treatment is geomorphological and the general approach is non-mathematical. This will become the introductory textbook of choice in sedimentology and stratigraphy. The first introductory text to relate the units of sedimentology to the larger, stratigraphic picture. Eclipses an older generation of textbooks written before sequence stratrigraphy gave rise to a renaissance in stratigraphy. Covers the full range of sedimentology, from sub-microscopic analysis of grains of sand to the palaeogeographic evolution of whole basins. Largely a non-mathematical approach, within the grasp of students starting a degree course. Explains clearly the technical terms of soft-rock geology.

Author Biography

Gary Nichols teaches sedimentology and stratigraphy at Royal Holloway University of London, UK, and has also recently taught courses at the University Centre on Svalbard, Norway. His research interests in the analysis of facies and sedimentary basins have taken him to every continent, providing experience of a wide range of sedimentary rocks types of different ages in a variety of depositional settings.

Table of Contents

Preface ix
1 Introduction: sedimentology and stratigraphy
1(9)
1.1 Sedimentology and stratigraphy in Earth sciences
1(1)
1.2 Stratigraphy and sedimentology
2(1)
1.3 See the world in just one grain of sand
2(1)
1.4 Processes and products
3(1)
1.5 Sedimentary environments and facies
4(2)
1.6 Modern and ancient sedimentary environments
6(1)
1.7 Geographical distribution of environments and facies
6(1)
1.8 Changing environments and facies through time
6(1)
1.9 The stratigraphic record and geological time
7(1)
1.10 Earth history, global tectonics, climate and evolution
7(3)
2 Terrigenous clastic sediments: gravel, sand and mud
10(15)
2.1 The components of sediments and sedimentary rocks
10(1)
2.2 Classification and nomenclature of terrigenous clastic sediments and sedimentary rocks
11(1)
2.3 Gravel and conglomerate
12(2)
2.4 Sand and sandstone
14(4)
2.5 Clay, silt and mudrock
18(2)
2.6 Description of the textures of terrigenous clastic sedimentary rocks
20(1)
2.7 Granulometric and clast shape analysis
21(2)
2.8 Maturity of terrigenous clastic material
23(1)
2.9 Terrigenous clastic sediments: summary
24(1)
Further reading
24(1)
3 Biogenic, chemical and volcanogenic sediments
25(12)
3.1 Limestone
25(4)
3.2 Volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks
29(2)
3.3 Evaporite minerals
31(1)
3.4 Cherts
32(1)
3.5 Phosphates
33(1)
3.6 Sedimentary ironstone
33(1)
3.7 Carbonaceous (organic) deposits
33(2)
3.8 The description of sedimentary rocks in hand specimen
35(1)
3.9 Examination of sedimentary rocks under the microscope
35(1)
Further reading
36(1)
4 Processes of transport and sedimentary structures
37(25)
4.1 Transport media
37(1)
4.2 The behaviour of fluids and particles in fluids
38(5)
4.3 Flows, sediment and bedforms
43(9)
4.4 Waves
52(2)
4.5 Sedimentary structures in sand-mud mixtures
54(1)
4.6 Mass flows
54(4)
4.7 Mudcracks
58(1)
4.8 Erosional sedimentary structures
59(1)
4.9 Sedimentary structures and sedimentary environments
60(1)
Further reading
61(1)
5 Environments and facies
62(14)
5.1 Interpreting past depositional environments
62(1)
5.2 The concept of `facies'.
62(4)
5.3 Distribution of palaeoenvironments in time and space
66(1)
5.4 Palaeocurrents
66(3)
5.5 Provenance
69(1)
5.6 Graphic sedimentary logs
70(4)
5.7 Facies and environments: summary
74(1)
Further reading
75(1)
6 Continents: sources of sediment and environments of deposition
76(13)
6.1 From source of sediment to formation of strata
76(1)
6.2 The formation of mountains and hills
77(1)
6.3 Continental climatic regimes
77(1)
6.4 Surface processes
78(1)
6.5 Weathering processes
79(4)
6.6 Erosion and transport
83(3)
6.7 Factors which influence erosion rates
86(1)
6.8 Continental environments of deposition
87(1)
6.9 Continental environments: summary
88(1)
Further reading
88(1)
7 Glaciers and ice caps
89(7)
7.1 Formation of glaciers
89(2)
7.2 Erosion by glaciers
91(1)
7.3 Glacial deposits
91(3)
7.4 Distribution of glacial deposits
94(1)
7.5 Recognition of glacial deposits: summary
94(1)
Further reading
95(1)
8 Arid continental depositional environments
96(15)
8.1 Deserts
96(1)
8.2 Wind in deserts
97(4)
8.3 Water in a desert
101(1)
8.4 Alluvial fans
102(6)
8.5 Playa lakes
108(1)
8.6 Life in the desert
109(1)
8.7 Characteristics of the deposits of arid continental environments: summary
109(1)
Further reading
110(1)
9 Rivers: the fluvial environment
111(17)
9.1 River forms and patterns
111(2)
9.2 Modern rivers
113(7)
9.3 Floodplains
120(1)
9.4 Ancient fluvial deposits
121(2)
9.5 Palaeocurrents in fluvial systems
123(1)
9.6 Fossils in fluvial environments
124(1)
9.7 Soils and palaeosols
124(2)
9.8 Recognition of fluvial deposits: summary
126(1)
Further reading
127(1)
10 Lacustrine environments: fresh and saline lakes
128(7)
10.1 Modern lakes
128(1)
10.2 Morphology and processes in lakes
129(1)
10.3 Lacustrine sediments and facies
130(2)
10.4 Saline lakes
132(1)
10.5 Life in lakes
133(1)
10.6 Lake environments: summary
134(1)
Further reading
134(1)
11 The marine realm: morphology and processes
135(14)
11.1 Marine environments
135(1)
11.2 Tides
136(4)
11.3 Wave and storm processes
140(1)
11.4 Thermo-haline currents
141(1)
11.5 Divisions of the marine realm
142(1)
11.6 Chemical and biochemical sedimentation in oceans
143(1)
11.7 Ecology of the seas
144(3)
11.8 Marine environments: summary
147(1)
Further reading
148(1)
12 Deltas and estuaries
149(18)
12.1 Deltas
149(3)
12.2 Controls on deltas
152(6)
12.3 Coarse-grained deltas
158(1)
12.4 Delta `cycles'
159(2)
12.5 Post- and syndepositional effects on deltas
161(1)
12.6 Recognition of deltaic deposits: summary
162(1)
12.7 Estuaries
163(2)
12.8 Recognition of estuarine deposits: summary
165(1)
Further reading
166(1)
13 Coastlines: beaches, barriers and lagoons
167(13)
13.1 Coastal environments
167(1)
13.2 Morphological features of coastlines
168(3)
13.3 Clastic coastlines
171(3)
13.4 Carbonate coastlines
174(2)
13.5 Arid coastlines
176(2)
13.6 Recognition of coastal deposits: summary
178(1)
Further reading
179(1)
14 Shallow seas
180(14)
14.1 Sediment supply to shallow seas
180(1)
14.2 Shallow marine clastic environments
181(1)
14.3 Storm-dominated shallow clastic seas
181(2)
14.4 Tide-dominated shallow clastic seas
183(3)
14.5 Shallow marine carbonate environments
186(1)
14.6 Carbonate ramps
187(1)
14.7 Rimmed carbonate shelves
188(2)
14.8 Epeiric, drowned and isolated carbonate platforms
190(1)
14.9 Barred basins and saline giants
191(2)
14.10 Criteria for the recognition of shelf sediments
193(1)
Further reading
193(1)
15 Deep marine environments
194(14)
15.1 Modern and ancient oceans
194(2)
15.2 Deep marine mass flows
196(3)
15.3 Submarine fans
199(3)
15.4 Contourites
202(1)
15.5 Pelagic and hemipelagic sedimentation
202(3)
15.6 Other features of deep ocean sediments
205(1)
15.7 Fossils in deep ocean sediments
205(1)
15.8 Ancient deep ocean deposits
206(1)
15.9 Recognition of deep ocean deposits: summary
206(1)
Further reading
207(1)
16 Volcanic environments
208(7)
16.1 Volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks
208(1)
16.2 Lavas
208(1)
16.3 Volcaniclastic rocks
208(4)
16.4 Environments of deposition
212(1)
16.5 Recognition of volcanigenic deposits: summary
213(1)
16.6 Volcanic rocks in stratigraphy: flows, dykes and sills
214(1)
Further reading
214(1)
17 Sediments into rocks: post-depositional processes
215(14)
17.1 Post-depositional modification of sedimentary layers
215(2)
17.2 Post-depositional physical and chemical processes
217(3)
17.3 Nodules and concretions
220(1)
17.4 Clastic diagenesis
221(1)
17.5 Carbonate diagenesis
222(3)
17.6 Post-depositional changes to evaporites
225(1)
17.7 Diagenesis of volcaniclastic sediments
226(1)
17.8 Formation of coal and hydrocarbons
226(2)
17.9 Diagenetic processes: summary
228(1)
Further reading
228(1)
18 Stratigraphy: concepts and lithostratigraphy
229(12)
18.1 Stratigraphy and geological time
229(2)
18.2 Chronostratigraphy
231(1)
18.3 Physical stratigraphy
232(2)
18.4 Lithostratigraphy
234(2)
18.5 Lithostratigraphic nomenclature
236(2)
18.6 Lithostratigraphy and environments
238(1)
18.7 Lithostratigraphy and geological maps
239(1)
18.8 Lithostratigraphy and correlation
240(1)
Further reading
240(1)
19 Biostratigraphy
241(10)
19.1 Strata and fossils
241(3)
19.2 Fossils in stratigraphy
244(2)
19.3 Taxa used in biostratigraphy
246(2)
19.4 Correlating different environments
248(1)
19.5 Biostratigraphic nomenclature
248(1)
19.6 Biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy
249(1)
Further reading
250(1)
20 Dating and correlation techniques
251(13)
20.1 Radiometric dating
251(4)
20.2 Magnetostratigraphy
255(4)
20.3 Other dating methods
259(1)
20.4 Dating in the Quaternary
260(1)
20.5 Correlation
261(2)
Further reading
263(1)
21 Sequence stratigraphy and sea level changes
264(26)
21.1 Introduction
264(4)
21.2 Depositional sequences and systems tracts
268(2)
21.3 Facies patterns in depositional sequences
270(2)
21.4 Sequences in carbonate depositional environments
272(2)
21.5 Subdivision of depositional sequences and systems tracts: parasequences
274(2)
21.6 Sequence stratigraphy and depositional environments
276(4)
21.7 Practical sequence stratigraphy
280(1)
21.8 Causes of sea level fluctuations
281(8)
Further reading
289(1)
22 Subsurface stratigraphy
290(9)
22.1 Seismic reflection profiles
290(2)
22.2 Interpreting seismic reflections
292(1)
22.3 Structural features on seismic profiles
293(1)
22.4 Seismic facies
294(1)
22.5 Relating seismic profiles to geological cross-sections.
294(1)
22.6 Borehole stratigraphy and sedimentology
294(3)
22.7 Subsurface facies analysis
297(1)
22.8 Use of borehole data
298(1)
Further reading
298(1)
23 Sedimentary basins
299(17)
23.1 Tectonics of sedimentary basins
299(1)
23.2 Basins related to crustal extension
300(6)
23.3 Basins related to subduction
306(4)
23.4 Basins related to continental collision
310(2)
23.5 Basins related to strike-slip plate boundaries
312(3)
23.6 Complex and hybrid basins
315(1)
23.7 Changes in tectonic setting with time
315(1)
Further reading
315(1)
24 The Earth through geological time
316(13)
24.1 Uniformitarianism: `the present is the key to the past',
316(2)
24.2 Catastrophic events: meteorite and comet impacts
318(1)
24.3 `Catastrophic' events in sedimentation
318(2)
24.4 Life (biosphere)through time
320(2)
24.5 The atmosphere and air circulation
322(1)
24.6 Plate tectonics through time
323(1)
24.7 Climate through time
324(2)
24.8 Planetary behaviour through time
326(1)
24.9 Gaps in the record
326(2)
24.10 The sedimentary record
328(1)
Further reading
328(1)
References 329(12)
Index 341

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