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9780534125646

Social Organization of Work

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780534125646

  • ISBN10:

    0534125646

  • Edition: 1st
  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 1990-01-05
  • Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

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Summary

The authors combine their key areas of interest, industrial sociology, occupations, and professions, to present a unified view of the sociology of work. The text's analytical approach to the study of work not only identifies and discusses substantive issues, but also allows students the opportunity to better develop analysis, reasoning, and argumentative skills. Chapter topics are discussed within the framework of the text's key five themes: technology; global perspectives; class relations; gender; and race. The world of work, how it is changing, and the implications of these changes for individuals and families is thoroughly explored in this contemporary and student relevant text.

Table of Contents

History and Methodsp. 1
The Evolution of Workp. 3
Changes in the World of Workp. 4
The Social Organization of Workp. 4
Consequences of Work for Individualsp. 6
Consequences of Work for Societyp. 7
Social Stratificationp. 8
A History of Workp. 8
Hunting and Gathering Societiesp. 8
Early Agricultural Societiesp. 10
Imperial Societiesp. 13
Feudal Societyp. 15
Merchant Capitalismp. 18
The Industrial Revolutionp. 20
The Factory Systemp. 21
Mass Production under Monopoly Capitalismp. 26
Postindustrial Societyp. 28
Studying the World of Workp. 34
Techniques of Analysisp. 34
Ethnographiesp. 35
Case Studiesp. 37
Sample Surveysp. 39
Units of Analysisp. 40
The Worker and the Labor Forcep. 40
Industryp. 46
Occupationp. 47
Workplacesp. 54
Other Units of Analysisp. 54
Problems in Studying Workp. 54
Lack of Informationp. 54
Hard-to-Measure Characteristicsp. 55
The Personal Context of Workp. 59
Work and Familyp. 61
The Life-Cycle Perspectivep. 62
Individual Life Cyclep. 62
The Careerp. 63
The Family Life Cyclep. 64
Socialization and Workp. 65
Informal Socializationp. 65
Formal Socializationp. 66
Socialization in the Workplacep. 67
The Working Yearsp. 69
Entering the Labor Forcep. 69
Occupational Mobilityp. 72
Retirementp. 74
Alternative Cyclesp. 76
Integrating Work and Family Lifep. 76
Role Conflict and Role Overloadp. 76
Work Arrangements among Couplesp. 79
The Arrival of Childrenp. 82
Homemakers and Home Production as a Careerp. 83
The Income Squeezep. 84
The Impact of the Family on Workp. 85
The "Empty Nest"p. 85
Proposals for Combining Family and Workp. 85
Repackaging Jobsp. 85
Family-Related Fringe Benefitsp. 86
Meaningful Workp. 89
What Is Job Satisfaction?p. 90
Theories of Alienationp. 90
Theories of Self-Actualizationp. 92
What Determines Job Satisfaction?p. 93
Self-Directionp. 93
Belongingnessp. 95
Technologyp. 96
Organizational Structure and Policiesp. 97
Participationp. 98
Individual Differences in the Experience of Workp. 99
Great Expectationsp. 101
Responses to Workp. 101
Attitudes toward Workp. 101
Behavioral Responses to Workp. 103
The Future of Job Satisfactionp. 107
Barriers and Disruptions at Workp. 110
Discrimination in Hiringp. 111
Equal Rights Legislationp. 112
Continuing Forms of Hiring Discriminationp. 114
Discrimination in Pay and Promotionsp. 118
Racial Discriminationp. 118
Gender Discriminationp. 119
The Debate over Comparable Worthp. 120
Sexual Harassmentp. 122
Managing the Diverse Workforce of the 2000sp. 124
Unemploymentp. 124
Layoffsp. 125
Coping with Unemploymentp. 127
Hazardous Work and Disabilityp. 128
Industrial Accidentsp. 129
Occupational Diseasesp. 130
Regulating Workplace Safety and Healthp. 134
Stressful Jobsp. 134
Environmental Degradationp. 135
Living with Disabilityp. 136
Safety and Health in the Workplace of the Futurep. 137
Collective Responses to Workp. 140
Why Do People Need Labor Organizations?p. 141
Union Membershipp. 142
An Outline of North American Labor Historyp. 142
Local Craft Unionsp. 143
Workers' Political Partiesp. 143
Early National Unionsp. 144
General Unions: The Knights and the Wobbliesp. 146
The AFL and Craft Unionismp. 149
The CIO and Industrial Unionismp. 150
The Postwar Retrenchmentp. 152
Facing New Challengesp. 153
Lessons from Labor's Historyp. 156
Labor Unions at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Centuryp. 156
Current Union Rolesp. 157
Growing and Declining Unionsp. 160
Innovative Union Programs for the 2000sp. 163
Industries and Technologiesp. 171
Technology and Organizationp. 175
Defining Technologyp. 176
Operations Technologyp. 176
Materialsp. 176
Knowledgep. 176
Defining Organizationp. 177
How Does Technology Influence Work?p. 178
Changing Technologiesp. 178
What Is Skill?p. 179
Acquiring New Skillsp. 180
How Do Organizations Influence Work?p. 181
The Division of Labor and Changing Organizational Structuresp. 181
Organizational Structure as Labor Controlp. 182
Rediscovering the Workerp. 184
The Growth of Bureaucracyp. 185
Defining Bureaucracyp. 185
Bureaucratic Controlp. 186
Customizing Bureaucraciesp. 188
Informal Work Culturesp. 188
Limitations of Bureaucracyp. 190
Top-Heavy Managementp. 190
The Centralization of Control in the Economyp. 190
Reduced Creativityp. 191
Corporate Accountabilityp. 191
Direct Worker Participationp. 193
Technological and Organizational Determinismp. 195
From Field, Mine, and Factoryp. 198
Postindustrial Society?p. 199
Occupations and Industriesp. 200
Raw Materials: Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishingp. 200
Agriculturep. 200
Forestryp. 204
Fishingp. 205
Miningp. 206
Constructionp. 208
Manufacturingp. 210
Craft Workersp. 210
Machine Operators and Assemblersp. 211
Unskilled Laborp. 213
Working-Class Culturep. 215
Three Key Manufacturing Industriesp. 215
Automobilesp. 215
Steelp. 217
Textilesp. 218
Global Competition and the New World Orderp. 220
The Wrong Policies at the Wrong Timep. 220
Unexplored Alternativesp. 223
The High-Technology Workplacep. 226
Competing Views of High Technologyp. 227
Microprocessor Technologies and Skill Requirementsp. 228
The Skill-Upgrading Thesisp. 229
The Deskilling Thesisp. 230
The Mixed-Effects Positionp. 231
Training for Changing Skill Requirementsp. 233
Changing Job Contentp. 234
Engineeringp. 235
Assembly Jobsp. 236
Machine Workp. 237
Skilled Maintenance Workp. 238
Clerical Workp. 238
Middle Managementp. 238
Technical Workersp. 239
Telecommutingp. 239
Job Displacement and Job Creationp. 241
Job Displacementp. 241
Job Creationp. 243
Increasing Segmentation?p. 244
Public Policy and Employmentp. 245
Working with High Technologyp. 246
Computer Technology and the Meaning of Workp. 246
Computer Technology and Organizational Dynamicsp. 246
Union Responsesp. 250
Servicesp. 254
What Are Services?p. 255
Characteristics of Servicesp. 255
Sources of the Demand for Servicesp. 257
The Rise of the Service Societyp. 258
Sectoral Transformationp. 258
Tertiarizationp. 259
Types of Service Industriesp. 261
Professional Servicesp. 261
Business Servicesp. 261
Producer Servicesp. 261
Distributive Servicesp. 262
Social Servicesp. 262
Personal Servicesp. 264
Compensation in Servicesp. 265
Service Interactionp. 266
Standardsp. 266
The Role of Employersp. 267
The Worker's Perspectivep. 271
The Future of Service Workp. 273
Occupations and Professionsp. 277
Professions and Professionalsp. 281
How Sociologists Recognize Professionsp. 282
Abstract, Specialized Knowledgep. 283
Autonomyp. 285
Authorityp. 285
Altruismp. 287
Evaluating the Four Hallmarksp. 288
How Powerful Are the Professions?p. 288
Monopolizing Knowledgep. 288
Power within the Professionsp. 289
Changes in the Professionsp. 290
Are the Professions Meritocracies?p. 292
Changing Degrees of Professionalizationp. 295
Professionalizationp. 295
Deprofessionalizationp. 297
The Semiprofessions and the Paraprofessionsp. 300
The Semiprofessionsp. 300
The Paraprofessionsp. 302
The Future of the Professionsp. 303
Executives, Managers, and Administratorsp. 307
Types of Management Rolesp. 308
Executivesp. 308
Managersp. 308
Administratorsp. 309
Staff and Line Managersp. 309
Executives, Managers, and Administrators at Workp. 309
Demand for Managersp. 309
The Self-Employed Workerp. 310
Supply of Managersp. 311
The Managerial Careerp. 313
Continuities and Discontinuities in Management Rolesp. 315
Changes in Scalep. 316
Changes in Environmentp. 316
Changes in Specializationp. 317
Changes in Technologyp. 319
Tracking Management Performancep. 320
The Behavioral Approachp. 321
The Organizational Culture Approachp. 322
The Future of Executives, Managers, and Administratorsp. 324
Clerical and Sales Workersp. 328
History of Clerical Workp. 329
Demand for Clerical Workersp. 330
Supply of Clerical Workersp. 331
Transforming the Clerical Occupationsp. 335
Office Technologyp. 335
Work Reorganizationp. 338
The Future of Clerical Workersp. 341
History of Sales Workp. 341
Demand for Sales Workersp. 342
Product Marketingp. 342
Type of Firmp. 345
Knowledge Basep. 347
Supply of Sales Workersp. 348
The Future of Sales Workersp. 349
Marginal Jobsp. 352
What Is a Marginal Job?p. 353
Illegal or Morally Suspect Occupationsp. 353
Unregulated Workp. 353
Contingent Workp. 355
Underemploymentp. 356
How Do Jobs Become Marginal?p. 356
Marginal Occupational Groupsp. 357
Employers Who Marginalize Jobsp. 361
By Industryp. 363
By Firmp. 364
By Employment Contractp. 365
Why Are Some Workers Considered Marginal?p. 366
Geographic Isolationp. 366
Educational Levelp. 368
Disabling Conditionsp. 368
Job Displacementp. 368
Agep. 369
Race and Ethnicityp. 370
Genderp. 370
Interacting Characteristicsp. 371
Marginal Workers and Social Classp. 371
The Future of Marginal Jobsp. 372
Dual Labor Marketsp. 372
Internal Labor Marketsp. 373
Work in the Twenty-First Centuryp. 375
The World of the Large Corporationp. 377
The Power of the Large Corporationp. 378
Public Concerns about Corporate Powerp. 378
Types of Corporate Market Powerp. 380
The Legal Status of Corporationsp. 382
Merger Maniap. 384
The First Five Merger Wavesp. 384
The Current Megamerger Frenzyp. 386
Increased Diversificationp. 388
The Effects of Increasing Size and Concentrationp. 390
A Slowdown of Mergers?p. 392
Intercorporate Linkagesp. 392
Interlocking Directoratesp. 392
The Role of Banksp. 393
Subcontractingp. 394
The Small-Firm Sectorp. 396
Satellites, Loyal Opposition, and Free Agentsp. 396
The Birth of New Jobsp. 398
Economic Revitalizationp. 398
Work in a Global Economyp. 402
How Has the Global Economy Developed?p. 403
Theories of Industrial Developmentp. 403
Emergence of the Contemporary World Economyp. 406
The World Economy Todayp. 408
The Role of Multinational Corporationsp. 408
Slowed Growth in the Industrialized Nationsp. 410
The End of U.S. Economic Dominancep. 411
Protectionism, Free Trade, and Fair Tradep. 412
Trading Blocks: Regional Solutions to Lagging Growthp. 413
Combined and Uneven Development in Less Developed Nationsp. 413
How Do Work Practices Differ around the Globe?p. 415
Least Developed Nationsp. 415
Developing Nationsp. 416
State-Regulated Capitalismp. 417
German Codeterminationp. 418
Scandinavian Autonomous Work Groupsp. 419
Macroplanning in Japanp. 421
Chinap. 424
The Four Tigersp. 424
Eastern Europe and Russiap. 425
Competing Organizational Formsp. 426
International Labor Solidarityp. 427
The Future of Workp. 433
Pivotal Work Trendsp. 434
Computer Technologyp. 434
An Integrated World Economyp. 435
Female and Minority Workersp. 435
The Face of Work in the Twenty-First Centuryp. 436
The Innovative Sectorp. 436
The Marginal Sectorp. 444
Achieving a Brighter Futurep. 448
Increasing Innovationp. 448
Reducing Marginal Employmentp. 450
Expanding Leisurep. 450
Expanding Public Goodsp. 451
Employed Civilians by Detailed Occupation, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2000p. 454
Glossaryp. 460
Referencesp. 468
Indexp. 494
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

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