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9780230573574

Shades of Goodness Gradability, Demandingness and the Structure of Moral Theories

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780230573574

  • ISBN10:

    0230573576

  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2009-06-15
  • Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
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Summary

It is typically thought that the demandingness problem is specifically a problem for consequentialists because of the gradable nature of consequentialist theories.Shades of Goodnessargues that most moral theories have a gradable structure and, more significantly, that this is an advantage, rather than a disadvantage, for those theories.

Author Biography

ROB LAWLOR is a research fellow at the Inter-Disciplinary Ethics Applied CETL (Centre for Excellence in Teaching and Learning), University of Leeds, UK.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgementsp. x
Introductionp. 1
Matters of degreep. 1
Moral termsp. 2
The structure of moral theoriesp. 4
Demandingnessp. 6
Gradability and the nuances of moral theoriesp. 6
The structure of the bookp. 7
Act-Consequentialism
Act-Consequentialism and Goodnessp. 13
Act-consequentialism and good actsp. 13
Permissibility derived from the goodness of actsp. 14
Act-Consequentialism and the Threshold Accountp. 21
The threshold accountp. 21
Maximising, optimising, satisficing and scalar forms of act-consequentialismp. 23
Impartiality and optimising consequentialismp. 28
Consequentialism without impartialityp. 30
The demandingness objectionp. 32
From Satisficing to Cost-Sensitive Consequentialismp. 36
Satisficing consequentialism and costsp. 36
Act-consequentialism is a theory about the goodness of actsp. 45
Cost-sensitive consequentialism and Scheffler's hybrid theoryp. 47
Marginal utility consequentialismp. 48
Objections to cost-sensitive consequentialismp. 50
The Rejection of Act-Consequentialismp. 59
Mulgan's argument against the satisficerp. 59
The optimiser versus the satisficerp. 64
An implausible account of the relative goodness of actsp. 65
Summaryp. 66
Act-consequentialismp. 66
Types of act-consequentialismp. 67
A note about the next chapterp. 69
Scalar Consequentialism: Morality without Requirements
Scalar Consequentialism and Incomparabilityp. 73
Scalar consequentialism and punishmentp. 74
Norcross's arguments for scalar consequentialismp. 74
Forced supererogation and punishmentp. 80
Scalar consequentialism as a guide to actionp. 83
Incomparabilityp. 89
Restricted-scope scalar consequentialismp. 92
Summaryp. 94
Deontology: Ross-Style Pluralism
Ross-Style Pluralism and Gradabilityp. 99
Ross, deontology and gradabilityp. 99
Ross's pro tanto dutiesp. 100
Ross and the duty to promote the goodp. 102
Ross and the duty of self-improvementp. 103
Pro tanto prerogativesp. 106
Ross and gradability in other dutiesp. 107
Ross's Terminologyp. 117
Ross's use of 'good', 'right' and 'fitting'p. 117
Fittingness, moral fittingness, goodness and reasonsp. 122
Moral Pluralism and the Threshold Accountp. 128
Fittingness and the threshold accountp. 128
Ross and other moral pluralistsp. 131
Optimising, satisficing and scalar forms of moral pluralismp. 131
Cost-sensitive moral pluralismp. 132
Summaryp. 139
Summary of Part IIIp. 139
Summary of Parts I, II and IIIp. 140
Gradability in Other Moral Theories
The Structure of Other Moral Theoriesp. 143
Absolutismp. 143
Particularismp. 146
Kant's second formulation of the categorical imperativep. 148
Brad Hooker's rule-consequentialismp. 149
Rawls's original positionp. 151
Scanlon's contractualismp. 152
Natural law (and incommensurability)p. 162
Summaryp. 174
Deontology: Non-Gradable Moral Monism
Alternatives to the Threshold Accountp. 177
Moral monismp. 177
Incompletenessp. 180
Adding moral goodness to moral monismp. 181
The Independence Account and the Indirect Accountp. 194
Indirect act-consequentialismp. 194
Is this really an independence account?p. 197
The direct and the indirect accountp. 198
The rejection of non-gradable moral monismp. 200
Summaryp. 202
Conclusionp. 204
Appendicesp. 208
'Right' and 'wrong'p. 208
The goodness of actsp. 213
'pro tanto' and 'prima facie'p. 216
A note about graphs (and commensurability)p. 217
Notesp. 220
Bibliographyp. 239
Indexp. 242
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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