Social Gerontology with Research Navigator : A Multidisciplinary Perspective

by Hooyman, Nancy; Kiyak, H. Asuman

• ISBN13: 9780205423347
• ISBN10: 0205423345
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

This best-selling, multidisciplinary, text on the experience of growing old presents positive images of aging while considering the many factors that contribute to how older individuals experience life.

Up-to-date and expanded, Social Gerontology, Seventh Edition, offers a comprehensive view that presents aging positively, portraying concepts of active aging and resilience, and defining productive aging by elaborating on the many ways elders contribute to society and to their families. Based on the latest research findings, it offers greater depth to critical issues of aging, attending to differences by age and cohort, gender, ethnic minority status, sexual orientation, and socio-economic status.

New features to the seventh edition include:

• FREE subscription to Research Navigator™ with every new book. This subscription offers unlimited access to Research Navigator™ for six months from any computer with an Internet connection.
• Automatically packaged with new copies of this text is the Research Navigator™ Guide for Social Gerontology, a guide that encourages readers to go beyond the book to explore current research and news on aging from articles in leading scholarly journals, popular magazines, and The New York Times.
• Expanded discussion on international and cross-cultural aging issues, emphasize immigrant and refugee elders and multigenerational and intergenerational exchange across the life span that affects quality of life in old age.
• New material on future directions in aging and career opportunities is interspersed throughout the text.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
part one The Field of Social Gerontology	1	(64)
The Growth of Social Gerontology	3	(42)
The Field of Gerontology	3	(2)
Social Gerontology	5	(1)
What Is Aging?	5	(2)
The Older Population Is Diverse	6	(1)
An Active Aging Framework	7	(1)
A Person-Environment Perspective on Social Gerontology	8	(2)
Environmental Press	8	(2)
Environmental Interventions	10	(1)
Organization of the Text	10	(1)
Why Study Aging?	11	(1)
Growth of the Older Population	12	(4)
Changes in Life Expectancy	13	(1)
Maximum Life Span	14	(2)
The Oldest-Old	16	(6)
Ages 85 and Older	16	(2)
Centenarians	18	(2)
Population Pyramids	20	(2)
Dependency Ratios	22	(1)
Population Trends	23	(4)
Ethnic Minorities	23	(1)
Geographic Distribution	24	(2)
Educational and Economic Status	26	(1)
Worldwide Trends	27	(4)
Impact of Demographic Trends in the United States	31	(1)
Longevity in Health or Disease?	31	(1)
How Aging and Older Adults Are Studied	32	(1)
Development of the Field	32	(1)
Historical Forces of the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries	33	(1)
Formal Development of the Field	33	(1)
Major Research Centers Founded	34	(1)
Research Methods	34	(6)
The Age/Period/Cohort Problem	35	(1)
Cross-Sectional Studies	35	(1)
Longitudinal Studies: Design and Limitations	36	(1)
Sequential Designs	37	(2)
Problems with Representative Samples of Older Persons in Research	39	(1)
Summary and Implications for the Future	40	(1)
Glossary	41	(1)
Resources	42	(1)
References	42	(3)
Historical and Cross-Cultural Issues in Aging	45	(20)
Old Age Historically	46	(3)
Old Age in Ancient Cultures	46	(1)
Old Age in Greek and Roman Cultures	47	(1)
Old Age in Medieval Europe	48	(1)
Old Age in Colonial America	48	(1)
The Effects of Modernization	49	(6)
Alternatives to Modernization Theory	51	(1)
Ideal of Equality versus Status of Age in America	52	(1)
Other Perspectives on Historical Change	53	(2)
A Cross-Cultural View of Old Age in Contemporary Societies	55	(4)
Importance of Social Position and the Control of Property	56	(1)
Knowledge as a Source of Power	57	(2)
Effects of Culture and Modernization: The Case of Japan	59	(1)
Summary and Implications for the Future	60	(1)
Glossary	61	(1)
References	61	(4)
part two The Biological and Physiological Context of Social Aging	65	(96)
The Social Consequences of Physical Aging	68	(41)
Biological Theories of Aging	69	(3)
Can Aging Be Reversed or Delayed?	72	(2)
Growth Hormones	72	(1)
Caloric Restriction	73	(1)
Antiaging Compounds	74	(1)
Research on Physiological Changes with Age	74	(14)
Aging in Body Composition	75	(2)
Changes in Organ Systems	77	(10)
Changes in Sleep Patterns with Aging	87	(1)
Changes in Sensory Functions	88	(13)
Changes in Vision	90	(5)
Assisting Adaptation and Quality of Life through Environmental Modifications	95	(1)
Changes in Hearing	96	(4)
Changes in Taste and Smell	100	(1)
Implications for the Future	101	(1)
Summary	101	(2)
Glossary	103	(1)
Resources	104	(1)
References	104	(5)
Managing Chronic Diseases and Promoting Well-Being in Old Age	109	(52)
Defining Health	109	(2)
Quality of Life in Health and Illness	111	(2)
Chronic and Acute Diseases	113	(6)
Interactive Effects	116	(1)
Causes of Death in Later Years	116	(3)
Common Chronic Conditions	119	(20)
Heart Disease and the Cardiovascular System	119	(2)
Strokes and Other Cerebrovascular Problems	121	(1)
Cancer	122	(1)
Arthritis	123	(2)
Osteoporosis	125	(5)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or Respiratory Problems	130	(1)
Diabetes	130	(1)
Problems with the Kidneys and Urinary Tract	131	(2)
Problems with the Intestinal System	133	(1)
Oral Diseases	134	(1)
HIV/AIDS in the Older Population	135	(1)
Accidents among Older People	136	(1)
Older Drivers	137	(2)
Falls and Their Prevention	139	(1)
Use of Physician Services by Older People	140	(2)
Use of Other Health Services	140	(2)
Health Promotion with Older People	142	(10)
Improving the Success of Health Promotion Programs	144	(1)
The Relationship of Health Practices to Health Outcomes	145	(1)
Exercise as Part of Health Promotion	146	(3)
Health Promotion Guidelines	149	(1)
Oral Health Promotion	150	(1)
Limitations of Health Promotion	151	(1)
Implications for the Future	152	(1)
Summary	153	(1)
Glossary	154	(1)
References	155	(6)
part three The Psychological Context of Social Aging	161	(118)
Cognitive Changes with Aging	164	(30)
Intelligence and Aging	165	(5)
Problems in the Measurement of Cognitive Function	168	(1)
Longitudinal Studies of Intelligence	168	(2)
Factors That May Influence Intelligence in Adulthood	170	(2)
The Process of Learning and Memory	172	(3)
The Information Processing Model	175	(1)
Factors That Affect Learning in Old Age	176	(4)
The Importance of Attention	176	(1)
Practical Implications of Attention Changes with Aging	177	(1)
Environmental Factors	178	(2)
Age-Related Changes in Memory	180	(2)
Tip-of-the-Tongue States	182	(1)
Improving Cognitive Abilities in Old Age	182	(4)
Cognitive Retraining	182	(1)
Memory Mediators	183	(3)
Wisdom and Creativity	186	(1)
Implications for the Future	187	(1)
Summary	188	(1)
Glossary	189	(1)
References	190	(4)
Personality and Mental Health in Old Age	194	(58)
Defining Personality	194	(1)
Stage Theories of Personality	195	(5)
Erikson's Psychosocial Model	195	(2)
Jung's Psychoanalytic Perspective	197	(1)
Empirical Testing of These Perspectives	197	(1)
The Kansas City Studies	198	(1)
Dialectical Models of Adult Personality	199	(1)
Trait Theories of Personality	200	(2)
Emotional Expression and Regulation	202	(1)
Self-Concept and Self-Esteem	202	(2)
Stress, Coping, and Adaptation	204	(5)
Some Useful Definitions	204	(1)
Aging and Life Events	205	(1)
What Determines Stress Responses in Old Age?	206	(1)
Adaptation in the Later Years	207	(2)
Successful Aging	209	(4)
A Critique of the Successful Aging Paradigm	212	(1)
Psychological Disorders among Older Persons	213	(23)
Depression	214	(5)
Suicide among Older People	219	(1)
Dementia	220	(2)
Delirium	222	(1)
Alzheimer's Disease	223	(3)
Characteristics of Alzheimer's Disease	226	(3)
Behavioral Therapies and Environmental Interventions	229	(3)
Parkinson's Disease	232	(1)
Alcoholism	232	(2)
Drug Abuse	234	(1)
Paranoid Disorders and Schizophrenia	234	(1)
Anxiety	235	(1)
Older Adults Who Are Chronically Mentally Ill	236	(3)
Psychotherapy with Older Persons	236	(2)
Use of Mental Health Services	238	(1)
Implications for the Future	239	(1)
Summary	240	(3)
Glossary	243	(1)
Resources	244	(1)
References	244	(8)
Love, Intimacy, and Sexuality in Old Age	252	(27)
Attitudes and Beliefs about Sexuality in Later Life	253	(1)
Myths and Reality about Physiological Changes and Frequency of Sexual Activity	254	(3)
Women and Age-Related Physiological Changes	257	(4)
Men and Age-Related Physiological Changes	261	(2)
Chronic Illness and Sexual Activity	263	(4)
Gay and Lesbian Partners in Old Age	267	(3)
Psychosocial Factors and Late-Life Affection, Love, and Intimacy	270	(3)
Facilitating Older Adults' Sexual Functioning	273	(1)
Implications for the Future	274	(1)
Summary	275	(1)
Glossary	276	(1)
References	276	(3)
part four The Social Context of Aging	279	(308)
Social Theories of Aging	283	(22)
The Importance of Social Theories of Aging	283	(1)
Social Gerontological Theory before 1961: Role and Activity	284	(3)
Role Theory	284	(2)
Activity Theory	286	(1)
The First Transformation of Theory	287	(2)
Disengagement Theory	287	(1)
Continuity Theory	288	(1)
Alternative Theoretical Perspectives	289	(6)
Symbolic Interactionism and Subculture of Aging	290	(1)
Age Stratification Theory	291	(2)
Social Exchange Theory	293	(1)
Political Economy of Aging	294	(1)
Life Course Perspective	294	(1)
Life Course Capital	295	(1)
Recent Developments in Social Gerontological Theory: The Second Transformation	295	(5)
Social Phenomenologists and Social Constructionists	295	(2)
Critical Theory and Feminist Perspectives	297	(3)
Summary and Implications for the Future	300	(1)
Glossary	301	(1)
References	302	(3)
The Importance of Social Supports: Family, Friends, Neighbors, and Communities	305	(44)
The Nature and Function of Informal Supports	306	(1)
The Impact of Social Supports on Well-Being	306	(1)
Changing Family Structure	307	(5)
The Growth of the Multigenerational Family	308	(1)
Defining Multigenerational Families	309	(1)
Cultural Variations in Multigenerational Families	310	(2)
Older Partners	312	(6)
Marital Satisfaction	313	(1)
Divorce in Old Age	314	(1)
Lesbian and Gay Partners	315	(3)
Sibling Relationships	318	(1)
Never-Married Older People	319	(1)
Childless Older Adults	319	(1)
Other Kin	320	(1)
Intergenerational Relationships: Adult Children	320	(2)
Patterns of Intergenerational Assistance	321	(1)
Grandparenthood and Great-Grandparenthood	322	(9)
Grandparents as Custodial Caregivers of Grandchildren	325	(4)
Great-Grandparents	329	(1)
The Effects of Divorce on Grandparenthood	330	(1)
Friends and Neighbors as Social Supports	331	(2)
Interventions to Strengthen or Build Social Supports	333	(2)
Intergenerational Programming	335	(1)
Relationships with Pets	336	(1)
Implications for the Future	336	(1)
Summary	337	(1)
Glossary	338	(1)
Resources	339	(1)
References	339	(10)
Opportunities and Stress of Informal Caregiving	349	(34)
Costs and Benefits of Informal Care	351	(2)
For Society	351	(1)
For Informal Caregivers	351	(2)
Caregiver Gains	353	(1)
Who Are Informal Caregivers?	354	(1)
The Gendered Nature of Family Care	354	(2)
Spouses/Partners as Caregivers	356	(1)
Adult Children/Grandchildren as Caregivers	357	(2)
Family Caregivers of Color	359	(1)
Caregiving for Relatives with Dementia	360	(1)
Elder Mistreatment	361	(5)
Legislation to Support Family Caregivers	366	(1)
Use of Services	367	(1)
Supportive Services for Older Adults	368	(1)
Supportive Services for Family Caregivers	368	(3)
Service Utilization	368	(1)
Support Groups for Caregivers	369	(1)
Psychoeducational Groups	369	(1)
Respite Care	369	(1)
Electronic Supports	370	(1)
Future Service Directions	370	(1)
Institutionalization	371	(1)
Underpaid Family Caregivers: Direct Care Workers	372	(1)
Implications for the Future	372	(1)
Summary	373	(1)
Glossary	374	(1)
Resources	374	(1)
References	374	(9)
Living Arrangements and Social Interactions	383	(41)
Person-Environment Theories of Aging	384	(1)
P--E Congruence Models in Gerontology	384	(1)
Geographic Distribution of the Older Population	385	(1)
Relocation	386	(3)
The Impact of the Neighborhood	389	(1)
Victimization and Fear of Crime	389	(2)
Housing Patterns of Older People	391	(6)
Independent Housing	391	(3)
Planned Housing	394	(1)
Congregate Housing	395	(1)
Continuous Care Retirement Communities	396	(1)
Long-Term Care	397	(9)
Nursing Homes	397	(5)
Newer Options for Long-Term Care	402	(1)
Assisted Living: A Growing Trend in Long-Term Care	403	(1)
Private Homes That Provide Long-Term Care	404	(2)
Services to Aid Older People in the Community	406	(2)
Home Care	406	(2)
Adult Day Care and Adult Day Health Care	408	(1)
Technology to Help Aging in Place	408	(4)
Housing Policy and Government Programs	412	(2)
SRO Housing	414	(1)
The Problems of Homelessness	414	(1)
Implications for the Future	415	(1)
Summary	416	(2)
Glossary	418	(1)
Resources	419	(1)
References	420	(4)
Productive Aging: Paid and Nonpaid Roles and Activities	424	(56)
What Do We Mean by Productive Aging? Definitions and Critique	424	(3)
Retirement	427	(7)
The Timing of Retirement	428	(2)
Satisfaction with Retirement	430	(3)
The Importance of Planning	433	(1)
Employment Status	434	(6)
Challenges Faced by Older Workers	436	(1)
More Older People Seek Employment	437	(1)
Barriers to Employment	438	(1)
Creating New Employment Opportunities	439	(1)
Economic Status: Sources of Income in Retirement	440	(5)
Social Security	441	(1)
Asset Income	442	(1)
Pensions	443	(1)
Earnings	444	(1)
Poverty among Old and Young	445	(4)
Poverty Differentials over Time	445	(2)
Poverty Differentials by Gender	447	(1)
Poverty Differentials by Race	447	(1)
Poverty Differentials by Age and Living Status	448	(1)
Public Assistance	448	(1)
Patterns and Functions of Nonpaid Roles and Activities	449	(19)
Leisure	449	(2)
Membership in Voluntary Associations	451	(1)
Volunteer Work	452	(3)
Educational Programs	455	(1)
Religious Participation, Religiosity, and Spirituality	456	(2)
Benefits of Religious Participation and Religiosity	458	(2)
The Value of Spirtual Well-Being	460	(2)
Political Participation	462	(1)
Voting Behavior	462	(1)
Senior Power	463	(5)
Implications for the Future	468	(3)
Summary	471	(1)
Glossary	472	(1)
Resources	473	(1)
References	473	(7)
Death, Dying, Bereavement, and Widowhood	480	(45)
The Changing Context of Dying	481	(3)
Attitudes toward Death	481	(1)
Variation by Age and Gender	482	(2)
The Dying Process	484	(1)
End-of-Life Care	485	(8)
Hospice Care	489	(4)
The Right to Die or Hastened Death	493	(7)
Passive Euthanasia (Voluntary Elective Death)	494	(2)
Active Euthanasia	496	(4)
Legal Options Regarding End-of-Life Care	500	(7)
Bereavement, Grief, and Mourning Rituals	507	(2)
The Grief Process	507	(2)
Process of Mourning	509	(2)
Widowhood	511	(5)
Gender Differences in Widowhood	513	(3)
Implications for the Future	516	(2)
Summary	518	(1)
Glossary	518	(2)
Resources	520	(1)
References	520	(5)
The Resilience of Elders of Color	525	(39)
Defining Ethnicity and Culture	526	(3)
Defining Minority and People of Color	527	(2)
Research History	529	(3)
Ethnic Minorities in Gerontology	531	(1)
Older African Americans	532	(6)
Economic Status	533	(1)
Health	534	(2)
Social Supports and Living Situations	536	(2)
Older Latinos	538	(5)
Economic Status	540	(1)
Health	540	(2)
Social Supports and Living Situations	542	(1)
Older American Indians	543	(5)
Economic Status	544	(1)
Health	544	(3)
Social Supports and Living Situations	547	(1)
Older Asian/Pacific Islanders	548	(6)
Economic Status	549	(2)
Health	551	(2)
Social Supports and Living Situations	553	(1)
Implications for Services	554	(3)
Implications for the Future	557	(1)
Summary	558	(1)
Glossary	558	(1)
Resources	559	(1)
References	559	(5)
The Resilience of Older Women	564	(23)
Rationale for a Focus on Older Women's Needs	564	(2)
Older Women's Economic Status	566	(6)
Older Women's Health Status	572	(6)
Health Insurance and Gender Inequities	572	(1)
Higher Incidence of Chronic Health Problems	573	(2)
Osteoporosis	575	(1)
Menopause	576	(2)
Older Women's Social Status	578	(3)
Widowhood	579	(1)
Limited Opportunities to Remarry	579	(1)
Sources of Support	580	(1)
Implications for the Future	581	(2)
Summary	583	(1)
Glossary	583	(1)
Resources	584	(1)
References	584	(3)
part five The Societal Context of Aging	587	(79)
Social Policies to Address Social Problems	590	(36)
Variations among Policies and Programs	592	(2)
Factors Affecting the Development of Public Policies	594	(2)
Values Affecting Social Policy	594	(1)
Economic Context	595	(1)
The Development of Public Policies for Older People	596	(5)
1930 to 1950	596	(1)
Program Expansion in the 1960s and 1970s	597	(2)
Program Reductions in the 1980s and 1990s	599	(1)
The Politics of Diversity and Deficit Spending in the 1990s	600	(1)
Era of Market and Personal Responsibility	601	(1)
Social Security and SSI	601	(1)
Income Security Programs: Social Security and Supplemental Security Income	601	(8)
Social Security	601	(3)
The Future of Social Security	604	(4)
Supplemental Security Income	608	(1)
Private Pensions and Income Tax Provisions	609	(1)
Private Pensions	609	(1)
Income Tax Provisions	610	(1)
Social Services	610	(2)
Policy Dilemmas	612	(6)
Age-Based versus Needs-Based Programs	612	(1)
The Politics of Productivity versus the Politics of Entitlement	613	(1)
Intergenerational Inequity Framework	614	(1)
Critique of the Intergenerational Inequity Framework	614	(1)
The Interdependence of Generations Framework	615	(3)
Who Is Responsible?	618	(1)
Reductions in Government Support	618	(1)
Implications for the Future	619	(1)
Summary	620	(1)
Glossary	621	(1)
Resources	622	(1)
References	622	(4)
Health and Long-Term Care Policy and Programs	626	(40)
Health and Long-Term Care Expenditures	628	(3)
Factors Underlying Growing Costs	629	(2)
Medicare	631	(11)
Home Health Care under Medicare	632	(3)
Efforts to Reduce Medicare Costs	635	(3)
The New Medicare	638	(1)
Medicare Reform and Prescription Drug Coverage	639	(3)
Medicaid	642	(6)
Medicaid-Funded Nursing Home Care	644	(1)
Medicaid-Funded Home Health Care	645	(1)
Eligibility for Medicaid Home Health Care	645	(2)
Medicaid Spend-Down	647	(1)
Social Services Block Grants and the Older Americans Act (OAA)	648	(1)
Private Long-Term Care Insurance	648	(3)
Resultant Inequities	650	(1)
Health and Long-Term Care Reforms	651	(6)
Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs)	652	(1)
Social Health Maintenance Organizations (SHMOs) and Other Model Innovative Programs	653	(4)
Implications for the Future	657	(1)
Summary	658	(1)
Glossary	659	(1)
Resources	659	(1)
References	659	(7)
Index	666